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Abstract Background This multicenter study aimed to create and validate a scoring system for survival of patients with metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The entire cohort of 356 patients was divided in a test group (N = 178) and a validation group (N = 178). In the test group, nine pre-treatment factors including age, gender, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG-PS), number of involved vertebrae, pre-radiotherapy ambulatory status, other bone metastases, visceral metastases, interval from cancer diagnosis to radiotherapy of MSCC, and the time developing motor were retrospectively analyzed. Results On multivariate analysis, survival was significantly associated with ECOG-PS, pre-radiotherapy ambulatory status, visceral metastases, and the time developing motor deficits. These factors were included in the scoring system; the score for each factor was determined by dividing the 6-month survival rate (in %) by 10. The risk score represented the sum of the scores for each factor. According to the risk scores, which ranged from 6 to 19 points, three prognostic groups were designed. The 6-month survival rates were 6% for 6–10 points, 29% for 11–15 points, and 78% for 16–19 points (p Conclusions Since the survival rates of the validation group were similar to those of the test group, this score can be considered reproducible. The scoring system can help when selecting the individual treatment for patients with MSCC from NSCLC. A prospective confirmatory study is warranted.

Abstract Background This study investigated potential prognostic factors in patients treated with whole-brain irradiation (WBI) alone for brain metastases from relatively radioresistant tumors such as malignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and colorectal cancer. Additionally, a potential benefit from escalating the radiation dose was investigated. Methods Data from 220 patients were retrospectively analyzed for overall survival and local control. Nine potential prognostic factors were evaluated: tumor type, WBI schedule, age, gender, Karnofsky performance score, number of brain metastases, extracerebral metastases, interval from diagnosis of cancer to WBI, and recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) class. Results Survival rates at 6 and 12 months were 32% and 19%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, WBI doses >30 Gy (p = 0.038), KPS ≥70 (p < 0.001), only 1-3 brain metastases (p = 0.007), no extracerebral metastases (p < 0.001), and RPA class 1 (p < 0.001) were associated with improved survival. Local control rates at 6 and 12 months were 37% and 15%, respectively. In the multivariate analyses, KPS ≥70 (p < 0.001), only 1-3 brain metastases (p < 0.001), and RPA class 1 (p < 0.001) were associated with improved local control. In RPA class 3 patients, survival rates at 6 months were 10% (35 of 39 patients) after 10 × 3 Gy and 9% (2 of 23 patients) after greater doses, respectively (p = 0.98). Conclusions Improved outcomes were associated with WBI doses >30 Gy, better performance status, fewer brain metastases, lack of extracerebral metastases, and lower RPA class. Patients receiving WBI alone appear to benefit from WBI doses >30 Gy. However, such a benefit is limited to RPA class 1 or 2 patients.

This study is the first one to compare WBRT+SRS to OP+WBRT for 1-3 brain metastases. Survival (OS), intracerebral control (IC) and local control (LC) of the treated metastases were retrospectively evaluated in 52 patients undergoing WBRT+SRS and in 52 patients undergoing OP+WBRT. Both groups were matched for WBRT schedule, age, gender, performance status, tumour, number of brain metastases, extracerebral metastases, RPA class and interval from tumour diagnosis to WBRT. One-year OS was 56% after WBRT+SRS and 47% after OP+WBRT (p=0.034). One-year IC was 66% and 50% (p=0.003). One-year LC was 82% and 66% (p=0.006). On multivariate analyses, it was found that improved OS was associated with younger age (p=0.044), no extracerebral metastases (p<0.001), RPA class 1 (p<0.001) and longer interval from tumour diagnosis to WBRT (p=0.001). IC was associated with younger age (p=0.002) and longer interval (p=0.004); WBRT+SRS achieved borderline significance (p=0.052). Improved LC was associated with longer interval (p=0.017); WBRT+SRS showed a trend (p=0.09). WBRT+SRS appears at least as effective as OP+WBRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A previous score predicted death ≤ 2 months following radiotherapy for MSCC. For patients with a high probability of early death, best supportive care was recommended. However, some of these patients may benefit from radiotherapy regarding preservation or improvement of motor function. To identify these patients, an additional score was developed., Methods: Pre-treatment factors plus radiotherapy regimen were retrospectively evaluated for successful treatment (improved motor function or remaining ambulatory without aid) and post-treatment ambulatory status in 545 patients who died ≤ 2 months. Factors included age, interval from tumor diagnosis until MSCC, visceral metastases, further bone metastases, primary tumor type, sex, time developing motor deficits, pre-treatment ambulatory status, and number of affected vertebrae. Factors significant on both multivariable analyses were included in the score (worse outcomes 0 points, better outcomes 1 point)., Results: On multivariable analyses, myeloma/lymphoma, time developing motor deficits > 14 days, and pre-treatment ambulatory status were significantly associated with both successful treatment and ambulatory status, affection of 1-2 vertebrae with successful treatment only. On univariable analyses, 1 × 8 and 5 × 4 Gy were not inferior to 5 × 5 Gy and longer-course regimens. Considering the three factors significant for both endpoints, three groups were designed (0, 1, 2-3 points) with treatment success rates of 4%, 15% and 39%, respectively (p < 0.0001), and post-treatment ambulatory rates of 4%, 43% and 86%, respectively (p < 0.0001)., Conclusion: This score helps identify patients with MSCC who appear to benefit from palliative radiotherapy in terms of improved motor function or remaining ambulatory in spite of being near end of life., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Purpose: To identify prognostic factors and create a survival score to facilitate individualized care of patients with metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) from small-cell lung cancer (SCLC)., Patients and Methods: Radiation regimen plus 9 factors were retrospectively evaluated in 120 patients irradiated for MSCC from SCLC for overall response, improvement of motor deficits, postradiotherapy ambulatory status, local control of MSCC, and overall survival (OS). Factors included age, interval diagnosis of SCLC to radiotherapy (RT) of MSCC, visceral metastases, further bone metastases, gender, time developing motor deficits, pre-RT ambulatory status, number of affected vertebrae, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS)., Results: Improvement of motor deficits showed significant associations with ECOG PS 1-2 (P = .018); time developing motor deficits achieved borderline significance (P = .059). Post-RT ambulatory status was significantly associated with slower development of motor dysfunction (P = .003), ambulatory status (P < .001), and ECOG PS 1-2 (P < .001). No factor was significantly associated with overall response and local control. On multivariate analysis, OS was significantly associated with interval from SCLC diagnosis to RT of MSCC (P = .004), visceral metastases (P < .001), ambulatory status (P = .002), and ECOG PS (P = .002). For the survival score, 6-month OS rates related to each of these factors were divided by 10. Patient scores were obtained by adding these factors' scores. Three groups were defined (5, 7-13, and 15-17 points) with 6-month OS rates of 0, 18%, and 77%, respectively (P < .001)., Conclusion: Predictors of various outcomes were identified and a survival score was created that can support physicians aiming to create personalized treatments to patients with MSCC from SCLC., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Local progression-free survival (LPFS = stable or improved motor function/resolution of paraplegia during RT without in-field recurrence following RT) is important when treating metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC). An instrument to estimate LPFS was created to identify patients appropriately treated with short-course RT instead of longer-course RT plus/minus decompressive surgery., Methods: In 686 patients treated with 20 Gy in 5 fractions alone, ten characteristics were retrospectively analyzed for LPFS including age, interval between tumor diagnosis and RT of MSCC, visceral metastases, other bone metastases, primary tumor type, gender, time developing motor deficits, pre-RT gait function, number of vertebrae affected by MSCC, and performance score. Characteristics significantly (p < 0.05) associated with LPFS on multivariate analyses were incorporated in the scoring system. Six-month LPFS rates for significant characteristics were divided by 10, and corresponding points were added., Results: On multivariate analyses, visceral metastases (p < 0.001), tumor type (p = 0.009), time developing motor deficits (p < 0.001) and performance score (p = 0.009) were associated with LPFS and used for the scoring system. Scores for patients ranged between 24 and 35 points. Three groups were designed: 24-28 (A), 29-31 (B) and 32-35 (C) points. Six-month LPFS rates were 46, 69 and 92%, 12-month LPFS rates 46, 63 and 83%. Median survival times were 2 months (61% died within 2 months), 4 months and ≥ 11 months (median not reached)., Conclusions: Most group A patients appeared sub-optimally treated with 20 Gy in 5 fractions. Patients with survival prognoses ≤2 months may be considered for best supportive care or single-fraction RT, those with prognoses ≥3 months for longer-course RT plus/minus upfront decompressive surgery. Many group B and most group C patients achieved long-time LPFS and appeared sufficiently treated with 20 Gy in 5 fractions. However, based on previous data, long-term survivors may benefit from longer-course RT.

Background/aim: Patients with oligo-metastatic breast cancer are a unique patient subgroup with more favourable outlook than most patients with metastatic disease. Prognostic factors in these patients with metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) were evaluated., Patients and Methods: In 159 patients irradiated for MSCC from oligo-metastatic breast cancer, seven characteristics were retrospectively analyzed including age, interval between breast cancer diagnosis and irradiation of MSCC, time developing motor deficits, ambulatory status, involved vertebrae, performance score (ECOG-PS) and radiotherapy regimen., Results: Improvement of motor function was significantly associated with time developing motor deficits (p=0.017), post-radiotherapy ambulatory status with pre-radiotherapy ambulation (p=0.012) and ECOG-PS 1-2 (p=0.029). Radiation doses of 39-40 Gy (equivalent doses) resulted in 1- and 2-year local control of 100% and 95%. On multivariate analyses, higher doses were associated with local control (p=0.011). Pre-radiotherapy ambulatory status (p=0.001) and ECOG-PS 1-2 (p=0.002) were associated with survival., Conclusion: Significant prognostic factors were identified for patients with MSCC from oligo-metastatic breast cancer. Higher radiation doses improved local control., (Copyright© 2018, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The therapeutic strategy for non-benign meningiomas is controversial. The objective of this study was to prospectively investigate the impact of high dose radiation therapy (RT) on the progression-free survival (PFS) rate at 3 years in WHO grade II and III meningioma patients., Materials and Methods: In this multi-cohorts non-randomized phase II and observational study, non-benign meningioma patients were treated according to their WHO grade and Simpson's grade. Patients with atypical meningioma (WHO grade II) and Simpson's grade 1-3 [Arm 1] entered the non-randomized phase II study designed to show a 3-year PFS > 70% (primary endpoint). All other patients entered the 3 observational cohorts: WHO grade II Simpson grade 4-5 [Arm 2] and Grade III Simpson grade 1-3 or 4-5 [Arm 3&4] in which few patients were expected., Results: Between 02/2008 and 06/2013, 78 patients were enrolled into the study. This report focuses on the 56 (median age, 54 years) eligible patients with WHO grade II Simpson's grade 1-3 meningioma who received RT (60 Gy). At a median follow up of 5.1 years, the estimated 3-year PFS is 88.7%, hence significantly greater than 70%. Eight (14.3%) treatment failures were observed. The 3-year overall survival was 98.2%. The rate of late signs and symptoms grade 3 or more was 14.3%., Conclusions: These data show that 3-year PFS for WHO grade II meningioma patients undergoing a complete resection (Simpson I-III) is superior to 70% when treated with high-dose (60 Gy) RT., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study provides separate comparisons of 1 × 8 Gy to 5 × 4 Gy for metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) in patients with poor, intermediate and favorable survival prognoses., Methods: Patients receiving 1 × 8 Gy were matched to patients receiving 5 × 4 Gy for age, gender, performance status, tumor type, involved vertebrae, other bone metastases, visceral metastases, interval between tumor diagnosis and MESCC, ambulatory status and time developing motor deficits. From a study including patients with poor (N = 156) or intermediate (N = 86) survival prognoses, subgroup analyses were performed. Furthermore, 232 new patients with favorable prognoses matched the same way were included., Results: In poor prognoses patients, 6-month survival rates were 10% after 1 × 8 Gy and 6% after 5 × 4 Gy (p = 0.38); in-field reRT rates in few patients alive at 6 months were 15 and 2% (p = 0.16). In intermediate prognoses patients, 6-month survival rates were 49% after 1 × 8 Gy and 58% after 5 × 4 Gy (p = 0.30). ReRT rates at 6 months were 23 and 13% (p = 0.25). In favorable prognoses patients, 6-month survival rates were 89% after 1 × 8 Gy and 91% after 5 × 4 Gy. ReRT rates at 6 months were 14 and 3% (p = 0.007). In no subgroup, RT regimen had a significant impact on motor function., Conclusions: Since in patients with poor prognoses, outcomes after 1 × 8 Gy and 5 × 4 Gy were not significantly different, 1 × 8 Gy may be an option. In patients with intermediate prognoses, a trend was found in favor of 5 × 4 Gy. In patients with favorable prognoses, need for in-field reRT was greater after 1 × 8 Gy.

Introduction: Radiotherapy alone still is the most commonly delivered treatment modality for metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC). MSCC is an emergency situation, which requires treatment as soon as possible. When radiotherapy is performed with the most commonly used approach 10 × 3 Gy (30 Gy in 10 fractions) over 2 weeks, the question has been asked whether an overall treatment time (OTT) of 14-15 days including two weekends without irradiation leads to worse outcomes than OTT of 12 days (beginning of radiotherapy on a Monday resulting in only one weekend break)?, Methods: A total of 412 patients with MSCC were included in this retrospective study. Ninety-two patients receiving 10 × 3 Gy over 12 days were compared to 320 patients with an OTT of 14-15 days. Ten additional factors were investigated., Results: On multivariate analysis, functional outcome was associated with tumour type (P < 0.001), time developing motor deficits (P < 0.001), ambulatory status (P = 0.018) and performance score (P < 0.001); OTT had no significant impact (P = 0.40). On univariate analysis of local control of MSCC (freedom from recurrence in irradiated spinal parts), no factor was significant including OTT (P = 0.66). On multivariate analysis, visceral metastases (P < 0.001), tumour type (P < 0.001), time developing motor deficits (P < 0.001), ambulatory status (P < 0.001) and performance score (P < 0.001) were associated with survival, OTT not even on univariate analysis (P = 0.55)., Conclusions: Since an OTT of 14-15 days had no negative impact on outcomes compared to 12 days, compensation in form of an additional radiation fraction or continuation of radiotherapy during weekends is not required, if radiotherapy cannot be started on a Monday., (© 2016 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists.)

Background: Twelve years ago, a randomized trial demonstrated that a radiosurgery boost added to whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) improved intracerebral control (IC) in patients with one to three cerebral metastases. Overall survival (OS) was improved only in the subgroup of patients with a single metastasis but not in the entire cohort. The present study compared both regimens in a different scenario outside a randomized trial., Methods: A total of 252 patients with one to three cerebral metastases were included. Eighty-four patients receiving WBRT plus a planned stereotactic boost and 168 patients receiving WBRT alone were individually matched 1:2 for nine factors including fractionation of WBRT, age, gender, performance score, primary tumor, number of cerebral metastases, extracerebral metastases, recursive partitioning analysis class, and time between cancer diagnosis and WBRT. Each group of three patients was required to match for all nine factors. Both groups were compared for IC and OS., Results: IC rates at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months were 88, 71, 45 and 22% after WBRT plus stereotactic boost vs. 75, 48, 38 and 22% after WBRT alone (p = 0.005). OS rates at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months were 76, 53, 32 and 25% after WBRT plus stereotactic boost and 67, 45, 29 and 20% after WBRT alone (p = 0.10). In patients with a single lesion, OS rates were also not significantly different (p = 0.12)., Conclusions: Similar to the previous randomized trial from 2004, this matched-pair study showed that a stereotactic boost in addition to WBRT significantly improved IC but not OS.

Purpose/objective: A 5×4 Gy program is commonly used for metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC). It is unclear whether an overall treatment time (OTT) of 5 days (5 consecutive fractions) results in better outcomes than an OTT of 7 days (ie, no irradiation during the weekend)., Methods and Materials: A total of 111 patients who received 5×4 Gy over 5 consecutive days were retrospectively compared with 277 patients treated with 5×4 Gy over 7 days (no irradiation during the weekend) for effect on motor function, local control of MESCC, and overall survival (OS). Ten further characteristics were evaluated: age, gender, interval tumor diagnosis to MESCC, visceral metastases, other bone metastases, primary tumor type, time developing motor deficits, walking ability, vertebrae involved, and performance status., Results: On multivariate analysis regarding post-radiation therapy motor function, primary tumor type (P = .011) and time developing motor weakness (P < .001) were significant, whereas the OTT did not even achieve significance on univariate analysis (P = .99). On multivariate analysis of local control, visceral metastases (P = .006) were significant. Again, the OTT was not even significant on univariate analysis (P = .81). On multivariate analysis of OS, interval tumor diagnosis to MESCC (P = .015), visceral metastases (P .001), tumor type (P = .003), walking ability (P < .001), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score (P < .001) achieved significance. Even on univariate analysis, OTT did not have an effect on OS (P = .79)., Conclusions: Longer OTT did not impair outcomes of irradiation with 5×4 Gy for MESCC; thus, no compensation (for example an additional radiation fraction) is necessary if the radiation treatment is not continued during the weekend., (Copyright © 2016 American Society for Radiation Oncology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aimed to facilitate individualized treatment strategies for intracerebral metastases from gynecological cancers by creating a specific overall survival (OS) score., Methods/materials: Fifty-six patients irradiated for cerebral metastases from gynecological cancers were included. Eleven factors were retrospectively analyzed for OS: age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score, cancer type, histology, histologic grading, initial stage, number of lesions, extracerebral metastases, time between cancer diagnosis and brain metastases treatment, recursive partitioning analysis class, and type of treatment. Independent predictors of OS were incorporated in the score (better OS, 1 point; worse OS, 0 points)., Results: On Cox proportional hazards analysis, performance score (hazards ratio, 1.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-3.23; P = 0.001), no extracerebral metastases (3.34; 1.46-8.96; P = 0.003), and recursive partitioning analysis class 1 (3.27; 1.97-5.65; P < 0.001) were significant. The following points were assigned: ECOG score 1 to 2 = 1 point, ECOG score 3 to 4 = 0 points, no extracerebral metastases = 1 point, extracerebral metastases = 0 points. Sum scores were 0 (n = 32), 1 (n = 15), or 2 points (n = 9). Six-month OS rates were 6%, 67%, and 100%, respectively (P < 0.001)., Conclusions: A predictive tool including 3 groups with significantly different OS probabilities was designed for patients with cerebral metastases from gynecological cancers. This tool will aid in choosing individual treatments.

Background: This matched-pair study was initiated to validate the results of a retrospective study of 186 patients published in 2007 that compared whole-brain irradiation (WBI) alone and radiosurgery (RS) alone for up to three brain metastases., Methods: One-hundred-fifty-two patients receiving WBI alone for up to three brain metastases were matched with 152 patients treated with RS of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) alone 1:1 for each of eight factors (age, gender, Eastern Oncology Cooperative Group (ECOG)-performance score, nature of tumor, brain metastases number, extra-cerebral spread, period from cancer detection to irradiation of brain metastases, and recursive partitioning analysis (RPA)-class. Groups were analyzed regarding intracerebral control (IC) and overall survival (OS)., Results: On univariate analysis of IC, type of irradiation did not significantly affect outcomes (p = 0.84). On Cox regression, brain metastases number (p < 0.001), nature of tumor (p < 0.001) and period from cancer detection to irradiation of brain metastases (p = 0.013) were significantly associated with IC. On univariate analysis of OS, type of irradiation showed no significant association with outcomes (p = 0.63). On multivariate analyses, OS was significantly associated with ECOG performance score (p = 0.011), nature of tumor (p = 0.035), brain metastases number (p = 0.048), extra-cerebral spread (p = 0.002) and RPA-class (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: In this matched-pair study, RS/FSRT alone was not superior to WBI alone regarding IC and OS. These results can be considered a revision of the findings from our retrospective previous study without matched-pair design, where RS alone resulted in significantly better IC than WBI alone on multivariate analysis.

Background/aim: Patients with prostate cancer represent a small minority of cancer patients presenting with metastases to the brain. This study investigated the role of whole-brain irradiation (WBI) in this rare group., Patients and Methods: Eighteen such patients were included. Clinical factors including fractionation program of WBI, age at WBI, Karnofsky performance score (KPS), number of metastases to the brain, involvement of extracerebral metastatic sites, time from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI and recursive-partitioning-analysis (RPA) class were investigated regarding local (intracerebral) control and survival., Results: On multivariate evaluation, longer time from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI showed a trend towards improved local control (hazard ratio 2.77, p=0.098). Better KPS (hazard ratio 5.64, p=0.021) and longer time from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI (hazard ratio 5.64, p=0.013) were significantly associated with better survival., Conclusion: Two independent predictors of survival were identified and should be considered when designing for personalized treatment regimens and clinical trials., (Copyright© 2017, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Background/aim: To investigate the impact of overall treatment time (OTT) of whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) with 5×4 Gy on outcomes., Patients and Methods: Forty-four patients for whom WBRT was started on a Monday (OTT=5 days) were compared to 136 patients, for whom WBRT was started on another weekday (OTT=7 days; weekend break) regarding intracerebral control and survival. Seven other factors were also analyzed., Results: Intracerebral control at 6 and 12 months was 64% and 36% after OTT of 5 days vs. 57% and 38% after OTT of 7 days (p=0.68). On multivariate analysis, intracerebral control was positively associated with a better Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score (ECOG-PS) (p<0.001). Survival at 6 and 12 months was 36% and 16% after OTT of 5 days vs. 35% and 19% after OTT of 7 days (p=0.81). On multivariate analysis, survival was positively associated with better ECOG-PS (p<0.001) and absence of extracerebral lesions (p=0.004)., Conclusion: Prolongation of OTT to 7 days had no impact on outcomes after WBRT with 5×4 Gy., (Copyright© 2016 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinassios), All rights reserved.)

Background/aim: Patients with gynecological malignancies account for 2% of patients with cerebral metastases. Many patients receive whole-brain irradiation (WBI) alone. Local therapies (resection, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)) are becoming more popular. This study compared intracerebral control after local therapy to WBI alone in patients with gynecological malignancies., Patients and Methods: Of 56 patients, 45 received WBI alone, 6 SRS alone and 5 resection plus WBI. Treatment type, age, performance score, cancer site, number of cerebral lesions, metastases outside the brain, recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) class and period from gynecological cancer diagnosis to brain metastasis treatment were evaluated., Results: On univariate analyses, local therapy (p=0.003), single cerebral lesion (p<0.001) and RPA class 1/2 (p=0.027) were positively related to intracerebral control. On Cox regression analysis, local therapy (p=0.013) and RPA class 1/2 (p=0.014) were significant., Conclusion: Local therapies led to better intracerebral control than WBI alone and should be considered for brain metastasis from gynecological malignancies whenever reasonable., (Copyright© 2016 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinassios), All rights reserved.)