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BackgroundSoil salinity, in both natural and managed environments, is highly heterogeneous, and understanding how plants respond to this spatiotemporal heterogeneity is increasingly important for sustainable agriculture in the era of global climate change. While the vast majority of research on crop response to salinity utilizes homogeneous saline conditions, a much smaller, but important, effort has been made in the past decade to understand plant molecular and physiological responses to heterogeneous salinity mainly by using split-root studies. These studies have begun to unravel how plants compensate for water/nutrient deprivation and limit salt stress by optimizing root-foraging in the most favourable parts of the soil.ScopeThis paper provides an overview of the patterns of salinity heterogeneity in rain-fed and irrigated systems. We then discuss results from split-root studies and the recent progress in understanding the physiological and molecular mechanisms regulating plant responses to heterogeneous root-zone salinity and nutrient conditions. We focus on mechanisms by which plants (salt/nutrient sensing, root-shoot signalling and water uptake) could optimize the use of less-saline patches within the root-zone, thereby enhancing growth under heterogeneous soil salinity conditions. Finally, we place these findings in the context of defining future research priorities, possible irrigation management and crop breeding opportunities to improve productivity from salt-affected lands.

Most workers around the world are part of the precariat, characterized by non-permanent, informal, short-term, low-pay, low-skill, and insecure jobs. While there have been many socio-economic critiques of the negative impacts of precarity on workers, the literature has increasingly asked how precarious workers actually live their lives and how their subjectivities are produced on a daily basis. We contribute to this literature by providing a psychosocial account of the ambivalent experiences of precarious workers. We contend that the interplay of recognition and misrecognition plays a crucial role, as the vulnerable, working subject becomes entangled in a complex web of recognizability. We present insights from 104 in-depth interviews, providing a Lacanian analysis of how precarious workers develop unconscious attachments to neoliberal values that are central to the logic of precarity. Understanding this ambivalence helps us develop a more nuanced view of an ethics of precarious workers' vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before insulin can stimulate myocytes to take up glucose, it must first move from the circulation to the interstitial space. The continuous endothelium of skeletal muscle (SkM) capillaries restricts insulin's access to myocytes. The mechanism by which insulin crosses this continuous endothelium is critical to understand insulin action and insulin resistance; however, methodological obstacles have limited understanding of endothelial insulin transport in vivo. Here, we present an intravital microscopy technique to measure the rate of insulin efflux across the endothelium of SkM capillaries. This method involves development of a fully bioactive, fluorescent insulin probe, a gastrocnemius preparation for intravital microscopy, an automated vascular segmentation algorithm, and the use of mathematical models to estimate endothelial transport parameters. We combined direct visualization of insulin efflux from SkM capillaries with modeling of insulin efflux kinetics to identify fluid-phase transport as the major mode of transendothelial insulin efflux in mice. Model-independent experiments demonstrating that insulin movement is neither saturable nor affected by insulin receptor antagonism supported this result. Our finding that insulin enters the SkM interstitium by fluid-phase transport may have implications in the pathophysiology of SkM insulin resistance as well as in the treatment of diabetes with various insulin analogs., Introduction Interorgan communication is essential for maintaining physiological homeostasis. One way organs communicate with each other is by sending molecular signals through the circulation. Before these signals can stimulate biological [...]

Objectives: The aim of this case series is to present the potential applications of the GingivalStat approach, that is, the use of temporary gingival stabilizers, to favor early gingival margin remodeling and prevent the occurrence of gingival rebound following esthetic clinical crown lengthening. Clinical Considerations: Four patients requiring clinical crown lengthening were treated for esthetical and functional reasons. The surgical approach included: (a) gingival margin recontouring; (b) full‐thickness flap elevation; (c) osteotomy (to achieve an adequate dimension between the alveolar bone crest and the CEJ) and osteoplasty (to reduce the bone thickness and improve the buccal bone anatomic profile, where indicated); (d) temporary gingival stabilizer placement using a block‐out resin or a composite (the GingivalStat approach); and (e) flap repositioning, adaptation, and suture. One‐ to five‐year follow‐ups, reported in the different case scenarios, show evidence of clinically stable gingival margins around the treated teeth. Conclusions: Within the limits of this case series, it can be concluded that the GingivalStat approach appears as a further maneuver to cope with clinical crown lengthening procedures at esthetic sites. GingivalStat seems to favor gingival margin contour remodeling during the early phase of healing as well as prevent the occurrence of gingival rebound. Clinical Significance: GingivalStat approach may guide gingival margin remodeling and prevent gingival rebound after wound healing of sites submitted to esthetic clinical crown lengthening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different types of errors and complications may arise during and after the execution of periodontal or implant‐related procedures. Some of the most relevant, although also controversial, and less commented, causative agents of errors and complications are methodological biases and bad interpretation of the evidence. Proper assessment of the literature requires of solid clinical knowledge combined with a systematic approach built on the recognition of common methodological biases and the avoidance of interpretive errors to critically retrieve, dissect, and judiciously apply available information for the promotion of periodontal and peri‐implant health. This review addresses common types of methodological bias and interpretive errors that can alter the reader's perceptions on the real effect and potential ramifications of the reported outcomes of a given therapeutic approach due to bad interpretation of the available evidence: (1) types of methodological biases; (2) spin and interpretive bias; (3) interpretation pitfalls when assessing the evidence (4) choice of relevant endpoints to answer the question(s) of interest; and (5) balance between statistical significance and clinical relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this review is to address the potential applications of allogenous dermal matrix (ADM), as an alternative to subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG), in promoting periodontal phenotype modification (PPM) of challenging periodontal‐orthodontic clinical scenarios. Overview: The rationale behind the need of changing thin to thick gingival tissues is associated to the superior and more stable treatment outcomes promoted by PPM therapy. PPM, via soft tissue grafting, leads to clinical and histological changes of the pre‐established original genetic conditions of the gingiva. Although SCTG‐based procedures are recognized as the "gold standard" for the treatment of sites requiring root coverage and gingival augmentation, ADM has been recognized as the most suitable alternative to SCTG, particularly in clinical scenarios where the use of autogenous grafts is not possible. Thus, ADM is considered an optimal option for the treatment of patients with a history (or in need) of orthodontic tooth movement, due its two‐fold potential indication: (1) the promotion of periodontal soft tissue phenotype modification; and (2) its use, as a barrier membrane, in hard tissues augmentation procedures. Conclusions: ADM is a viable option for soft tissue augmentation, as well as for treatment approaches involving buccal bone gain. Clinical Significance: Periodontal phenotype modification therapy, when applied in challenging periodontal‐orthodontic clinical scenarios, promotes root coverage and prevents the onset and development clinical attachment loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore the theoretical and empirical links between gender and resilience within the context of crisis management by developing a theoretically oriented analysis of the iconic case of the 33 Chilean miners rescue. Analytic focus is placed on the capacity of resilience‐promoting actors to embody and transform the discursive and practical dimensions of gendered regimes that predominate at an organizational level. As a result, we can distinguish four distinct modalities—normative redefinition, emotional reaccommodation, resistance, and affective affirmation—through which the gendered dimension of resilience becomes undone and redone, based on the action of alternative rationalities and affects. Overall, our findings indicate that resilience cannot be made possible without effectively disputing the norms that dispose how bodies, in all their diversity, are able to be recognized and socially experienced to face and manage crises effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Context: Kinesio taping is commonly used in sports and rehabilitation settings with the aim of prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal injuries. However, limited evidence exists regarding the effects of 24 and 72 hours of kinesio taping on trunk and lower limb neuromuscular and kinetic performance during a vertical jump. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the short-term effects of kinesio taping on height and ground reaction force during a vertical jump, in addition to trunk and lower limb muscle latency and recruitment order. Design: Single-group pretest–posttest. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Twelve male athletes from different sports (track and field, basketball, and soccer). Interventions: They completed a single squat and countermovement jump at basal time (no kinesio taping), 24, and 72 hours of kinesio taping application on the gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, and longissimus. Main Outcome Measures: Muscle onset latencies were assessed by electromyography during a squat and countermovement jump, in addition to measurements of the jump height and normalized ground reaction force. Results: The kinesio taping had no effect after 24 hours on either the countermovement or squat jump. However, at 72 hours, the kinesio taping increased the jump height (P =.02; d = 0.36) and normalized ground reaction force (P =.001; d = 0.45) during the countermovement jump. In addition, 72-hour kinesio taping reduced longissimus onset latency (P =.03; d = 1.34) and improved muscle recruitment order during a countermovement jump. Conclusions: These findings suggest that kinesio taping may improve neuromuscular and kinetic performance during a countermovement jump only after 72 hours of application on healthy and uninjured male athletes. However, no changes were observed on a squat jump. Future studies should incorporate a control group to verify kinesio taping’s effects and its influence on injured athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this editorial for our special issue on interorganizational collaboration (IOC), we position collaborative action in the context of the concurrent global crises that necessitate the bridging of interests, positions, competencies, and resources. We unpack the notion of IOC in terms of its conditions, phases, practices, and dynamics, and provide an overview of how the contributing authors support such understanding of cross-boundary collaboration. Through their action-oriented approaches to research and learning, they show a promising interplay of insight and impact. We underline their search for impact and aim to reinforce the potential of IOC not just to be successful, but also highly meaningful to address grand challenges. We therefore take a normative stance and describe how the intertwined notions of justice, resilience, and thriving can serve as a compass to legitimize, organize, facilitate, assess, and study IOC as an important pathway for the co-creation of a better world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oscillatory properties of adrenal glands in capuchin monkeys were found to influence the circadian rhythm of adrenal cortisol secretion. Suppression of adrenocorticotropic hormone by dexamethanose does not affect the activity of adrenal glands due to presence of these properties.

Integrating sustainability concepts, tools, and best practices across the outdoor recreation and park profession has gained momentum over the past three decades. However, missing from the professional and scientific literature have been actionoriented and evaluative research focused on "how" sustainability is being operationalized in the field. Through a qualitative research design focused on the 11 national forests of the Southwestern Region of the USDA Forest Service, we developed an operational model for how sustainable recreation is being implemented at the Forest level through the Sustainable Recreation Strategy. Data collection included document analysis, stakeholder interviews, and personal observation. Document analysis included a content analysis methodology of 11 forest-level sustainable recreation action plans, the principal planning process used to implement the vision and goals set forth by the Regional Sustainable Recreation Strategy. Evidence from the study was used to develop a grounded operational model with three foundational areas of Program, Agency, and Community. Foundational areas were further elaborated into component areas--Program into workforce, communications, outdoor recreation management, financial management, and information management systems--Agency into leadership support, administrative support, and integrated resource management--and Community into partnerships, volunteer program, and conservation education. Operational models such as this can help recreation managers, agency leaders, and policymakers adjust systems, structures, and roles to build program capacity and accelerate program transition towards sustainability. Using this operational model, recreation managers can "diagnose" the strengths and weaknesses of their recreation program and identify areas that need improvement. The model can also serve as a benchmark for program evaluation as well as promote peer learning between unit-level recreation programs. This operational model also gives recreation program managers a concrete mechanism to communicate program and capacity needs with agency leaders and line officers that are less familiar with the terminology and best practices of the recreation profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By installing wireless sensors such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi at a specific set of intersections and/or roadways it is possible to detect the passage of vehicles equipped with these technologies. However, Wi-Fi or Bluetooth-equipped vehicles are not necessarily detected by every sensor they pass by, as the detection probability depends on several factors, such as weather, nearby infrastructure, or the vehicle’s speed. To address this lack of perfect information, we propose a methodology to infer the most likely route used by a vehicle between two successive detections. The methodology consists of three stages. The first stage entails constructing a graph of the road network and the location of the sensors. The second stage consists of using the wireless data to calibrate the distribution of dwell time at each node and travel time for each link of the graph defined in the first stage. The third and final stage consists of convoluting node and link time distributions between successive detections to obtain an aggregate time distribution for each potential route. A Bayesian inference is then applied based on the travel time observed for each vehicle and the number of missed detections, to determine the probability of each alternative route. The methodology is tested through microsimulations, showing a prediction performance of over 90% in most favorable scenarios tested. When compared to a benchmark approach to infer routes, the proposed methodology provides better results when the network’s sensory density is low and data available are reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capillary zone electrophoresis was successfully applied, for the first time, to the chiral separation of structurally related sulfonium ions, using sodium phosphate buffer pH 2.5 with [Beta]-cyclodextrin ([Beta]-CD) or sulfated-[Beta]-cyclodextrin (S-[Beta]-CD) as the chiral selector with tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBA). For this study, a series of structurally related sulfonium ions in which one of the alkyl chains varied in length were synthesized from a common sulfide. The resolution of the ions was found to be dependent on the type of cyclodextrin used, the presence or absence of TBA, and the structure of the sulfonium ion. [Beta]-CD was found to be effective only for ions containing two aromatic groups, while the S-[Beta]-CD was effective only for ions containing one aromatic group. The chiral separation of thiophenium ions was also studied under the conditions established. Chiral separation of sulfonium ions in a binary buffer system containing methanol was explored as well. Separations were achieved for all but one sulfonium ion and one thiophenium ion. The data presented show the effectiveness of the enantiomeric separation using CZE with cyclodextrin-modified buffer for these types of ions.