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Social sharing in virtual learning environments differs from real environments, resulting in a need for a specialized data collection tool related to social anxiety in these environments. This study seeks to develop a scale to identify the levels of social anxiety experienced in e-learning. The study group consists of 275 students who have previously experienced an online or a blended learning environment. The data were analyzed through exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and divergent validity tests. The interpersonal interactions of learners in online environments were considered in developing the tool. Two subscale forms were created to identify the levels of social anxiety in learner-learner interaction and learner-instructor interaction. Each subscale of the Social Anxiety Scale for E-Learning Environments (SASE) consists of 23 items and three subfactors. These sub-factors are called negative evaluation, somatic symptoms and avoidance of interaction. The analyses indicate that the SASE is a reliable and valid measurement tool useful for assessing the social anxiety levels of online learners.

Brief intelligence tests are defined as cognitive tools that can be applied quickly, provide information about the general characteristics of intelligence, but offer a relatively narrow measurement framework. The international literature has many studies comparing the first version of the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT; Kaufman & Kaufman, 1990) with the different versions of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (i.e., WISC-R [Prewett, 1992a, 1992b], WISC-III [Prewett, 1995]), both psychometrically and clinically. However, the national norm studies of the Second Version of the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT-2) in Türkiye have been completed recently. This study evaluates within its scope the structural features of KBIT-2, which is a fairly new measurement tool for Türkiye, by comparing them with WISC-IV. The study includes a total of 103 primary and high school students between 6-15 year old living in Ankara. Psychologists with practitioner certificates administered the tests to the participants with a one-week break in between, starting with WISC-IV and followed by KBIT-2. The findings indicate a significant correlation to exist between the total score on KBIT-2 and the total score on WISC-IV (r = .62). KBIT-2 scores were observed to be significantly higher than the WISC-IV scores. In addition, the composite scores and subtest standard scores for the scales were observed to show certain patterns, with the findings indicating the results obtained from the KBIT-2 test to be interpretable within the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory and the results to be comparable to those obtained from the WISC-IV. Again, the results from this study indicate the most beneficial use of KBIT-2 to likely be for screening rather than for diagnostic purposes. The most important limitation of the study is its small sample size, and future studies can make very valuable contributions by studying the distinguishing power of KBIT-2 in special samples such as gifted or intellectually impaired children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi is the property of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi is the property of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Clock Drawing Test [CDT] is a neuropsychological assessment tool that examines executive functions, motor planning skill, and visual spatial. Empirical studies show that the CDT is a valid and reliable tool that predicts the level of general cognitive function well. In addition, clinical studies have pointed out that CDT is a good indicator of impairment in cognitive skills. CDT is one of the most widely used screening tools to evaluate the cognitive abilities of adults and the elderly. However, there are relatively few empirical studies on the use of the CDT in the child and adolescent samples. The research presented was carried out in two successive stages. Firstly, in the norm study, the psychometric properties of the CDT were evaluated in a large sample of children without any neuropsychological diagnosis. In the second study, children with clinical diagnoses and children without a diagnosis were compared in terms of CDT performance. First (Norm) Study was carried out with a total of 811 primary school students between the ages of 6-14 (425 girls and 386 boys). Analyzes indicated that all age groups up to 11 years had significantly higher scores than the ages that preceded them. There was no critical change after the age of 11. The diagnostic group in the following study was composed of 162 (81 girls and 81 boys) children and adolescents, whose ages ranged between 6 and 14. All of the participants in the diagnosis group attended to the special education institutions. The results of the analysis indicated that there were significant differences between the children with and without a diagnosis at the age of 9, 12 and 13 in terms of CDT performance. It was determined that the scores of the children who were diagnosed were worse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having knowledge about the impact of an intervention on a client in a specific psychotherapy session helps us to examine whether the process is helpful, effective or harmful. Also the agreement levels between therapist and client for the session assessment effect the important decisions respecting planning and changing the psychotherapy process. The main aim of this study is investigating the session impact in the context of therapist-client relationship. Accordingly, the targets of this study are a) examining the psychometric properties and factor structure of Session Evaluation Questionnarie, b) evaluating the agreement levels about session impact between therapists and clients, c) exploring the main indicator of session impact for clients and therapists. 69 therapists and 112 clients participated in the study and the analysis were conducted from the data which were obtained from 810 sessions. The results of exploratory factor analysis indicated that the binary factor structure of the questionnaire was supported and the reliability of the dimensions were quite high (Cronbach a = .87 - .92). At the same time, the results refered that there were a significant agreement between therapists and clients for all items and dimensions (ICC Mean = .45). Moreover, the results of multiple group analyses showed that the models of therapist and client were overlapped with each other in terms of the questionnaire's binary structure. Rather than 'smoothness', the 'depth' dimension was the main indicator of the session impact for both therapists and clients. With this study, the 'session impact' which is an important and efficacious variable for psychotherapy processes was investigated for the first time in Turkey with therapist-client dyads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to build and examine the Turkish Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) short form which was originally developed by Horvath and Greenberg (1989) based on Bordin's pan-theoretical conceptualization of therapeutic alliance. Method: The Hacettepe University Psychotherapy Research Laboratory data set which included the masters's or doctoral level clinical psychology practitioners- patient pairs (83 sessions from 58 therapist and 83 patient). Short forms (e.g. therapist-client versions) that were built based on Tracey and Kokotovic's (1989) and Hatcher and Gillaspy's (2006) studies were analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis approach. During these analyses, the WAI measurements from the third sessions were based. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the short forms which were suggested in the aforementioned literature, had good fit for both therapist and patient sample. Correlations between original Turkish forms and subscales, internal consistency levels and fit indices were reviewed together to reach a final decision. The short form which was suggested by Tracey and Kokotovic showed more appropriate statistical results. The final forms' Cronbach Alpha's levels were 0.90 and 0.86 for therapist and patient forms respectively. Conclusion: Considering consistency with the observer form items (Soygüt and Uluç 2009) addition to inter-correlations, internal consistency levels and fit indices, the WAI-Short Forms were built for therapist and patient. Our findings suggested that the WAI-Short Forms for therapist and patient have acceptable levels of reliability and validity for clinical and research settings in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Despite the importance of object relations and reality testing concepts, the research is limited because of the absence of a standardized method of evaluation. The Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing provides an evaluation of individuals object relations quality and reality testing abilities through the quality of their daily relationships and perceptions about themselves within the relationship with others. The BORRTI is a self-report measurement consisted of 90 items that participants responded as true of false. It has two main subscales, Object Relations and Reality Testing. The aim of this study is to investigate the validity and reliability of Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory in Turkish population. Method: The study group consisted of 424 participants from Hacettepe University staff members and students from different departments. Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory, Symptom Checklist 90 and Experiences in Close Relationships- Revised were given to the participants. Results: The internal consistency analysis demonstrated that Cronbach alpha coefficients for the Object Relations subscale range between .70 and .80; and .54 and .77 for the Reality Testing subscale. The analysis conducted for the criterion validity indicated that the subscales of BORRTI are positively correlated with SCL-90-R and ECRS-R. Conclusion: According to the present study the Turkish version of Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory showed to be a valid and reliable measurement for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) linear T-scores and MMPI-2 uniform T-scores in a Turkish Sample. Materials and Methods: The study included 50 adult (30 female and 20 male) volunteers that completed MMPI and MMPI-2. Age of the participants ranged from 18 to 55 years (mean: 24.96 Sd 8.66). The tests were administered at least 3 weeks apart. MMPI linear T-score, MMPI-2 uniform T-score, and MMPI-2 linear T-score were compared via 3 x 2 repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: There wasn't a significant difference between the mean MMPI subscales' scores and MMPI-2 subscales' scores. Change in the number of items and content did not result in significant difference; however, minimal differences were thought to be due to the method used to compute the T-scores. Additionally, MMPI-2 hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria subscale scores differed between males and females. Discussion: These findings support earlier reports of the psychometric equivalence of the original MMPI and MMPI-2. Additionally, there weren't any profile differences between the 2 tests; therefore, the findings support the idea knowledge of old profiles can be used in new ones. Nonetheless, during the transition from MMPI to MMPI-2, it may be helpful to remain aware of the differences in some subscales for females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Flynn Effect is one of the most controversial issues in the psychology literature. Although the majority of researchers agree about the presence of this effect, the arguments about the source of the effect still continue. Many studies have been conducted to examine the presence and severity of this effect, in many countries. The Flynn Effect is evaluated for the first time in Turkey by the present study. For this aim, the scores of WISC-R for which Turkish norms had been established in 1984 were compared to composite scores of WISC-IV for which Turkish norms were established in 2012. The participants of the study were composed of 87 children and adolescents, whose ages varied between 6 and 16. Results of the study revealed significantly higher scores for WISC-R compared to WISC-IV, and this difference could be predicted with the Flynn correction. Results are consistent with the results which were obtained from American and European samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the quality of life of children and adolescents in various stages of their chronic kidney disease (CKD) who were managed with different treatment modalities to that of children and adolescents without any chronic disease. The study included 18 renal transplant and 21 dialysis patients (8 on hemodialysis, 13 on peritoneal dialysis) and 16 patients who did not yet require renal replacement therapy. The control group consisted of 37 children without any chronic disease. Psychosocial Health Summary scores, Physical Health Summary scores, and Total Scale scores of Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory scores were estimated for the groups. CKD patients had lower scores in all scales of Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory than the control group. There were no differences in self-reported scores on the Pediatric Quality of Life scale scores between treatment groups; however, parents of the transplant patients had reported higher (more favorable) Physical Health Summary scores than those of the dialysis patients. Reports of parents and their children differed only in Physical Health Summary scores in the dialysis group; self-reports of the children were more favorable. These findings show that children and adolescents with CKD experience impaired quality of life on the physical and psychosocial functioning domains in comparison with healthy controls. The study findings implicate the need for further studies to investigate the quality of life in CKD patients at different stages as well as the perceptional differences between pediatric and adolescent CKD patients and caregiver proxy-reports about their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Geriatrics / Türk Geriatri Dergisi is the property of Turkish Geriatrics Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: In various studies which are made up to the present day, many neuropsychological tests is developed in order to determine structural and functional disorders in the brain. Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Coordination Test (BGT) is one of the most commonly used figure draw task that aimed to evaluate visual and perceptual skills. In that study it is aimed to establish inter-rater reliability of the Bender-Gestalt II, a new form of BGT, and to compare the new scoring system with the traditional Koppitz scoring system in terms of inter-rater reliability. Method: Sample is consisted of 22 male and 23 female child and adolescents. A newer form of the original Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Coordination Test (BGT), Gestalt Motor Coordination Test-II (BGT-II) is used in the study. Protocols are evaluated by three independent raters who are trained over Koppitz traditional scoring system and who have field experience. Results: For Global Scoring and Koppitz Scoring of BGT-II, internal consistency reliabilities of three raters over mean scores are calculated. It is found that internal consistency reliability for Global Scoring is, Cronbach alpha=.93, for Koppitz Scoring is, Cronbach alpha=.74. Results showed that two scoring systems have sufficiency (Cronbach alpha >.70) for clinic and research purposes. In addition, It is found that inter-rater aggrement for all scoring system is very high (for Koppitz ICC=.96; for Global ICC=.85 and for Recall ICC=.84). Conclusion: It is seen that three scoring system has sufficient internal consistency and inter-rater reliability values for clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Working Alliance Inventory-Observer Form (WAI-O) (Titchenor and Hill, 1989). Method: The study included 18 videotape records of 6 therapists conducting short-term cognitive behavioral therapy. The videotape records were chosen randomly from the pool of Hacettepe University Psychotherapy Research Laboratory (HU-PRL) and coded by 3 judges. Intra-class correlation (ICC) coefficients for the scale were calculated using the average measure method to determine the inter judge reliability coefficients for the data obtained from the 3 judges. Result: The ICC coefficients were 0.73, 0.70, and 0.78 for the bond, goal, and task dimensions, respectively. The ICC coefficient was 0.75 for the inventory total score. The internal validity of the scale was α = 0.90. The item total correlation ranged between 0.84 and 0.96. Discussion: On a preliminary basis our findings indicate that the Turkish version of the WAI-O Short Form has acceptable levels of reliability and validity for clinical and research use in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi is the property of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Attachment Theory, co-developed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, focuses on the effects of the relationship between a primary care giver and a child in the course of a child's development (Ainsworth & Bowlby, 1991; Bowlby, 1969). In the frame of Attachment Theory, it is assumed that there is a strong relationship between the mental representation of Attachment and the Working Model of Self. Secure Base Script approach, that is relatively new and reliable method, was produced for evaluating mental representation of attachment. This study examines the relation between Secure Base Scripts and Working Model of Self in a sample of 60 preschool children that contain 33 boys and 27 girls. As assessment instruments, Doll Family Story Completion Test-TR (DFSCT-TR) and Puppet Interview (PI) which is a semi-structural interview were utilized. Results indicated that mental representation of the Self in the preschool children occurs at the relational content and it's closely related to Working Model of Attachment that they have. In addition, effects of the Working Model of Attachment are observed at the behavioral level. Results indicated that it may have significant influences on peers relationship and behavioral control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Turkish Cognitive Therapy Adherence and Competence Scale (CTACS) (Liese, Barber, and Beck, 1995). The scale is based on the evaluation of video taped therapy sessions using a certain coding system. Method: In the content validity study, 4 judges placed items within the intended theoretical construct with a high degree of consensus. In the following part of the study, 2 judges coded 20 video taped therapy sessions randomly selected from a pool recorded at the Hacettepe University Psychotherapy Research Laboratory. Results: The internal validity of the scale was a = 0.84 for adherence and a = 0.83 for competence. The intraclass correlation (ICC) coefficients were calculated using the absolute consensus method to determine inter-judge reliability coefficients for the data obtained from 2 judges. Mean ICC was 0.70 for the adherence dimension and 0.60 for the competence dimension. The relationship between adherence and competence was examined using Pearson's correlation coefficients, which were r = 0.95 (n = 20, P < 0.001) for the first judge, r = 0.97 (n = 20, P < 0.001) for the second judge, and r = 0.95 for both judges. Conclusion: As preliminary evidence our findings suggest that the Turkish CTACS has acceptable levels of content validity and inter-judge reliability for use in clinical and research settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi is the property of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Examination of the psychometric properties and content areas of the revised MMPI's (MMPI-2 [Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2]) content scales is required. In this study the criterion-related validity of the MMPI-2 Depression, Anxiety, and Anger Content scales was examined using the following conceptually relevant scales: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and State Triad Anger Scale (STAS). Method: MMPI-2 Depression, Anxiety, and Anger Content scales, and BDI, BAI, and STAS were administered to a sample of 196 students at Middle East Technical University (n= 196; 122 female, 74 male). Regression analyses were performed to determine if these conceptually relevant scales contributed significantly beyond the content scales. The MMPI-2 Depression Content Scale was compared to BDI, the MMPI-2 Anxiety Scale was compared to BAI, and the MMPI-2 Anger Content Scale was compared to STAS. Results: The internal consistency of the MMPI-2 Depression Content Scale (α = 0.82), the MMPI-2 Anxiety Content Scale (α = 0.73), and the MMPI-2 Anger Content Scale (α = 0.72) was obtained. Criterion validity of the 3 analyzed content scales was demonstrated for both males and females. Conclusion: The findings indicated that (1) the MMPI-2 Depression Content Scale provides information about the general level of depression, (2) the MMPI-2 Anxiety Content Scale assesses subjective anxiety rather than somatic anxiety, and (3) the MMPI-2 Anger Content Scale may provide information about the potential to act out. The findings also provide further evidence that the 3 conceptually relevant scales aid in the interpretation of MMPI-2 scores by contributing additional information beyond the clinical scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi is the property of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Giriş: Kadına yönelik şiddet ve kadın cinayetleri üzerine literatürdeki çalışma sayısı azdır. Öldürülen kadınların %40-50'si kadının yakın ilişkideki eşi tarafından öldürülmektedir. Bu durum aile üzerinde daha travmatik bir durum oluşturur. Aile içindeki kadın cinayetlerinin etkisi sadece kurbanla sınırlı değildir, çocuklar başta olmak üzere tüm aile ve yakın çevre üzerinde akut ve kronik etkiler yaratabilir. Kadın cinayetlerinin sıklığı, sosyodemografik özellikleri ve öldürülen kadınların aileleriyle ilgili Türkiye'de çok az çalışma vardır. Bu çalışmada öldürülen kadınların sosyodemografik özellikleri ve olası riskler incelenmiştir. Yöntem: Veriler internetteki 01 Ocak-30 Haziran 2016 tarihlerindeki kadın cinayetlerini kapsamaktadır. Tarama yapılırken kadın cinayeti, yakın ilişki cinayeti, intihar, cinnet anahtar sözcükleri kullanılmıştır. Verilerin güvenilirliğini artırmak için en az üç farklı haber kaynağı karşılaştırılmıştır. Kim tarafından öldürüldüğü belli olmayanlar ve tanımadıkları kişilerce öldürülen kadınlar çalışmaya alınmamıştır. Bulgular: Belirtilen sürede 109 kadın 1. derece yakını veya sevgilisi, eski sevgilisi/kocası tarafından öldürülmüştür. Öldürülen kadınların %6.4'ü 15-18, %22.9'u 18-25, %14.7'si 26-30, %15.6'sı 31- 35, %11'i 36-40, %16.5'i 41-49, %7.3'ü 50-60, %4.6'sı 61-70 yaşları arasındadır. Kadınların %35'inin (s=38) çocuğunun olup olmadığı bilinmeyip %11'inin (s=12) çocuğu yoktur. Geriye kalanların 71 çocuğu vardır. Örneklemin %45.9'unun çocuklarının yaşları bilinmiyor. Yaş bilgisine ulaşılabilen çocukların %14.7'si (s=16) 1-5, %9.2'si (s=10) 5-10, %5.5'i (s=6) 11-15, %11'i (s=12) 16-25, %3.7'si (s=4) 26-40 yaş aralığındadır. Gazete haberi-nin içeriğinden elde edilen bilgilere göre 17 çocuk annelerinin öldürülüşüne tanık olmuş veya cesedini bulmuştur. Kadınların %40.4'ü (s=44) kocaları, %18.3'ü (s=20) sevgilisi, %18.3'ü (s=20) eski koca-sı/sevgilisi, %22.9'u (s=25) akrabası, oğlu, kardeşi tarafından öldürülmüştür. Kadınların %2.8'inin (s=3) öldürülme nedeni bilinmiyor, 106'sının nedenleri şunlardır: %32.1'i (s=35) tartışma, %28.4'ü (s=31) boşanma/ayrılma isteği, %10.1'i (s=11) barışma reddi, %9.2'si (s=10) namus, %11'i (s=12) diğer konular (para, intikam, ruhsal sorun); %6.4'ünün (s=7) tam olarak bilinmiyor. Kadınların %60.6'sı (s=66) silah, %26.6'sı (s=29) kesici alet, %6.4'ü (s=7) darp ile; %4.6'sı (s=5) diğer (boğma, yakma) yollarla öldürülmüştür. Bu saldırılar sırasında kadınların yakın çevresinden toplam 72 kişi de kişide cinayete kurban gitmiştir. Bölge açısından kadın cinayeti dağılımı, %32.1 (s=35) Marmara, %10.1 (s=11) Karadeniz, %16.5 (s=18) Ege, %7.3 (s=8) Akdeniz, %7.3 (s=8) İç Anadolu, %15.6 (s=17) Güneydoğu Anadolu, %9.2 (s=10) Doğu Anadolu şeklindedir. Tartışma: Kadın cinayetinin yakını tarafından işlenmesi aile sistemini daha çok etkiler. Çocukların cinayet sonrası ihmal edilmesi ruhsal iyilik durumunu olumsuz etkileyebilir. Ailelerinde şiddete tanık olan çocukların ileride şiddet eğilimi gösterme risklerinin daha yüksek olduğu belirtilmiştir; bu yaşantılar, çocukların kendi evliliklerinde/ilişkilerinde benzer şiddet örüntülerini göstermelerine neden olabilir. Dolayısıyla, bu ailelere yönelik ruhsal destek verilmesi olası riskleri önleyebilir. Aile içindeki kadın cinayetlerine ilişkin tanımlayıcı düzeyde bilgimizin artırılması başta koruyucu ruh sağlığı çalışmaları olmak üzere birçok açıdan değerli bir kaynak oluşturabilir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal depression and anxiety are associated with infant and mother self- and interactive difficulties. Although maternal depression and anxiety usually co-occur, studies taking this comorbidity into account are few. Despite some literature, we lack a detailed understanding of how maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms may be associated with patterns of mother-infant interaction. We examined associations of maternal postpartum depressive and anxiety symptoms with infant and mother self- and interactive patterns by conducting multi-level time-series models in a sample of 56 Turkish mothers and their 4-month infants. Time-series models assessed the temporal dynamics of interaction via infant and mother self- and interactive contingency. Videotaped face-to-face interaction was coded on a 1s time base for infant and mother gaze and facial affect, infant vocal affect, and mother touch. Results indicated that mothers with high depressive symptoms were vulnerable to infants looking away, reacting with negative touch; their infants remained affectively midrange, metaphorically distancing themselves from mothers' affect. Mothers with high anxiety symptoms were vulnerable to infants becoming facially dampened and mothers reacted with negative facial affect. Altered infant and mother self-contingency patterns were largely opposite for maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms. These patterns describe foundational processes by which maternal postpartum mood is transmitted to the infant and which may affect infant development.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Client Attachment to Therapist Scale (CATSTR) which provides a framework for measuring and conceptualizing the relationship between the therapist and the client., Method: The study included 191 individuals with a mean age of 24.41 years who had received a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 15 sessions of therapy for different psychological problems. All participants completed the CATS-TR, the Early Close Relationships-R (ECR-R), the Bell Object Relations Inventory (BORRTI), and the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI-SF), and a Client Information Form handed to the clients in a closed envelope by their respective therapists., Results: Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis results indicated an acceptable fit for the CATS-TR which comprised the Secure, Fearful/Avoidant and Preoccupied/Merger subscales, with internal consistency levels ranging between 0.71 and 0.85. Criterion validity analyses showed that the scores on the CATS-TR Fearful/Avoidant and Preoccupied/Merger subscales correlated with the scores on the ECR-R Avoidance/Anxiety subdimesnions and the BORRTI Object Relations subdimension in the expected directions. Also, the mean score on the CATS-TR Secure Attachment subscale was a significant predictor of the therapeutic alliance assessed by the WAI-SF and its subscales., Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that the CATS-TR has an acceptable level of validity and reliability with results indicating its usefulness for research and clinical settings in Turkey investigating the common factors bringing about change in psychotherapy.

Objective: The aim of this research was to assess gaze behaviors and facial affect expressions in mother-infant interaction within the frame of self-contingency and interactive contingency, reflecting self-regulation and interactive regulation, respectively. In Model 1, second-by-second changing gaze behaviors (on partner's face/off partner's face) and in Model 2, facial affect expressions (from positive to negative) were examined. Self-contingency reflects the variability or stability in gaze directions and facial affect expressions in each partner. Interactive contingency reflects the degree of mother-infant gaze and facial affect attunement or interactive regulation relative to each other., Method: Sample was composed of 56 healthy mother-infant dyads. All infants were 4 months old, and mean maternal age was 29.61 (SD=3.71). Mother-infant interactions were filmed at the lab. Interactions were coded second-by-second for mother-infant gaze behaviors and facial affect expressions with video microanalysis method. The analysis method was multilevel-multivariate time series analysis., Results: According to Model 1-2, mother-infant gaze behaviors and facial affect expressions were neither too stable nor too variable, rather, the change in gaze behaviors and facial affect expressions in each partner showed predictable patterns. Mothers regulated their gaze behaviors and facial affect expressions in relation to that of their infants. Infants regulated their facial affect expressions in relation to their mothers' facial affect expressions, but infant gaze interactive contingency to mother gaze was marginally significant., Conclusion: In interactions, infants and mothers regulate the rhythms of their own behavior and at the same time contingently coordinate with that of the partner. This bi-directionally regulating environment is the foundation of infants' relationship expectations and bio-socialbehavioral regulation capacity, which may be related to psychopathology in future.

Objective: This study aimed to build and examine the Turkish Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) short form which was originally developed by Horvath and Greenberg (1989) based on Bordin's pan-theoretical conceptualization of therapeutic alliance., Method: The Hacettepe University Psychotherapy Research Laboratory data set which included the masters's or doctoral level clinical psychology practitioners- patient pairs (83 sessions from 58 therapist and 83 patient). Short forms (e.g. therapist-client versions) that were built based on Tracey and Kokotovic's (1989) and Hatcher and Gillaspy's (2006) studies were analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis approach. During these analyses, the WAI measurements from the third sessions were based., Results: Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the short forms which were suggested in the aforementioned literature, had good fit for both therapist and patient sample. Correlations between original Turkish forms and subscales, internal consistency levels and fit indices were reviewed together to reach a final decision. The short form which was suggested by Tracey and Kokotovic showed more appropriate statistical results. The final forms' Cronbach Alpha's levels were 0.90 and 0.86 for therapist and patient forms respectively., Conclusion: Considering consistency with the observer form items (Soygüt and Uluç 2009) addition to inter-correlations, internal consistency levels and fit indices, the WAI-Short Forms were built    for therapist and patient. Our findings suggested that the WAI-Short Forms for therapist and patient have acceptable levels of reliability and validity for clinical and research settings in Turkey.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the MMPI Lineer T scores and MMPI-2 Uni form T scores in Turkish Sample., Method: 50 adult (30 female and 20 male) who volunteered to participate in the study completed MMPI and MMPI-2. Participants'' age ranged from 18 to 55 (X=24.96, SD=8.66). There were at least 3 weeks between two tests' application. MMPI lineer Tscore, MMPI-2 uni form Tscore and MMPI-2 lineer T score compared by 3X2 Repeated-measures ANOVA., Result: According to the results there were not significant difference between the mean scores' of MMPI and MMPI-2's sub scales. Change in number of item and content did not lead to significant difference. However the minimal differences were thought to based on the method of computing T scores. Also, in Hypochondriasis, Depression and Hysteria sub scales of MMPI-2 there were group differences among men and women., Discussion: These findings supported the idea about the psychometric equivalence of the Original MMPI and MMPI-2. Also there were no profile differences between two tests. Therefore the results support the idea knowledge of old profiles can be used in new ones. However during the transition from MMPI to MMPI-2, it may be helpful to alert about differences in some subscales for women.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Working Alliance Inventory-Observer Form (WAI-O) (Titchenor and Hill, 1989)., Method: The study included 18 videotape records of 6 therapists conducting short-term cognitive behavioral therapy. The videotape records were chosen randomly from the pool of Hacettepe University Psychotherapy Research Laboratory (HU-PRL) and coded by 3 judges. Intra-class correlation (ICC) coefficients for the scale were calculated using the average measure method to determine the inter judge reliability coefficients for the data obtained from the 3 judges., Results: The ICC coefficients were 0.73, 0.70, and 0.78 for the bond, goal, and task dimensions, respectively. The ICC coefficient was 0.75 for the inventory total score. The internal validity of the scale was alpha=0.90. The item total correlation ranged between 0.84 and 0.96., Discussion: On a preliminary basis our findings indicate that the Turkish version of the WAI-O Short Form has acceptable levels of reliability and validity for clinical and research use in Turkey.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Turkish Cognitive Therapy Adherence and Competence Scale (CTACS) (Liese, Barber, and Beck, 1995). The scale is based on the evaluation of video taped therapy sessions using a certain coding system., Method: In the content validity study, 4 judges placed items within the intended theoretical construct with a high degree of consensus. In the following part of the study, 2 judges coded 20 video taped therapy sessions randomly selected from a pool recorded at the Hacettepe University Psychotherapy Research Laboratory., Results: The internal validity of the scale was alpha=0.84 for adherence and alpha=0.83 for competence. The intra-class correlation (ICC) coefficients were calculated using the absolute consensus method to determine inter-judge reliability coefficients for the data obtained from 2 judges. Mean ICC was 0.70 for the adherence dimension and 0.60 for the competence dimension. The relationship between adherence and competence was examined using Pearson's correlation coefficients, which were r=0.95 (n=20, P<0.001) for the first judge, r=0.97 (n=20, P<0.001) for the second judge, and r=0.95 for both judges., Conclusion: As preliminary evidence our findings suggest that the Turkish CTACS has acceptable levels of content validity and inter-judge reliability for use in clinical and research settings.

Objective: Examination of the psychometric properties and content areas of the revised MMPI's (MMPI-2 [Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2]) content scales is required. In this study the criterion-related validity of the MMPI-2 Depression, Anxiety, and Anger Content scales was examined using the following conceptually relevant scales: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and State Triad Anger Scale (STAS)., Method: MMPI-2 Depression, Anxiety, and Anger Content scales, and BDI, BAI, and STAS were administered to a sample of 196 students at Middle East Technical University (n= 196; 122 female, 74 male). Regression analyses were performed to determine if these conceptually relevant scales contributed significantly beyond the content scales. The MMPI-2 Depression Content Scale was compared to BDI, the MMPI-2 Anxiety Scale was compared to BAI, and the MMPI-2 Anger Content Scale was compared to STAS., Results: The internal consistency of the MMPI-2 Depression Content Scale (alpha = 0.82), the MMPI-2 Anxiety Content Scale (alpha = 0.73), and the MMPI-2 Anger Content Scale (alpha = 0.72) was obtained. Criterion validity of the 3 analyzed content scales was demonstrated for both males and females., Conclusion: The findings indicated that (1) the MMPI-2 Depression Content Scale provides information about the general level of depression, (2) the MMPI-2 Anxiety Content Scale assesses subjective anxiety rather than somatic anxiety, and (3) the MMPI-2 Anger Content Scale may provide information about the potential to act out. The findings also provide further evidence that the 3 conceptually relevant scales aid in the interpretation of MMPI-2 scores by contributing additional information beyond the clinical scales.