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Abstract Background The ventilatory physiopathology of patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) remains poorly understood. We aimed to personalize a mechanical simulator to model healthy and ILD profiles ventilation, and to evaluate the effect of spontaneous breathing on respiratory mechanics at rest and during exercise. Methods In a 2-compartment lung simulator (ASL 5000®), we modeled 1 healthy and 3 ILD profiles, at rest and during exercise, based on physiological data from literature and patients. Measurements were: tidal volume, end-expiratory lung volume, driving pressure, transpulmonary driving pressure, dynamic alveolar strain, mechanical power, and time lag of inspiratory flow between compartments 1 and 2. Results Healthy and ILD models were validated: maximum differences between real and simulated tidal volume were 5% (96 ml) and 6% (54 ml) at rest and during exercise respectively, considered clinically negligible. When we simulated lung inhomogeneity (compliance in compartment 1 > compartment 2), tidal volume, end-expiratory lung volume, driving pressure and mechanical power increased in compartment 1 and decreased in compartment 2. Driving transpulmonary pressure and dynamic alveolar strain increased in compartment 2 and decreased in compartment 1. Time lag of inspiratory flow between compartments 1 and 2 was positively correlated with a difference of compliance between compartments (r = 0.98, CI95% (0.9106; 0.9962), p

Abstract Background Chest physiotherapy for airway clearance is not recommended in children hospitalized with bronchiolitis. The updated Cochrane meta-analysis suggests that slow expiratory techniques could slightly improve clinical severity, but the evidence certainty is low and the clinical significance of this change is unknown. We investigated whether the prolonged slow expiration technique (PSET) would impact the 24-h food intake of these children. Methods We conducted a two-arm double-blind randomized controlled trial. Hospitalized children aged from 1 to 12 months, bottle-fed or diversified and referred for airway clearance were included. Both groups received upper airway clearance at inclusion and standard treatments. The experimental group received PSET including rhinopharyngeal unclogging and targeted unprovoked cough. The primary outcome was the 24-h food intake. Clinical severity, vomit episodes and sleep quality were also recorded. An ordinary least squares linear regression for quantitative variables was modelled for between-group comparisons. Results From January 9, 2019, to December 1, 2022, 42 children were randomized with a 1:1 ratio (mean age: 5.0 (± 2.9) months). The 24-h food intake did not differ between groups (estimate: 1.8% (95%CI -7.0 to 10.6); p = 0.68). PSET had no effect on SpO2, clinical severity, RR and HR at the follow-up assessments (5 min, 30 min and 24 h after intervention), nor on the number of vomit episodes, total sleep time and SpO2 during sleep. Conclusions PSET did not affect food intake or the 24-h course of bronchiolitis more than standard treatment in children hospitalized for moderate bronchiolitis. Trial registration NCT03738501 registered on 13/11/2018, Slow Expiratory Technique to Improve Alimentation in Children With Bronchiolitis (BRONCHIOL-EAT); https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03738501.

Abstract Background Few specific methods are available to reduce the risk of diaphragmatic dysfunction for patients under mechanical ventilation. The number of studies involving transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the diaphragm (TEDS) is increasing but none report results for diaphragmatic measurements, and they lack power. We hypothesised that the use of TEDS would decrease diaphragmatic dysfunction and improve respiratory muscle strength in patients in ICU. Methods We conducted a controlled trial to assess the impact of daily active electrical stimulation versus sham stimulation on the prevention of diaphragm dysfunction during the weaning process from mechanical ventilation. The evaluation was based on ultrasound measurements of diaphragm thickening fraction during spontaneous breathing trials. We also measured maximal inspiratory muscle pressure (MIP), peak cough flow (PEF) and extubation failure. Results Sixty-six patients were included and randomised using a 1:1 ratio. The mean number of days of mechanical ventilation was 10 ± 6.8. Diaphragm thickening fraction was > 30% at the SBT for 67% of participants in the TEDS group and 54% of the Sham group (OR1.55, 95% CI 0.47–5.1; p = 0.47). MIP and PEF were similar in the TEDS and Sham groups (respectively 35.5 ± 11.9 vs 29.7 ± 11.7 cmH20; p = 0.469 and 83.2 ± 39.5 vs. 75.3 ± 34.08 L/min; p = 0.83). Rate of extubation failure was not different between groups. Conclusion TEDS did not prevent diaphragm dysfunction or improve inspiratory muscle strength in mechanically ventilated patients. Trial registration: Prospectively registered on the 20th November 2019 on ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04171024.

Abstract Background Few studies have evaluated muscle strength in COVID-19 ICU survivors. We aimed to report the incidence of limb and respiratory muscle weakness in COVID-19 ICU survivors. Method We performed a cross sectional study in two ICU tertiary Hospital Settings. COVID-19 ICU survivors were screened and respiratory and limb muscle strength were measured at the time of extubation. An ICU mobility scale was performed at ICU discharge and walking capacity was self-evaluated by patients 30 days after weaning from mechanical ventilation. Results Twenty-three patients were included. Sixteen (69%) had limb muscle weakness and 6 (26%) had overlap limb and respiratory muscle weakness. Amount of physiotherapy was not associated with muscle strength. 44% of patients with limb weakness were unable to walk 100 m 30 days after weaning. Conclusion The large majority of COVID-19 ICU survivors developed ICU acquired limb muscle weakness. 44% of patients with limb weakness still had severely limited function one-month post weaning.

Abstract Background Little interest has been paid to expiratory muscle strength, and the impact of expiratory muscle weakness on critical outcomes is not known. Very few studies assessed the relationship between maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) and critical outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between MEP and critical outcomes. Methods This work was a secondary analysis of a prospective, observational study of adult patients who required mechanical ventilation for ≥ 24 h in an 18-bed ICU. MEP was assessed before extubation after a successful, spontaneous breathing trial. The relationships between MEP and extubation failure, and short-term (30 days) mortality, were investigated. Univariate logistic regressions were computed to investigate the relationship between MEP values and critical outcomes. Two multivariate analyses, with and without maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), both adjusted using principal component analysis, were undertaken. Unadjusted and adjusted ROC curves were computed to compare the respective ability of MEP, MIP and the combination of both measures to discriminate patients with and without extubation failure or premature death. Results One hundred and twenty-four patients were included. Median age was 66 years (IQR 18) and median mechanical ventilation duration was 7 days (IQR 6). Extubation failure rate was 15% (18/124 patients) and the rate for 30-day mortality was 11% (14/124 patient). Higher MEP values were significantly associated with a lower risk of extubation failure in the univariate analysis [OR 0.96 95% CI (0.93–0.98)], but not with short-term mortality. MEP was independently linked with extubation failure when MIP was not included in the multivariate model, but not when it was included, despite limited collinearity between these variables. This study was not able to differentiate the respective abilities of MEP, MIP, and their combination to discriminate patients with extubation failure or premature death (adjusted AUC for the combination of MEP and MIP: 0.825 and 0.650 for extubation failure and premature death, respectively). Conclusions MEP is related to extubation failure. But, the results did not support its use as a substitute for MIP, since the relationship between MEP and critical outcomes was no longer significant when MIP was included. The use of MIP and MEP measurements combined did not reach higher discriminative capacities for critical outcomes that MEP or MIP alone. Trial Registration This study was retrospectively registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02363231?cond=NCT02363231&draw=2&rank=1 (NCT02363231) in 13 February 2015

Background Peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak) measured by a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) is the gold‐standard for predicting surgical risk in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The 3‐minute chair rise test (3CRT) is a simple test requiring minimal resources. This study aimed to determine the ability of 3CRT to predict V˙O2peak in patients with NSCLC. Methods Retrospective data from CPX and 3CRT carried out in 36 patients with NSCLC between March 2018 and February 2019 were included. A multivariate analysis was undertaken to derive a predictive V˙O2peak equation based on performance on the 3CRT. In addition, sensitivity‐specificity analysis was carried out to estimate a threshold 3CRT value for the prediction of V˙O2peak ≥ 15 mL/kg/minute. Results The following equation was obtained: V˙O2peak predicted = (0.04765 × FEV1) ‐ (0.207 59 × BMI) ‐ (0.115 89 × age) + (0.386 09 × vertical distance) + 16.628 69; r2 = 0.75, P

BackgroundFunctional exercise capacity assessment is recommended in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is a valid evaluation of exercise capacity but can be technically complex. Inversely, the sit-to-stand test (STST) is a simple method to evaluate exercise capacity, and is validated in healthy children and adults with CF. This study aimed to evaluate STST measurement properties in children and adolescents with CF.MethodsIn this multicenter study, children with CF (6 to 18 years) performed two iterations of both the STST and the 6MWT in a randomized order. Criterion validity was determined by assessing correlations between STST repetitions and 6MWT distance (6MWD). Intra-rater reliability, test-retest repeatability, mean bias and limits of agreement were also assessed. Relationships with other outcomes (i.e. respiratory and quadriceps muscle strength) and cardio-respiratory responses were analysed for both tests.ResultsThirty-six children with CF were included (mean age 12.0 ±3.5 years and FEV1 95.8 ±25.0%). On average, 39.6 ±10.5 repetitions were performed during the STST and mean 6MWD was 596.0 ±102.6 meters. STST number of repetitions was significantly correlated with 6MWD (r = 0.48; pConclusionsThe STST is an easy-to-use functional test with moderate criterion validity when compared to the 6MWT in children with CF, probably because both tests measure different components of functional exercise capacity. The STST is useful when the 6MWT is unfeasible, however further investigations are required to explore the clinical implications of STST results in children with CF.Clinical trial registrationNCT03069625.

Abstract Background In the ICU, out-of-bed rehabilitation is often delayed and in-bed exercises are generally low-intensity. Since the majority of rehabilitation is carried out in bed, it is essential to carry out the exercises that have the highest intensity. The aim of this study was to compare the physiological effects of four common types of bed exercise in intubated, sedated patients confined to bed in the ICU, in order to determine which was the most intensive. Methods A randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of four bed exercises (passive range of movements (PROM), passive cycle-ergometry, quadriceps electrical stimulation and functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling) on cardiac output. Each exercise was carried out for ten minutes in ventilated, sedated patients. Cardiac output was recorded using cardiac Doppler ultrasound. The secondary aims were to evaluate right heart function and pulmonary and systemic artery pressures during the exercises, and the microcirculation of the vastus lateralis muscle. Results The results were analysed in 19 patients. FES cycling was the only exercise that increased cardiac output, with a mean increase of 1 L/min (15%). There was a concomitant increase in muscle oxygen uptake, suggesting that muscle work occurred. FES cycling thus constitutes an effective early rehabilitation intervention. No muscle or systemic effects were induced by the passive techniques. Conclusion Most bed exercises were low-intensity and induced low levels of muscle work. FES cycling was the only exercise that increased cardiac output and produced sufficient intensity of muscle work. Longer-term studies of the effect of FES cycling on functional outcomes should be carried out. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02920684. Registered on 30 September 2016. Prospectively registered.

Abstract Background Assessment of maximum respiratory pressures is a common practice in intensive care because it can predict the success of weaning from ventilation. However, the reliability of measurements through an intubation catheter has not been compared with standard measurements. The aim of this study was to compare maximum respiratory pressures measured through an intubation catheter with the same measurements using a standard mouthpiece in extubated patients. Methods A prospective observational study was carried out in adults who had been under ventilation for at least 24 h and for whom extubation was planned. Maximal respiratory pressure measurements were carried out before and 24 h following extubation. Results Ninety patients were included in the analyses (median age: 61.5 years, median SAPS2 score: 42.5 and median duration of ventilation: 7 days). Maximum respiratory pressures measured through the intubation catheter were as reliable as measurements through a standard mouthpiece (difference in maximal inspiratory pressure: mean bias = − 2.43 ± 14.43 cmH2O and difference in maximal expiratory pressure: mean bias = 1.54 ± 23.2 cmH2O). Conclusion Maximum respiratory pressures measured through an intubation catheter were reliable and similar to standard measures. Clinical trial registration Retrospectively Registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02363231).

Background Nasal high flow (NHF) has been proposed to sustain high intensity exercise in people with COPD, but we have a poor understanding of its physiological effects in this clinical setting.Research question What is the effect of NHF during exercise on dynamic respiratory muscle function and activation, cardiorespiratory parameters, endurance capacity, dyspnoea and leg fatigue as compared to control intervention.Study design and methods Randomized single-blind crossover trial including COPD patients. Two constant workload exercise testing were performed at 75% of peak power with NHF (30L/min, 34°C) or with control intervention. Pressure time product of the transdiaphragmatic pressure (PTPdi/min) and other physiological measurements were continuously monitored. Dyspnoea and lower limb fatigue were assessed using the 10-Borg scale.Results 14 patients with severe obstruction (median FEV1: 40 (IQR 28 to 52) %) were included. Their median age was 70 (IQR 57 to 72) years. At isotime, NHF had little to no effect on PTPdi/min (MD -15cmH2O.s/min, 95% CI -62 to 33) but increased tidal volume (MD 77mL, 95% CI 21 to 133). NHF also improved endurance capacity (MD 20s, 95% CI 2 to 40) and dyspnoea at isotime (MD -1.1, 95% CI -2.1 to -0.1). NHF had no or uncertain effect on other outcomes.Conclusion NHF has little to no effect on dynamic respiratory muscle function and activation but improves Vt. It leads to a trivially small increase in endurance capacity but a worthwhile improvement in dyspnoea. NHF may be beneficial for individuals experiencing critical inspiratory constraints and significant dyspnoea.

Numerous postpneumonectomy complications exist. We present a rare clinical case of postpneumonectomy exertional dyspnea revealing compression of the mitral annulus by the descending aorta. The patient was 42-year-old former smoker with pulmonary emphysema. He has been operated on, in 2012 (i.e., right pneumonectomy). Before the surgery, the patient was a recreational runner. However, after some months, it was difficult for the patient to resume running. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing indicated moderate exercise intolerance with important oxygen desaturation. More interestingly, a decrease of low oxygen pulse was noticed from the first ventilatory threshold with no electrical modification on the electrocardiogram. This decrease was indicative of a decline in stroke volume. The thoracic scan revealed a right pneumonectomy pocket with a liquid abnormal content. Moreover, the mediastinum had shifted toward the pneumonectomy space and the left lung was distended and emphysematous. Echocardiography revealed a major change in the mediastinal anatomy. The mitral annulus was observed to be compressed by the rear wall of the descending aorta. The diagnosis of postpneumonectomy syndrome or platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome was ruled out in this patient. Mitral annular compression by the descending aorta is rare complication, which must be researched in patients with postpneumonectomy exertional dyspnea.