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The purpose of this paper is to examine the condition for a Finsler space with a generalized α , β -metric to be projectively flat. In addition, we establish that the Finsler space with generalized α , β -metric is a flat-parallel Minkowski space and derive the condition under which the β -change for the aforementioned metric is projective. We also explored the projective nature of β -change for various significant Finsler metrics derived from the generalized α , β -metric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have emerged as a potential candidate for third-generation thin film solar energy conversion systems because of their outstanding optoelectronic properties, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and easy manufacturing process. The electron transport layer is one of the most essential components in DSSCs since it plays a crucial role in the device's greatest performance. Silver ions as a dopant have drawn attention in DSSC device applications because of their stability under ambient conditions, decreased charge recombination, increased efficient charge transfer, and optical, structural, and electrochemical properties. Because of these concepts, herein, we report the synthesis of pristine TiO2 using a novel green modified solvothermal simplistic method. Additionally, the prepared semiconductor nanomaterials, Ag-doped TiO2 with percentages of 1, 2, 3, and 4%, were used as photoanodes to enhance the device's performance. The obtained nanomaterials were characterized using XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDS, and UV–vis techniques. The average crystallite size for pristine TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2 with percentages of 1, 2, 3, and 4% was found to be 13 nm by using the highest intensity peaks in the XRD spectra. The Ag-doped TiO2 nanomaterials exhibited excellent photovoltaic activity as compared to pristine TiO2. The incorporation of Ag could assist in successful charge transport and minimize the charge recombination process. The DSSCs showed a Jsc of 8.336 mA/cm2, a Voc of 698 mV, and an FF of 0.422 with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.45% at a Ag concentration of 4% under illumination of 100 mW/cm2 power with N719 dye, indicating an important improvement when compared to 2% Ag-doped (PCE of 0.97%) and pristine TiO2 (PCE of 0.62%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, we study the Finslerian hypersurfaces of a special generalized (α, β)-metric in the form L(α, β) = α(β α), with condition (0) = 0 (0) = 00 (0) = 000 (0) = 1. Further, we examined the hypersurfaces of this special metric as a hyperplane of first, second and third kinds with certain condition on the above Finsler metric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R. Miron initiated the study of L-duality in Lagrange and Finsler spaces in 1987. The concrete L-duals of the Randers metric, Kropina metric, Matsumoto metric, exponential metric, as well as a few more unique (a, B)- metrics, are really just an of the remarkable results obtained. The importance of L-duality, however, is basically limited to finding the dual of a few key Finsler functions. In this paper, we find L- Dual of a Finsler space with a special (a, B)- metric F =, where a is a Riemannian metric and B is a differential one form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel synergistic botanical formulation comprising garlic oil and cashew nut shell liquid was developed using spontaneous emulsification methodology as a sustainable alternative for management of early blight disease. Based on the stability studies, GCNE (5%) comprising of garlic oil, surfactants, cashew nut shell liquid and water in ratio of 5:10:10:75 were optimum for developing stable nano-emulsion. The particle size of nanoemlusion with 5% cashew nut shell liquid was 25.15 nm, poly dispersity index (PDI) 0.238 and zeta potential 33.03 mV. The developed nano-emlusion GCNE (5%) was more effective in controlling Alterineriasolani, the causative agent of early blight of tomato under in-vitro and field conditions in comparison to bulk garlic oil, cashew nut shell liquid and garlic nano-emlusion. The formulation developed showed synergism and ready mix of developed nano-emlusion showed better synergism in comparison to tank mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1997, S. Basco and M. Matsumoto introduced the concepts of Douglas spaces with a generalization of the notion of Berwald spaces. Weakly-Berwald space is one of the generalizations of Berwald spaces. In the present paper, we considered a cubic (a, ß)-metric which is a special class of p-power Finsler metric and obtained the conditions under which the Finsler space with such special metric will be a Weakly-Berwald space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Igarashi introduce the concept of (α, β)-metric in Cartan space ln analogously to one in Finsler space and obtained the basic important geometric properties and also investigate the special class of the space with (α, β)-metric in ln in terms of 'invariants' . In the present paper, we determine the 'invariants' in two different cases of deformed infinite series metric, which characterize the special classes of Cartan spaces ln .Further, we investigate some classes of deformed infinite series spaces and obtain deformed infinite series class which will provide the example of Cartan spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the role of active and transport layer materials in the degradation mechanism is studied using different device geometries. Initially, the absorbance of the active layer materials as a function of the degradation time is compared with the photovoltaic characteristics. Also, it has been found that the hole- and electron-transport layers play a pivotal role in the degradation process for the observed decreased device efficiency. The theoretical charge-transport model complements these experimental photovoltaic parameters well. The results are attributed to the change in the quasi-Fermi level, and exciton splitting for the fresh and aged devices. These interesting and impactful results reveal a basic understanding of the degradation mechanism for the P3HT:PC71BM and PTB7:PC71BM blend systems and provide insights for achieving long-term stability in such solar-cell devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]