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Observations indicate that a continuous supply of gas is needed to maintainobserved star formation rates in large, disky galaxies. To fuel star formation,gas must reach the inner regions of such galaxies. Despite its crucialimportance for galaxy evolution, how and where gas joins galaxies is poorlyconstrained observationally and is rarely explored in fully cosmologicalsimulations. To investigate gas accretion in the vicinity of galaxies, weanalyze the FIRE-2 cosmological zoom-in simulations for 4 Milky Way massgalaxies (M_halo ~ 10E12 solar masses), focusing on simulations with cosmic rayphysics. We find that at z~0, gas approaches the disk with angular momentumsimilar to the gaseous disk edge and low radial velocities, piling-up near theedge and settling into full rotational support. Accreting gas movespredominantly parallel to the disk with small but nonzero vertical velocitycomponents, and joins the disk largely in the outskirts as opposed to "raining"down onto the disk. Once in the disk, gas trajectories are complex, beingdominated by spiral arm induced oscillations and feedback. However, time andazimuthal averages show clear but slow net radial infall with transport speedsof 1-3 km/s and net mass fluxes through the disk on the order of one solar massper year, comparable to the star formation rates of the galaxies and decreasingtowards galactic center as gas is sunk into star formation. These rates areslightly higher in simulations without cosmic rays (1-7 km/s, ~4-5 solar massesper year). We find overall consistency of our results with observationalconstraints and discuss prospects of future observations of gas flows in andaround galaxies.

Fuelling star formation in large, discy galaxies requires a continuous supply of gas accreting into star-forming regions. Previously, we characterized this accretion in four Milky Way mass galaxies (⁠|$M_{\rm halo}\sim 10^{12}{\rm M}_{\odot }$|⁠) in the FIRE-2 cosmological zoom-in simulations. At |$z\sim 0$|⁠ , we found that gas within the inner circumgalactic medium (iCGM) approaches the disc with comparable angular momentum (AM) to the disc edge, joining in the outer half of the gaseous disc. Within the disc, gas moves inwards at velocities of |$\sim$| 1–5 km s |$^{-1}$| while fully rotationally supported. In this study, we analyse the torques that drive these flows. In all cases studied, we find that the torques in discs enable gas accreted near the disc edge to transport inwards and fuel star formation in the central few kpc. The primary sources of torque come from gravity, hydrodynamical forces, and the sub-grid |$P \mathrm{ d}V$| work done by supernova (SN) remnants interacting with gas on |$\lesssim$| 10 pc scales. These SNe remnant interactions induce negative torques within the inner disc and positive torques in the outer disc. The gas–gas gravitational, hydro, and 'feedback' torques transfer AM outwards to where accreting gas joins the disc, playing an important role in driving inflows and regulating disc structure. Gravitational torques from stars and dark matter provide an AM sink within the innermost regions of the disc and iCGM, respectively. Feedback torques are dominant within the disc, while gravitational and hydrodynamical torques have similar significance depending on the system/region. Torques from viscous shearing, magnetic forces, stellar winds, and radiative transfer are less significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosmic rays (CRs) are an important component in the interstellar medium, but their effect on the dynamics of the disc–halo interface (<10 kpc from the disc) is still unclear. We study the influence of CRs on the gas above the disc with high-resolution FIRE-2 cosmological simulations of late-type L ⋆ galaxies at redshift z ∼ 0. We compare runs with and without CR feedback (with constant anisotropic diffusion κ∥ ∼ 3 × 1029 cm2 s−1 and streaming). Our simulations capture the relevant disc–halo interactions, including outflows, inflows, and galactic fountains. Extra-planar gas in all of the runs satisfies dynamical balance , where total pressure balances the weight of the overlying gas. While the kinetic pressure from non-uniform motion (≳1 kpc scale) dominates in the mid-plane, thermal and bulk pressures (or CR pressure if included) take over at large heights. We find that with CR feedback, (1) the warm (∼104 K) gas is slowly accelerated by CRs; (2) the hot (>5 × 105 K) gas scale height is suppressed; (3) the warm-hot (2 × 104–5 × 105 K) medium becomes the most volume-filling phase in the disc–halo interface. We develop a novel conceptual model of the near-disc gas dynamics in low-redshift L ⋆ galaxies: with CRs, the disc–halo interface is filled with CR-driven warm winds and hot superbubbles that are propagating into the circumgalactic medium with a small fraction falling back to the disc. Without CRs, most outflows from hot superbubbles are trapped by the existing hot halo and gravity, so typically they form galactic fountains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use FIRE simulations to study disc formation in z ∼ 0, Milky Way-mass galaxies, and conclude that a key ingredient for the formation of thin stellar discs is the ability for accreting gas to develop an aligned angular momentum distribution via internal cancellation prior to joining the galaxy. Among galaxies with a high fraction (⁠|$\gt 70{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$|⁠) of their young stars in a thin disc (h / R ∼ 0.1), we find that: (i) hot, virial-temperature gas dominates the inflowing gas mass on halo scales (≳20 kpc), with radiative losses offset by compression heating; (ii) this hot accretion proceeds until angular momentum support slows inward motion, at which point the gas cools to |$\lesssim 10^4\, {\rm K}$|⁠ ; (iii) prior to cooling, the accreting gas develops an angular momentum distribution that is aligned with the galaxy disc, and while cooling transitions from a quasi-spherical spatial configuration to a more-flattened, disc-like configuration. We show that the existence of this 'rotating cooling flow' accretion mode is strongly correlated with the fraction of stars forming in a thin disc, using a sample of 17 z ∼ 0 galaxies spanning a halo mass range of 1010.5 M⊙ ≲ M h ≲ 1012 M⊙ and stellar mass range of 108 M⊙ ≲ M ⋆ ≲ 1011 M⊙. Notably, galaxies with a thick disc or irregular morphology do not undergo significant angular momentum alignment of gas prior to accretion and show no correspondence between halo gas cooling and flattening. Our results suggest that rotating cooling flows (or, more generally, rotating subsonic flows) that become coherent and angular momentum-supported prior to accretion on to the galaxy are likely a necessary condition for the formation of thin, star-forming disc galaxies in a ΛCDM universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]