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The article is devoted to the history of the Chinese population in the East Siberian border region with China, Transbaikal, in the 1930s. The particular position of this border region determined the specific formation of this Chinese population. The transfer of the Transbaikal region from the Far Eastern region back to the administrative unit of Siberia in the 1930s strengthened the Siberian regional features of the development of the Chinese community, and meant that the Far Eastern nationality policy was not applied to this community. The development of this community was influenced by the fact that in the 1930s, the state border with Manchuria was completely closed. The Manchukuo state, along with the Republic of China, had its official representatives in Chita. In the early 1930s the size of the Chinese population in Transbaikal reached a maximum, and in the Chita region its share in relation to the total population was equal to that in the Far Eastern regions. In the 1930s the working and living conditions of the majority of Chinese workers were difficult: they faced discrimination and were poorly adapted to the socio-political realities of Stalin's system. Initially the Bolsheviks carried out an active policy towards the Chinese that was aimed at their ideological and political re-education and the improving of their living and working conditions. In the second half of the 1930s, however, this policy changed, and political education and the development of a Soviet Chinese culture were no longer prominent. The Chinese began to be perceived as a national community disloyal to the Soviet regime, as real or potential agents of Japan and Kuomintang China. In 1936 began the exposure of Chinese spies, and in 1937-1939 the Soviet Chinese were fully subjected to the tyranny of the Soviet secret services and punitive agencies, and suffered greatly from political repression. By the late 1930s the number of Chinese in Transbaikal had decreased by almost a third; however, the situation was different from that in the border regions of the Far East in so far as there was no mass eviction of Chinese from the Transbaikal area.

The paper deals with the publication of materials with more than 200 years of history, deposited in the archives of the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg. The materials in question are several schemes and a drawing from the “Album of Drawings of Various Siberian Antiquities” by P.K. Frolov. There are two Mongolian sites of the 13th–14th centuries which are known as Khirkhira fortress and Konduy town located in the southeast of Zabaykalsky Krai. A comparison of historical information and graphic materials from the album demonstrated that the time of their preparation cannot be dated to the period of P.K. Frolov’s official trip to Nerchinsk factories in 1798–1800. According to a comparison of the figure captions by P.K. Frolov with the construction start date of the Konduisky temple erected in honor of the Holy Mother and the saint martyrs Cyricus and Julitta, the schemes of Konduy town could not have been eliminated earlier than 1806 since the building materials of the archaeological monument were used in the construction of the church and not later than 1817 when the collection was purchased by the Imperial Public Library. Nevertheless, the schemes and drawings from the “Siberian Album” are the first graphic source on the history of the region’s archaeological sites, have a high level of craftsmanship, and contain information that unfortunately has not survived until today. In 1818 the materials from Frolov's Siberian album were used by G.I. Spassky, probably with the author’s permission. He wrote a paper for the “Siberian Bulletin” journal, published by him in St. Petersburg, and was rather unsuccessful in making copies of the materials. The publication of Frolov's schemes and maps will make it possible to clarify and complement some of the current reconstructions proposed by Russian architects.

New investigations of the Krasnaya Gorka site suggest the emergence of pottery in the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene in the Transbaikal region. Several new AMS dates obtained for the early ceramic cultural layer 2 indicate an age between 13900-10500 cal BP. The results of palynological studies of the Krasnaya Gorka deposits are given in the paper for the first time, and the Late Pleistocene-Holocene environmental changes were reconstructed. Pollen data obtained from the Krasnaya Gorka profile showed cold and dry Late Pleistocene environmental conditions. The regional climate became milder and more humid around 13900–12700 cal BP, which corresponds to the Allerød interstadial thus corroborating the radiocarbon age results. The warmest interval of the Late Pleistocene occurred around 13500 cal BP. Between 12700 and 11800 cal BP, cooling probably corresponds to the cold and dry event of the Younger Dryas. There is some stratigraphical in deposits of the Krasnaya Gorka archeological site. The deposits forming in the early Holocene and beginning of the middle Holocene most likely were removed by erosion. Warming and increased humidity occurred in middle of the late Holocene (2700-1800 cal BP). During the late Holocene, the climate was unstable. Beginning 400 cal BP, the vegetation of the region acquired its modern appearance. Some published materials concerning reconstructions of paleoclimate in the region of Ust'-Karenga XII, Studenoe I, and Ust'-Menza I are considered in the context of general characteristics of the region. Therefore, both palynological reconstructions and radiocarbon dates place the earliest ceramics from Krasnaya Gorka within the final stage of the Late Pleistocene – Early Holocene between 13900-10500 cal BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1735, the Academic brigade under G. F. Miller and I. G. Gmelin’s command went on a scientific expedition to Transbaikal. The researchers were to visit the most populated areas and industrial facilities. The route was determined by the density of population in the district and presence of scientifically significant objects of study, human-made or natural. The current article features the road diaries and journals that were left by the future academicians S. P. Krasheninnikov and A. Gorlanov, who were students at that time, and the notes compiled by I. Yakhontov, the translator for the brigade. Some of G. F. Miller’s scientific works, as well as his promemoria are mostly represented by business correspondence stored in the Transbaikalian State Archive. The content of the road diary entries is often very poor: they contain the names of the places they passed, the precise locations of bivouacs, fording sites, distance between verst posts, etc. It is the power of observation and responsibility to the Science Academy that made each individual researcher introduce brief but diverse descriptions of economic, ethnographic, or natural-climatic character. The expedition around the Transbaikal region lasted for almost half a year and resulted in a detailed description of the western, southern and south-eastern areas, while the eastern and northern territories of Transbaikal were not involved due to their inaccessibility and sparse population.

Relevance of the work is in identifing the sources of formation of rocks and ores of the Lubavinsky gold deposit. A characteristic feature of geological structure of the deposit is the close paragenetic relationship of gold mineralization with granodiorites (J2-3) and rocks of the dike complex (J3) (felsites, quartz porphyries, granodiorite-porphyry, diorite porphyrites, lamprophyres) of the Lubavinsky tectonic zone. Identification of spatial, age and genetic relationships of gold mineralization with magmatism is the key fundamental problem of metallogeny. The aim of the work is to discover the petrogeochemical features of rocks and ores, to identify sources of mineralization of the Lubavinsky deposit. Methods. X-ray fluorescence analysis was used (at GIN SB RAS, Ulan-Ude) for determining an element composition of rocks. Content of major elements was determined by the standard chemical method, concentrations of rare earth elements were determined using sorption-atomic-emission spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma (ISP-SAES) (at GIN SB RAS, Ulan-Ude). Determination of oxygen isotopic composition was performed using the MIR 10-30 equipment (at Common User Center, Irkutsk). The authors investigated sulfide sulfur isotopic composition and contents of Au and Ag at CUC SB RAS of multi-element and isotope investigation (Novosibirsk). Results. It was revealed that sulfide-quartz ores of the Lubavinsky deposit have a magmatic source. This is confirmed by the data on the isotopic oxygen content of ore-bearing sulfide-quartz veins, as well as sulfur isotopes of sulphides. The calculated isotope composition of oxygen in the fluid in equilibrium with the quartz of the productive stage (260-205 °C) varies from 2,69 to 10,26 ‰. Most of the calculated values fall within the range of +5,5 - +9,5 ‰, which corresponds to an aqueous fluid of magmatic nature. It was revealed that the fluids that deposited sulfides are characterized by the values of ơ34S, ‰ from -0,56 to + 6,44 ‰, which indicates a magmatic source of sulfur. The geochemical features of the intrusive rocks of the Lubavinsky deposit testify to the presence of a mantle component in them, which is confirmed by their correspondence to adakites. The formation of sulfide-quartz veins occurred in relation to evolution of differentiated, differently deep magmatic foci in varying degrees, as evidenced by the features of distribution of rare-earth elements in ores.

Devonian deposits of Transbaikal, eastern Russia, within the Mongol-Okhotsk fold belt and adjacent areas have been studied. New data on the composition, age, and structure of Devonian marine formations is given, and a modern synthesis of the stratigraphy is proposed. The palaeontological characterisation of the formations is detailed, regional and interregional correlations are proposed. The presence of characteristic palynological associations and often of index-species for these palynozones makes it possible to date and correlate the stratigraphic units of the Eastern and Western Transbaikal and to trace them to the East European Platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patterns for the emergence of pottery-making in greater East Asia based on radiocarbon dates associated with the earliest pottery assemblages are presented. According to a critical evaluation of the existing evidence, the oldest centers with pottery in East Asia are located in South China (dated to ca. 18,000 cal BP), the Japanese Islands (ca. 16,700 cal BP), and the Russian Far East (ca. 15,900 cal BP). The claim for earlier pottery in South China at the Xianrendong Cave, supposedly dated to ca. 20,000 cal BP, cannot be substantiated. The appearance of pottery in other parts of greater East Asia was a slow process, without clear diffusion from any of these centers toward the periphery. In neighboring Siberia, the oldest pottery dated to ca. 14,000 cal BP is known from the Transbaikal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents new results of the site Krasnaya Gorka located in Transbaikal Siberia. New AMS dates from this site now attest to a Late Pleistocene occupation phase with early pottery. The evidence from this site enables the study of the development of pottery types and of lithic technology as two main parts of material culture at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition on the materials of Krasnaya Gorka. On a wider scale, the complex is compared with other sites with early ceramics in Transbaikal. Some biogeochemical proxies like pyrogenic carbon, phosphorus, total organic carbon, potassium, magnesium and the stable isotope 15N were analyzed to get an idea about the intensity of human occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We compare late Pleistocene archaeological 14 C databases from the Transbaikal, Russia and the Paleo-Sakhalin-Hokkaido-Kuril Peninsula (PSHK) to the appearance and disappearance of microblade technology for evidence of human migration. In the Transbaikal, we identify as many as three events at 24,830, 22,740, and ∼15,000 cal bp, respectively. On the PSHK, we see migration at ∼26,800, and likely again at ∼13,000 cal bp. We offer an explanation for the Last Glacial Maximum origin of northeast Asian microblades that reconciles several major points of current competing theories. The later migration signals in both areas are weaker and associated with terminal Pleistocene (Bølling-Allerød-Younger Dryas) environmental changes at the beginning of the Mesolithic Period in the Transbaikal and the Incipient-Jomon Period on PSHK. In the former, the second migration event may have been repopulation of an empty or sparsely inhabited area. In the latter, it appears to be population replacement when microblades completely disappear from the Peninsula without a reduction in the number of 14 C dates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the specificity of historical and patriotic work in the Zabaykalsky region. The focus is on the attitudes towards activities and goals of the search party “Khingan – Khalkhin-Gol” which was established in early 2012 at the Department of History of Transbaikal State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Documenta Praehistorica is the property of Documenta Praehistorica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research was performed in the south-eastern part of Russia. Soils were formed on clayey parent materials under an extreme continental climate favorable for the deep freezing and maintenance of permafrost. Based on morphological, micromorphological, physical and chemical attributes, the soils represent a soil complex that includes Vertic Luvic Phaeozems (Clayic and Turbic) and Luvic Phaeozems (Clayic and Turbic). Decomposition, aggregation, eluviation, illuviation, pedoturbation, mineralization and hardening result from accumulation and transformation of organic matter, freeze-thaw, shrink-swell, and translocation processes, and cryoturbation. The soil complex is interpreted as polygenetic. Interpretations were made in order to differentiate modern soil processes from relict ones. The most ancient features correspond to the cold Pleistocene glacial period and include cryogenic wedges, permafrost involutions, disrupted soil horizons, cryogenic sorting of coarse material, and accumulation of the organic matter above the permafrost. A subsequent stage of pedogenesis under a warmer and wetter environment is reflected by black humus crack infillings, black humus aggregates deep in the subsoil, vertical translocation of mobile organic matter, and the formation of clay coatings. Finally, the current climate is a warmer but more arid pedoenvironment. It is recorded in the soil complex by brownish fulvic humus and the formation of vertic features. Even in this last relatively warm climatic stage, vertic features formed by shrinking and swelling processes co-exist with annual deep freezing of the soils and subsoil permafrost at a depth of about ~300 cm.Este estudio se llevó a cabo en el sureste de Rusia. Los suelos están formados sobre materiales arcillosos bajo un clima continental extremo que favorece la congelación de los niveles profundos y mantiene el permafrost. De acuerdo con sus características morfológicas, micromorfológicas, físicas y químicas, los suelos representan un complejo edáfico que incluye Phaeozems Vérticos Lúvicos (Argílicos y Túrbicos) y Phaeozems Lúvicos (Argílicos y Túrbicos). Los procesos de descomposición, agregación, eluviación, iluviación, edafoturbación, mineralización y endurecimiento resultan de la acumulación y transformación de la material orgánica, hielo-deshielo, contracción-expansión, translocación y crioturbación. El complejo edáfico se interpreta como poligenético. Las interpretaciones se han realizado para diferenciar los procesos de edafogénesis modernos de los relictos. Los rasgos más antiguos están datados del periodo glaciar frío del Pleistoceno e incluyen cuñas criogénicas, involuciones del permafrost, horizontes edáficos desorganizados, distribución criogénica del material grueso y acumulación de materia orgánica sobre el permafrost. Una posterior edafogénesis asociada a un ambiente más cálido y húmedo se refleja en rellenos de grietas con humus negro, presencia de agregados de humus negro en profundidad, translocación vertical de materia orgánica y formación de revestimientos de arcilla. Finalmente, el clima actual es más cálido pero más árido y esto se refleja a través de humus fúlvico pardo y la formación de rasgos vérticos. Incluso en este último periodo cálido los rasgos vérticos formados por procesos de contracción y expansion coexisten con la congelación anual en profundidad de los suelos y el desarrollo de permafrost a una profundidad de ~300 cm.Esta investigação foi realizada na parte sudeste da Rússia, e os solos em causa formaram-se sobre materiais parentais argilosos em condições de clima continental extremo favorável à congelação dos níveis profundos do solo e à manutenção do permafrost. De acordo com as suas características morfológicas, micromorfológicas, físicas e químicas, os solos representam um complexo que inclui Phaeozems Vérticos Lúvicos (Argílicos e Túrbicos) e Phaeozems Lúvicos (Argílicos e Túrbicos). Os processos de decomposição, agregação, eluviação, iluviação, pedoturbação, mineralização e endurecimento resultaram da acumulação e transformação de material orgânico, congelação-descongelação, contracção-expansão, translocação e crioturbação. Interpretou-se o complexo do solo como sendo poligenético. As interpretações foram feitas para diferenciar os processos de pedogénese modernos dos antigos. As características mais antigas remontam ao período glaciar frio do Pleistocénico e incluem cunhas criogénicas, involuções do permafrost, horizontes edáficos desorganizados, distribuição criogénica do material grosseiro e acumulação de matéria orgânica sobre o permafrost. Uma pedogénese posterior associada a um ambiente mais quente e húmido reflecte-se no aparecimento de fendas preenchidas com húmus negro, presença de agregados de húmus negro em profundidade, translocação vertical de matéria orgânica e formação de películas de argila. Finalmente, o clima actual é mais quente e mais árido e esse facto reflecte-se no aparecimento de húmus fúlvico pardacento e características vérticas. Mesmo neste último período mais quente as características vérticas formadas por processos de contracção e expansão coexistem com a congelação anual dos solos em profundidade e com o desenvolvimento de permafrost a uma profundidade de ~300 cm.

Fire is a major disturbance agent in the boreal forest, affecting the structure, dynamics and biogeochemical cycles in this biome. In the Asian section of boreal forest, the records of long-term fire history are few that limits our understanding of factors forcing regional fire dynamics. We presented an annually-resolved 352-year (1666–2017) fire chronology based on fire scars of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb) from the Transbaikal area in the southeastern Siberia. Fire activity showed an increasing trend from 1720 to 1929 (R2 = 0.80, P < 0.0001), and a significant decreasing trend from 1920 to 2010 (R2 = 0.62, P < 0.001). We assessed the potential relationships between drought (as represented by the Palmer Drought Severity Index, PDSI, and the Monthly Drought Code, MDC), ocean-atmosphere circulation and forest fire by Superposed epoch analyses, cross-wavelet analysis and Granger causality analysis. Increased fire activity was associated with stronger drought from previous winter to current summer of fire event years and positive Arctic Oscillation (AO) before and during major fire season (February and April to May), as revealed by superposed epoch analysis. Granger causality pointed to the significant role of drought in driving forest fires. Our findings provide insights into the climate drivers of forest fire activity and its prediction in the Transbaikal region. • Fire history was reconstructed by fire scars in tree rings from 1666 to 2017 in southeastern Siberia. • Fire activity showed a significant increasing trend from 1720 to 1929 and a significant decreasing trend from 1920 to 2009. • Drought was the major climate driver of the fire. • Increased fire activity was associated with the positive Arctic Oscillation (AO) before and during the major fire season (February, April and May). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buryat medicine, which derived from Tibeto-Mongolian medical systems and traditions, has thrived in the Transbaikal region from the eighteenth century. There are, however, two main streams in Buryat healing traditions: one deriving from Buryat folk medicine and the other, the main focus of this article, scholarly Tibetan medicine, as transmitted through Mongolian medical culture. As it was adopted in Buryatia, Tibeto-Mongolian medicine went through a process of adaptation to the local environment, most conspicuously in the field of pharmacology. It is here that we find the main original Buryat contributions to the wider development of TibetoMongolian medical culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]