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ABSTRAK Kesalahan GPS (Global Positioning System) dalam menentukan titik koordinat dipengaruhi faktor terhalang oleh bangunan, kondisi cuaca, dan hal lain yang dapat mengurangi akurasi dari GPS. Penelitian ini, digunakan tapis Kalman untuk meminimalisir kesalahan pada alat GPS tipe BN-220 ketika menentukan jarak. Tapis Kalman dirancang dengan dua tahapan yaitu proses prediksi dan koreksi. Pada tahap prediksi, data mentah dari koordinat akan diihitung varian kesalahannya dengan mengatur matriks Q. Kemudian, pada tahap koreksi dilakukan perbaikan dengan menentukan penguatan Kalman berdasarkan matriks R dan hasilnya digunakan untuk mengestimasi data keluaran. Berdasarkan pengujian pada delapan titik uji, diperoleh bahwa penggunaan tapis Kalman menghasilkan rata-rata selisih kesalahan sekitar 5,27% terhadap Google Maps jika dibandingkan dengan tanpa tapis Kalman sebesar 7,56%. Kata kunci: GPS BN-220, tapis Kalman, Haversine, Google Maps  ABSTRACT GPS (Global Positioning System) error in determining the coordinates is influenced by factors obstructed by buildings, weather conditions, and other things that can reduce the accuracy of GPS. In this study, the Kalman filter was used to minimize errors in the BN-220 type GPS device when determining the distance. Kalman filter is designed with two stages, namely the prediction and correction process. In the prediction stage, the raw data from the coordinates will be calculated for the error variance by adjusting the Q matrix. Then, in the correction stage, improvements are made by determining the Kalman gain based on the R matrix and the results are used to estimate the output data. Based on testing at eight test points, it was found that the use of the Kalman filter resulted in an average error difference of around 5.27% against Google Maps when compared to without the Kalman filter of 7.56%. Keywords: GPS BN-220, Kalman filter, Haversine, Google Maps

The utilization of condensate water as a compressor-discharge cooler results in subcooling on the condenser outlet. On the other hand, a split-type air conditioner (A/C) with R32 as working fluid can provide higher compressor-discharge temperatures than other refrigerants used in the same A/C. Therefore, A/C working with R32, equipped with a heat exchanger by utilizing waste-condensate water as the compressor-discharge cooler, has promising potential to produce the largest subcooling effect in air-conditioning systems. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of condensate water as the compressor-discharge cooler on the performance of an A/C using R32 as the working fluid with different sizes of heat exchanger. The experimental study was carried out on the A/C with a compressor capacity of 1.1 kW, using three different heat-exchanger lengths, i.e., 18, 20 and 22 cm. The results indicated that longer heat exchangers produced higher degrees of subcooling; the heat exchangers with lengths of 18, 20 and 22 cm produced average degrees of subcooling of 0.9, 1.5 and 4.5 K, respectively. Therefore, increments in the degree of subcooling generate improvements in cooling capacity, lowering the compressor-input power, and enhance the COP of the A/C. The average COP improvement of the A/C with heat-exchanger lengths of 18, 20 and 22 cm were 9.1, 14.4 and 27.3%, respectively.

This research is a follow-up to the findings of the inspection and grounding testing in PKM 2018 activities. The value obtained exceeds 5 ohms. This is not according to the standards based on the General Requirements for Electrical Installation (PUIL) 2011. In the 2019 PKM program activities, evaluation and renovation studies of the installed earthing system which includes: surveying the location to be grounded, drilling for the position of the electrodes to be installed, installation of electrodes equipped with Bentonic material which functions as a binder so that the electrodes with the ground become one and strong, measurement of the earthing value, perform grounding installation, re-measurement of earthing. The earthing value obtained is much smaller than the previous measurement results of 2.83 ohms in the Electronics Laboratory and 2.72 Ohms at the Automation Laboratory of SMKN 1 Cimahi. It is according to the recommended standard PUIL 2011. The PKM team proposes the management of SMKN 1 Cimahi to carry out a routine maintenance and measurement process twice a year on the newly installed earthing system so that the earthing value remains according to the standard.

A person can be called or categorized as patient based on the definition of Medical Practice Act if meeting the elements: undergoing the health consultation; with the purpose to get medical service; consultation and medical service to doctors or dentists. Clearly that individual taken the consultation and or treatment from the paramedics is not categorized as patient; in other word, only doctors or dentists deal with the patient; or only doctors and dentists who have patients. Other than that, they cannot be called patients. For this, the writer is interested in analyzing the what to call those who meet the first and second elements but not to the doctor, for example, to midwife or nurse. It needs clear answer to protect the patient under a clear legal basis. The importance of the answers is to assure that individuals can be called patient based on the existing definition, consequently, it makes individuals, consulting or asking for medical service from paramedics other than doctors and dentists, are not patients. This statement is supported with the provision under Health Act that does not at all define the term patient. In fact, hierarchically the Health Act is the umbrella law regarding health issues in Indonesia. Keyword: Medical dispute; patient; paramedics ABSTRAK Seseorang dapat disebut atau dikatagorikan sebagai pasien berdasarkan Rumusan Undang-Undang Praktik Kedokteran, apabila memenuhi unsur-unsur : melakukan konsultasi kesehatan; dengan maksud memperoleh pelayanan kesehatan; konsultasi dan layanan kesehatan tersebut kepada dokter atau dokter gigi. Jelaslah bahwa seseorang yang melakukan konsultasi dan atau pengobatan kepada tenaga kesehatan yang bukan dokter atau dokter gigi tidak termasuk katagori pasien; dengan perkataan lain yang berhadapan dengan pasien hanya dokter atau dokter gigi atau hanya dokter dan dokter gigi yang mempunyai pasien. Di luar dari itu, tidak dapat disebut pasien. Terhadap hal ini penulis tertarik untuk menganalisa, apa sebutan bagi mereka yang memenuhi unsur ke satu dan kedua tetapi bukan kepada dokter, misalnya kepada bidan atau perawat. Hal ini perlu mendapat jawaban yang jelas agar perlindungan terhadap pasien mempunyai landasan hukum yang jelas. Kepentingan jawaban atas pertanyaan tersebut untuk memastikan bahwa seseorang dapat disebut pasien karena dari definisi yang ada menyebabkan seseorang yang berkonsultasi atau meminta layanan kesehatan kepada tenga kesehatan di luar dokter dan dokter gigi bukan pasien. Hal ini diperkuat dengan isi Undang-Undang Kesehatan yang sama sekali tidak memberikan pengertian tentang pasien. Padahal secara hirarki Undang-Undang Kesehatan merupakan payung bagi undang-undang lainnya yang berhubungan dengan urusan kesehatan di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Sengketa Medik; Pasien; Tenaga Kesehatan

The issuance of the BPJS National Health Insurance Law was a government effort to enhance the welfare of citizens by making it mandatory for them to become BPJS health insurance participants, with a deadline set for January 2019. However, as of May 2022, around 13.79% (according to Worldometer) or 12.26% (according to the Home Ministry) of citizens have not yet joined, due to various factors, including issues related to the BPJS health insurance membership regulations. This paper aims to provide clarity on the construction of health insurance membership regulations as outlined in Law Number 24 of 2011 concerning the Social Security Agency connected to the National Social Security System. The research utilized a descriptive analysis with a statutory approach, along with secondary data obtained through a library study to collect data, and systematic and teleological analysis to analyze the data. The results of the study indicate that the construction of BPJS health insurance membership regulations follows the Stufen theory, which is in accordance with the hierarchy of occupying concrete norms (Hans Kelsen) or formalgezets (Hans Nawiasky). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]