43 results on '"Targett M"'
Search Results
2. Gainfully employing descending controls in acute and chronic pain management
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White, K., Targett, M., and Harris, J.
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- 2018
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3. Congenital external hydrocephalus in a dog.
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Gomes, S. A., Targett, M., and Lowrie, M.
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HYDROCEPHALUS ,CEREBRAL atrophy ,CEREBROSPINAL fluid ,BRAIN damage ,SUBARACHNOID space - Abstract
A 4‐year‐old female Chihuahua was presented with progressive seizures, blindness and lethargy. Neurolocalisation was consistent with a diffuse brain lesion affecting the forebrain and cerebellum. MRI demonstrated dilation of the subarachnoid space dorsolaterally surrounding the cerebrum, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Ventricular system size was normal, but mild cerebral atrophy was suspected. There was pachymeningeal contrast enhancement, but CSF analysis was unremarkable. This lesion was interpreted to be an external hydrocephalus of suspected congenital origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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4. STIR muscle hyperintensity in the cervical muscles associated with inflammatory spinal cord disease of unknown origin.
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Eminaga, S., Cherubini, G. B., Villiers, E., Targett, M., and Caine, A.
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Objectives To assess the relation of a distinctive pattern of short tau inversion recovery muscle hyperintensity with inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid result in dogs. Methods All dogs that had a short tau inversion recovery sequence performed in addition to other magnetic resonance sequences of the cervical spine and concurrent cerebrospinal fluid evaluation during the study period were included. All magnetic resonance studies were anonymised and reviewed by a board certified radiologist and board certified neurologist. A board certified pathologist examined the cerebrospinal fluid and the results were reviewed. Results Forty-nine cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Repeatable patterns of short tau inversion recovery hyperintensity were identified in 20 dogs. The clinical diagnosis in all these 20 cases was of meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin. This diagnosis was confirmed by inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid changes in 18 and suspected from clinical presentation and response to therapy in the remaining 2. Clinical Significance In this study, the short tau inversion recovery changes identified were restricted to cases with inflammatory spinal cord disease. The short tau inversion recovery change had a sensitivity of 78%, and a specificity of 92% in predicting inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting that short tau inversion recovery sequences are a useful addition to the investigation of suspected inflammatory spinal cord disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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5. Inherited myopathy of great Danes.
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Feliu-Pascual, A. Lujan, Shelton, G. D., Targett, M. P., Long, S. N., Comerford, E. J., McMillan, C., Davies, D., Rusbridge, C., Mellor, D., Chang, K. C., and Anderson, T. J.
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GREAT Dane ,DOG diseases ,MUSCLE diseases ,BIOPSY ,DOG breeds - Abstract
A hereditary, non-inflammatory myopathy occurring in young great Danes with distinctive histological features in muscle biopsy specimens is reviewed. Onset of clinical signs is usually before one year of age and both sexes are affected. Clinical signs are characterised by exercise intolerance, muscle wasting, and an exercise-induced tremor. Although most affected dogs have a severe form of the disease, occasional dogs may have a less pronounced form and survive into adulthood with an acceptable quality of life. Litters containing affected puppies are born to clinically unaffected parents, and an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance is likely. All recorded cases have had fawn or brindle coat coloration. Elevated serum creatinine kinase concentrations and spontaneous electrical activity in skeletal muscles are frequently found. While originally reported ( Targett and others 1994 ) as a central core myopathy in this breed, the histochemical characteristics of the distinct cytoarchitectural structures differ from those of the well-characterised central core myopathy in human beings. In fact, these structures differ from any known myopathy in human beings and likely represents a unique non-inflammatory myopathy affecting dogs. Until this myopathy is characterised further, the name inherited myopathy in great Danes is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2006
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6. MRI findings in a dog with discospondylitis caused by Bordetella species.
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Cherubini, G. B., Cappello, R., Lu, D., Targett, M., Wessmann, A., and Mantis, P.
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- 2004
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7. Material in the middle ear of dogs having magnetic resonance imaging for investigation of neurologic signs.
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Owen, M. C., Lamb, C. R., Lu, D., and Targett, M. P.
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- 2004
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8. ACCURACY OF SURVEY RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISC PROTRUSION IN DOGS.
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Lamb, C.R., Nicholls, A., Targett, M., and Mannion, P.
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- 2002
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9. Failure to achieve remyelination of demyelinated rat axons following transplantation of glial cells obtained from the adult human brain.
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Targett, M. P., Sussmant, J., Scoldingt, N., O'Leary, M. T., Compston, D. A. S., and Blakemore, W. F.
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- 1996
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10. Suspected mitochondrial myopathy in a Jack Russell terrier.
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Olby, N. J., Chan, K. K., Targett, M. P., and Houlton, J. E. F.
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- 1997
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11. Central core myopathy in a great dane.
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Targett, M. P., Franklin, R. J. M., Olby, N. J., Dyce, J., Anderson, J. R., and Houlton, J. E. F.
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- 1994
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12. Tumours involving the nerve sheaths of the forelimb in dogs.
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Targett, M. P., Dyce, J., and Houlton, J. E. F.
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- 1993
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13. Response to: An objection to "Congenital external hydrocephalus in a dog".
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Gomes, S. A. Please check if link to ORCID is correct. -->, Targett, M., and Lowrie, M.
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HYDROCEPHALUS ,DOGS ,SUBDURAL hematoma - Abstract
We appreciate the interest in our article detailing the diagnosis of external hydrocephalus (Gomes I et al i . 2019). Considering the fluid characteristics on MRI, we feel confident that no haemorrhage was evident, although we agree that fluid analysis would have been necessary to definitively confirm this. We consider that a subdural space fluid accumulation would most likely be secondary to a pathological process (inflammation, neoplasia, trauma) particularly in the presence of haemorrhage or haematoma, or following surgical intervention. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2020
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14. Haemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) in a litter of Weimaraners.
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Dunning, M. D., Averis, G. F., Pattinson, H., Targett, M., Cade, S., and Herrtage, M. E.
- Abstract
Inherited coagulopathies are reported in a number of dog breeds. However, to date, there is no report of Weimaraners suffering factor VIII deficiency (haemophilia A). We report the discovery of haemophilia A in both males from a single litter of Weimaraners. Haemophilia A in human beings often results from a de novo stochastic mutation. We found no evidence using currently available screening tests of haemophilia A in relatives as far back as three generations making a stochastic mutation possible in this litter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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15. Sensory neuropathy in a Jack Russell terrier.
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Franklin, R. J. M., Olby, N. J., Targett, M. P., and Houlton, J. E. F.
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- 1992
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16. MRI findings in a dog with otitis media and suspected otitis interna.
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Garosi, L. S., Lamb, C. R., and Targett, M. P.
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- 2000
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17. Incidence and clinical characterisation of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusions in Basset Hounds compared with Dachshunds.
- Author
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Thatcher H, Targett M, Alcoverro E, Stee K, Schofield I, Lowrie M, and Gomes SA
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- Dogs, Animals, Retrospective Studies, Incidence, Thoracic Vertebrae, Intervertebral Disc Displacement epidemiology, Intervertebral Disc Displacement veterinary, Intervertebral Disc, Dog Diseases epidemiology, Dog Diseases diagnosis
- Abstract
Background: The Basset Hound is the largest chondrodystrophic breed predisposed to thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (TL-IVDE). However, literature describing this particular breed in terms of incidence, signalment, anatomical location, clinical severity and short-term outcome of TL-IVDE is lacking., Methods: The medical histories of Dachshunds and Basset Hounds presenting to three neurology departments were retrospectively assessed. Information collected for each dog included signalment, whether it had received a diagnosis of TL-IVDE, duration of clinical signs, affected discs and anatomical region and neurological grading at presentation and discharge., Results: A total of 270 Dachshunds and 188 Basset Hounds were included for incidence analysis. Of these, 154 Dachshunds and 68 Basset Hounds with confirmed TL-IVDE were included for signalment, anatomical location, clinical severity and short-term outcome analysis. Statistical analysis indicated a significantly higher incidence of TL-IVDE in Dachshunds than in Basset Hounds (77.4% vs. 36.2%, p < 0.05). Basset Hounds presenting to a neurology department were older (median 87.5 months vs. 66.5 months), had a greater proportion of midlumbar IVDE (L2-L5) and were more frequently ambulatory at discharge than Dachshunds. Only one Basset Hound presented as paraplegic without nociception, compared with 16 Dachshunds (1.5% vs. 10.4%)., Limitations: The study had a retrospective design and included multicentric non-standardised cases., Conclusion: TL-IVDE incidence was higher in Dachshunds than in Basset Hounds. Basset Hounds were older at presentation, frequently affected more caudally in the vertebral column and more frequently ambulatory at discharge than Dachshunds. The differences found in this study could aid in the development of preventive strategies., (© 2023 British Veterinary Association.)
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- 2024
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18. Case report: Immune remission from generalized myasthenia gravis in a dog with a thymoma and cholangiocellular carcinoma.
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Mignan T, White R, Stee K, Bonanno G, Targett M, and Lowrie M
- Abstract
A 9-year-old male neutered Cockapoo was presented with an acute and progressive history of exercise induced weakness involving all limbs, and bilateral decreased ability to blink. Investigations revealed generalized myasthenia gravis alongside the presence of a thymoma and a cholangiocellular carcinoma. Symptomatic treatment through pyridostigmine bromide was used to control clinical signs, and complete surgical removal of the thymoma and cholangiocellular carcinoma was performed. Serum acetylcholine receptor antibody concentration was measured serially. Clinical remission defined as resolution of clinical signs alongside discontinuation of treatment was achieved by day 251 (8.2 months). Immune remission defined as normalization of serum acetylcholine receptor antibody concentration alongside resolution of clinical signs and discontinuation of treatment was achieved by day 566 (18.5 months). Neurological examination was normal, and the owners did not report any clinical deterioration during the final follow-up appointment on day 752 (24 months), hence outcome was considered excellent. This is the first report describing the temporal evolution of serum acetylcholine receptor antibody concentration in a dog with thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis which achieved immune remission following thymectomy. Treatment was successfully discontinued without any evidence of clinical deterioration thereafter despite serum acetylcholine receptor antibody concentration not normalizing for another 315 days (10 months)., Competing Interests: TM, KS, GB, and ML were employed by CVS Group PLC. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Mignan, White, Stee, Bonanno, Targett and Lowrie.)
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- 2023
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19. Computed tomography features of discospondylitis in dogs.
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Gomes SA, Targett M, and Lowrie M
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- Animals, Dogs, Lumbar Vertebrae diagnostic imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging veterinary, Osteolysis diagnostic imaging, Osteolysis veterinary, Retrospective Studies, Discitis diagnostic imaging, Discitis veterinary, Dog Diseases diagnostic imaging, Intervertebral Disc diagnostic imaging, Tomography, X-Ray Computed veterinary
- Abstract
Background: Computed tomography (CT) findings of dogs with discospondylitis have not been widely described despite increased availability of this imaging modality., Objectives: Describe the CT features of discospondylitis in a population of clinically affected dogs with discospondylitis diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)., Animals: Forty-one dogs (63 affected discs) with MRI-identified discospondylitis presented to a single referral hospital between 2012 and 2022., Methods: Retrospective, single center, descriptive case series with analysis of MRI-identified discospondylitis sites and concomitant CT imaging. Computed tomographic features of MRI-affected sites including intervertebral disc space (IVDS), endplates, vertebral body, epidural space and paraspinal tissues were described., Results: The most frequently found changes were: (1) endplate involvement (87.3%) most frequently bilateral (94.5%), with erosion (61.9%) and multifocal osteolysis (67.3%); (2) periosteal proliferation adjacent to the IVDS (73%) and spondylosis (66.7%); and (3) vertebral body involvement (66.7%) involving one-third of the vertebra (85.7%) with multifocal osteolysis (73.5%). Other less prevalent features included an abnormal IVDS (narrowed or collapsed), sclerosis of the adjacent vertebral body or endplates, presence of disseminated idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis or vacuum artifact., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: We determined that bilateral endplate erosion and periosteal proliferation were very common in dogs with discospondylitis. Careful evaluation of CT in all 3 planes (dorsal, sagittal, transverse) is necessary to identify an affected IVDS. These described CT features can aid in the diagnosis of discospondylitis in dogs but equivocal cases might still require MRI., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
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- 2022
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20. Assessing the Educational Value of a Zoo Placement for Veterinary Students: A Report on Student Feedback and Perceptions.
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Liptovszky M, Dobbs P, Moittie S, White K, Targett M, and Strong V
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- Animals, Feedback, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Schools, Veterinary, Students, Education, Veterinary
- Abstract
Zoological medicine is an expanding field with limited practical training opportunities for veterinary students. Those training programs that do exist require significant financial and resource investment by both veterinary schools and the zoological organizations involved. This article summarizes the findings of a retrospective survey of students carried out to ascertain the educational value of a compulsory 5-day-long zoo clinical placement for final-year veterinary students. We aimed to explore the placement's potential impact on students' knowledge and attitudes toward zoological medicine and the role of modern zoos and conservation. Data were collected by means of an end-of-placement questionnaire ( N = 200) and statistically analyzed for pre- versus post-placement changes and the effect of pre-placement interest and experience on student responses. Despite the placement's short time frame and lack of opportunity for in-depth comprehensive training in zoological medicine, students reported that the placement had a positive educational impact. More than 90% of students stated that their understanding about modern zoos was good or excellent at the end of the placement (compared with 35.0% before the placement), and 43.0% reported that the placement had a positive impact on their attitudes toward zoos. Students self-reported an increased understanding of the work of zoo clinicians, and there was a highly significant positive change in the students' reported opinions regarding wildlife conservation in general. We provide preliminary evidence to suggest that even short-duration but immersive zoo-based practical training has positive educational value for veterinary students.
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- 2022
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21. Clinical features, treatment and outcome of discospondylitis in cats.
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Gomes SA, Garosi LS, Behr S, Toni C, Tabanez J, Rusbridge C, Targett M, and Lowrie M
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- Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Cats, Female, Hyperesthesia veterinary, Male, Retrospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Cat Diseases diagnosis, Cat Diseases drug therapy, Discitis veterinary
- Abstract
Objectives: There is a paucity of information on feline discospondylitis. This study aimed to describe the signalment, clinical and laboratory findings, aetiological agents, treatment and outcome in cats affected by discospondylitis., Methods: This was a retrospective review of the medical records of cats diagnosed with discospondylitis at four referral institutions., Results: A total of 17 cats were identified. Most were domestic shorthair cats (76.5%) and male (58.8%), with a median age of 9 years (range 0.9-14) and a median duration of clinical signs of 3 weeks (range 0.3-16). All cats presented with spinal hyperaesthesia; 3/17 had pyrexia. Neurological dysfunction was found in 64.7% of cats, which was indicative of a T3-L3 or L4-S2 spinal segment, associated nerve root or associated nerve neurolocalisation. Haematology, serum biochemistry and urinalysis revealed occasional inconsistent non-specific changes. All cats underwent urine culture; 9/17 cats also had a distinct tissue cultured. Positive bacterial cultures were obtained in two cats (11.8%) for Staphylococcus species (urine, blood and intradiscal fine-needle aspirate) and Escherichia coli (urine); both presented with multifocal discospondylitis. Treatment was non-surgical in all cats, with sustained antibiotic therapy for a median of 3 months (range 1-9). Analgesia provided included non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alone or in combination with gabapentin. Restricted exercise was advised for a minimum of 4 weeks. Outcome information available in 12 cats was excellent in terms of pain control and neurological function in 10 cats (83.3%) at the time of stopping antibiotics. Recurrence occurred in one case, which had received a single antibiotic for 6 weeks, and relapsed 4 months after presentation. One other case failed to improve and was euthanased during the course of hospitalisation., Conclusions and Relevance: Feline discospondylitis is uncommon and no obvious signalment predisposition was found in this study. Spinal hyperaesthesia was universally present, with neurological dysfunction also highly prevalent. Bacterial culture was unrewarding in most cases. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid or cephalosporins are reasonable choices for first-line antibiotics. Prognosis was favourable, with no long-term evidence of recurrence in cats on sustained antibiotic therapy, for a mean duration of 3 months.
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- 2022
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22. Association of magnetic resonance assessed disc degeneration and late clinical recurrence in dogs treated surgically for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusions.
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Longo S, Gomes SA, Briola C, Duffy K, Targett M, Jeffery ND, and Freeman P
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- Animals, Dogs, Magnetic Resonance Imaging veterinary, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Retrospective Studies, Thoracic Vertebrae diagnostic imaging, Thoracic Vertebrae surgery, Dog Diseases diagnostic imaging, Dog Diseases surgery, Intervertebral Disc, Intervertebral Disc Degeneration diagnostic imaging, Intervertebral Disc Degeneration surgery, Intervertebral Disc Degeneration veterinary, Intervertebral Disc Displacement diagnostic imaging, Intervertebral Disc Displacement surgery, Intervertebral Disc Displacement veterinary
- Abstract
Background: Radiographic signs of intervertebral disc mineralization are thought to indicate sites of future recurrence of disc extrusion (Hansen type I) but the relationship between evidence of disc degeneration on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and future disc extrusion with recurrence of clinical signs has not been examined., Objectives: To examine the relationship between MRI-assessed degeneration of thoracolumbar intervertebral discs and late recurrence of clinical signs in dogs presented with acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion and treated by hemilaminectomy alone., Animals: Ninety-two client-owned dogs presented to 2 referral hospitals between 2009 and 2014., Methods: Retrospective analysis of association between clinical signs consistent with recurrent thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion and MRI evidence of disc degeneration in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to explore associations between recurrence of clinical signs and several characteristics of T10-L3 discs at initial diagnosis., Results: Ninety-two cases were included, of which 42 (46%) were Dachshunds and median age was 5.3 years. Clinical signs recurred in 33/92 (36%) dogs. Finding a completely degenerate disc in the T10 to L3 region (in addition to the operated site) at the time of surgery was associated with a hazard ratio of 2.92 (95% confidence interval: 1.37-6.20) for recurrence of clinical signs., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Our results suggest that in cases of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in dogs, recurrence of signs is likely if at least 1 completely degenerate disc in addition to the currently symptomatic disc is visible on MRI., (© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
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- 2021
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23. Cytosine arabinoside constant rate infusion without subsequent subcutaneous injections for the treatment of dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin.
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Stee K, Broeckx BJG, Targett M, Gomes SA, and Lowrie M
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- Animals, Dogs, Female, Male, Follow-Up Studies, Infusions, Intravenous veterinary, Injections, Subcutaneous veterinary, Prospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Cytarabine administration & dosage, Dog Diseases drug therapy, Meningoencephalitis drug therapy, Meningoencephalitis veterinary
- Abstract
Background: The administration of cytosine arabinoside (CA) by continuous rate infusion (CRI) at the time of diagnosis has been shown to improve the 3-month survival of dogs diagnosed with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin (MUO), compared to subcutaneous administration. The benefit of administering subsequent sequential CA subcutaneous injections is unknown. This study compares the outcomes of a CA CRI protocol with (CRI+subcutaneous group) or without (CRI group) follow-up CA subcutaneous injections; both groups received adjunctive prednisolone., Methods: Forty-two dogs diagnosed with MUO were recruited (CRI group) and compared with 41 historical control dogs (CRI+subcutaneous group) in a prospective, controlled clinical trial with 36 months of follow-up., Results: Success rates were respectively 64.3 per cent and 65 per cent in the CRI and the CRI+subcutaneous groups at 40 weeks following diagnosis, and 32.5 per cent and 35.9 per cent at 36 months following diagnosis. The median time to relapse was 299 and 285 days for the CRI and the CRI+subcutaneous groups, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found (P≥0.05)., Conclusion: No clear benefit was identified in the administration of subsequent sequential CA subcutaneous injections after the first administration of CA by CRI for the treatment of dogs diagnosed with MUO., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© British Veterinary Association 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
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- 2020
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24. Classification of myasthenia gravis and congenital myasthenic syndromes in dogs and cats.
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Mignan T, Targett M, and Lowrie M
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- Animals, Cats, Dogs, Neuromuscular Junction, Cat Diseases diagnosis, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Myasthenia Gravis drug therapy, Myasthenia Gravis veterinary, Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital genetics, Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital veterinary
- Abstract
Myasthenia, a syndrome of impaired neuromuscular transmission, occurs as either an acquired or congenital condition. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an acquired autoimmune disorder with autoantibodies against the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of skeletal muscle whereas congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs) are a clinically heterogeneous group of genetic disorders affecting the NMJ with a young age of onset. Both conditions are diseases for which recognition is important with regard to treatment and outcome. We review the published literature on MG and CMSs in dogs and cats, and by comparison with published classification used in humans, propose a classification system for MG and CMSs in dogs and cats. Myasthenia gravis is first classified based on focal, generalized, or acute fulminating presentation. It then is subclassified according to the autoimmune disease mechanism or seronegativity. Autoimmune disease mechanism relates to the presence or absence of a thymoma, or administration of thiourylene medication in cats. Congenital myasthenic syndromes are classified according to the affected NMJ component, the mechanism of the defect of neuromuscular transmission, the affected protein, and ultimately the mutated gene responsible. In proposing this categorization of MG and CMSs, we hope to aid recognition of the disease groups for both conditions, as well as guide treatment, refine prognosis, and provide a framework for additional studies of these conditions., (© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
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- 2020
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25. Imaging features of discospondylitis in cats.
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Gomes SA, Behr S, Garosi LS, Carrera I, Targett M, and Lowrie M
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- Animals, Cats, Magnetic Resonance Imaging veterinary, Retrospective Studies, Tomography, X-Ray Computed veterinary, Cat Diseases diagnostic imaging, Discitis diagnostic imaging, Discitis veterinary, Intervertebral Disc diagnostic imaging
- Abstract
Objectives: This study describes the imaging features of feline discospondylitis on MRI, comparing them with CT and radiographic findings where available., Methods: The medical records of cats diagnosed with discospondylitis, presented to three referring institutions, were reviewed. MRI, CT and radiographic features were assessed by two of the authors independently., Results: Fourteen sites of discospondylitis were retrospectively identified in 13 cats. The L7-S1 intervertebral disc space (IVDS) was affected in 7/14 (50%) cases. Characteristic MRI features included a hyperintense nucleus pulposus signal on T2-weighted (T2W) imaging (n = 10/14 [71%]) and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) imaging (n = 11/13 [85%]), with contrast enhancement in all (n = 11/11); involvement of adjacent vertebral endplates (n = 11/14 [79%]) and hyperintense neighbouring soft tissue on T2W (n = 11/14 [79%]) and STIR (n = 10/13 [77%]), with contrast enhancement in all (n = 11/11); and the presence of spondylosis deformans (n = 10/14 [71%]). Other features included narrowed or collapsed IVDS (n = 8/14 [57%]), contrast enhancement of vertebral bodies (n = 5/11 [46%]), epidural space involvement (n = 5/14 [36%]), compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots (n = 5/14 [36%]), paraspinal abscessation (n = 3/14 [21%]) and meningeal signal intensity abnormalities with contrast enhancement (n = 5/6 [83%]). These latter findings may indicate secondary focal meningitis. Radiographs were available covering five sites (in four cats) and CT covering three sites (in two cats). The most common radiological features were collapse or narrowing of the affected IVDS (80%) and endplate erosion (60%). No changes suggestive of discospondylitis were identifiable on radiography or CT in two sites (one cat), despite being identifiable on MRI. Repeated radiography in one case did not reveal complete radiological resolution following 9 months of treatment., Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this study indicate consistent MRI features of feline discospondylitis that should be considered in the diagnosis of this condition.
- Published
- 2020
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26. Traumatic rib head subluxation through the intervertebral foramen causing spinal cord contusive injury in a cat.
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Lisiewicz N, Green M, Targett M, and Lowrie M
- Abstract
Case Summary: A 4-year-old cat involved in a road traffic accident presented with paraparesis, which was worse on the right-hand side. Neurolocalisation was to the T3-L3 spinal cord segments. Survey radiographs showed rib fractures but no definitive diagnosis for the paraparesis. CT revealed fracture of the dorsal rim and a T9 rib subluxation through the intervertebral foramen at T8-T9. This caused a contusive spinal injury. Treatment consisted of rest and analgesia. The cat recovered well, with the owner reporting no abnormalities 5 months following the injury., Relevance and Novel Information: Road traffic accidents are a common cause of injury in the cat population, with a significant number having thoracic injuries. These include rib injures such as fractures. This is the first reported case of a traumatic rib subluxation causing a contusive injury in the spinal cord of any species. Previously reported rib subluxations have been seen in humans with spinal deformities. Conservative management in this case was sufficient., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2020.)
- Published
- 2020
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27. Long-term outcome of cats with acquired myasthenia gravis without evidence of a cranial mediastinal mass.
- Author
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Mignan T, Garosi L, Targett M, and Lowrie M
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- Animals, Cat Diseases drug therapy, Cats, Female, Male, Myasthenia Gravis drug therapy, Myasthenia Gravis pathology, Remission, Spontaneous, Retrospective Studies, Antithyroid Agents therapeutic use, Carbimazole therapeutic use, Cat Diseases pathology, Methimazole therapeutic use, Myasthenia Gravis veterinary
- Abstract
Background: Acquired myasthenia gravis (AMG) is increasingly recognized in cats, yet information regarding the natural history of the disease, treatment, and outcome including occurrence of immune and spontaneous remission remains limited., Objective: To determine the long-term outcome of cats with AMG without evidence of a cranial mediastinal mass (CMM)., Animals: Eight cats diagnosed with AMG without evidence of a CMM., Methods: Retrospective case series. The medical records of cats diagnosed with AMG between 2005 and 2018 from 2 veterinary referral hospitals were reviewed for inclusion. Inclusion criteria consisted of a diagnosis of AMG, thoracic imaging, serum biochemistry including measurement of creatine kinase, and a CBC. Exclusion criteria were the presence of an identifiable CMM, or administration of methimazole or carbimazole., Results: All cats had an excellent long-term outcome, achieving immune remission within 6 months of diagnosis, including 4 cats that did not receive any treatment and whose natural course of disease involved spontaneous remission. Clinical presentation was heterogeneous, and skeletal muscle weakness and fatigability induced or exacerbated by the wheelbarrow exercise stress test were the most consistent abnormalities associated with AMG., Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Cats diagnosed with AMG without evidence a CMM have a favorable outcome and frequently achieve immune remission. Moreover, the natural history of AMG in cats includes spontaneous remission when there is no evidence of a CMM. Attempting to rule out the presence of a CMM therefore refines prognosis, and treatment is not always necessary in this disease population., (© 2019 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
- Published
- 2020
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28. Linear magnetic resonance imaging measurements of the hippocampal formation differ in young versus old dogs.
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Gardini A, Taeymans O, Cherubini GB, de Stefani A, Targett M, and Vettorato E
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- Age Factors, Animals, Atrophy diagnostic imaging, Atrophy pathology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Hippocampus diagnostic imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging statistics & numerical data, Retrospective Studies, United Kingdom, Atrophy veterinary, Dog Diseases pathology, Dogs, Hippocampus pathology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging veterinary
- Abstract
Age-related hippocampal formation (HF) atrophy has been documented on MRI studies using volumetric analysis and visual rating scales.This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to compare linear MRI measurements of the HF between young (1-3 years) and old (>10 years) non-brachycephalic dogs, with normal brain anatomy and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Right and left hippocampal formation height (HFH), height of the brain (HB) and mean HFH/HB ratio were measured by two observers on a transverse T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence containing rostral colliculi and mesencephalic aqueduct.119 MRI studies were enrolled: 75 young and 44 old dogs. Left and right HFH were greater (p<0.0001) in young, while HB was greater in old dogs (p=0.024). Mean HFH/HB ratio was 15.66 per cent and 18.30 per cent in old and young dogs (p<0.0001). No differences were found comparing measurements between epileptic and non-epileptic dogs.Old dogs have a greater HB; this may represent the different study populations or a statistical phenomenon. Ageing affects HF linear measurements. A reduction of mean HFH/HB ratio between 18.30 per cent and 15.66 per cent should be considered a physiological age-related process of the canine lifespan. The use of mean HFH/HB ratio could be considered for quantifying brain atrophy in elderly dogs., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© British Veterinary Association 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. Published by BMJ.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Long-term outcome following lateral foraminotomy as treatment for canine degenerative lumbosacral stenosis.
- Author
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Andrade Gomes S, Lowrie M, and Targett M
- Subjects
- Animals, Dogs, Female, Foraminotomy methods, Intervertebral Disc Degeneration surgery, Lumbosacral Region, Male, Retrospective Studies, Spinal Stenosis surgery, Treatment Outcome, Dog Diseases surgery, Foraminotomy veterinary, Intervertebral Disc Degeneration veterinary, Spinal Stenosis veterinary
- Abstract
Lateral foraminotomy has been described as an effective surgical treatment for foraminal stenosis in the treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS) in dogs. Clinical records were reviewed from 45 dogs which had undergone lateral foraminotomy at the lumbosacral junction either alone or in combination with decompressive midline dorsal laminectomy. Short-term outcome at six weeks was assessed by the surgeon to be good (11.1 per cent) or excellent (88.9 per cent) in all 45 cases. Long-term outcome beyond six months for lumbosacral syndrome was assessed by the owner as excellent in all 34 cases for which follow-up was available despite recurrence in five cases. Recurrence of clinical signs was not related to re-establishment of foraminal compression at the surgical site when assessed on repeat MRI and was managed by either contralateral foraminotomy in one case or conservative management with excellent response. This study confirms lateral foraminotomy as an effective procedure in the management of DLSS-affected dogs suffering from foraminal stenosis and demonstrates that initial good short-term results are maintained long term despite some treatable recurrences. Lateral foraminotomy is an effective procedure when used appropriately in DLSS with foraminal stenosis either alone or in combination with midline dorsal laminectomy., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© British Veterinary Association (unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Inherited myopathy of great Danes.
- Author
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Lujan Feliu-Pascual A, Shelton GD, Targett MP, Long SN, Comerford EJ, McMillan C, Davies D, Rusbridge C, Mellor D, Chang KC, and Anderson TJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Dog Diseases epidemiology, Dog Diseases pathology, Dogs, Female, Genes, Recessive, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Male, Muscle, Skeletal pathology, Muscular Diseases epidemiology, Muscular Diseases genetics, Muscular Diseases pathology, Dog Diseases genetics, Muscular Diseases veterinary
- Abstract
A hereditary, non-inflammatory myopathy occurring in young great Danes with distinctive histological features in muscle biopsy specimens is reviewed. Onset of clinical signs is usually before one year of age and both sexes are affected. Clinical signs are characterised by exercise intolerance, muscle wasting, and an exercise-induced tremor. Although most affected dogs have a severe form of the disease, occasional dogs may have a less pronounced form and survive into adulthood with an acceptable quality of life. Litters containing affected puppies are born to clinically unaffected parents, and an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance is likely. All recorded cases have had fawn or brindle coat coloration. Elevated serum creatinine kinase concentrations and spontaneous electrical activity in skeletal muscles are frequently found. While originally reported (Targett and others 1994) as a central core myopathy in this breed, the histochemical characteristics of the distinct cytoarchitectural structures differ from those of the well-characterised central core myopathy in human beings. In fact, these structures differ from any known myopathy in human beings and likely represents a unique non-inflammatory myopathy affecting dogs. Until this myopathy is characterised further, the name inherited myopathy in great Danes is suggested.
- Published
- 2006
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- View/download PDF
31. Neurological signs and results of magnetic resonance imaging in 40 cavalier King Charles spaniels with Chiari type 1-like malformations.
- Author
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Lu D, Lamb CR, Pfeiffer DU, and Targett MP
- Subjects
- Animals, Cerebellar Diseases physiopathology, Dogs, Female, Male, Cerebellar Diseases veterinary, Cerebellum abnormalities, Dog Diseases physiopathology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Abstract
In human beings a Chiari type 1 malformation is a developmental condition characterised by cerebellar herniation and syringohydromyelia. Abnormalities compatible with such a malformation were identified by magnetic resonance imaging in 39 cavalier King Charles spaniels with neurological signs and in one neurologically normal cavalier King Charles spaniel that was examined postmortem. The dogs with these abnormalities had a wide variety of neurological signs, but there was no apparent correlation between the neurological signs and the severity of cerebellar herniation, syringohydromyelia or hydrocephalus.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Concurrent benign and malignant multiple meningiomas in a cat: clinical, MRI and pathological findings.
- Author
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Lu D, Pocknell A, Lamb CR, and Targett MP
- Subjects
- Animals, Brain pathology, Cats, Female, Meningioma diagnosis, Cat Diseases diagnosis, Cat Diseases pathology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging veterinary, Meningioma pathology, Meningioma veterinary
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Results of myelography in seven dogs with myelomalacia.
- Author
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Lu D, Lamb CR, and Targett MP
- Subjects
- Animals, Cervical Vertebrae, Contrast Media, Diagnosis, Differential, Dogs, Embolism diagnostic imaging, Embolism etiology, Female, Intervertebral Disc Displacement complications, Intervertebral Disc Displacement diagnostic imaging, Lumbar Vertebrae, Male, Myelography veterinary, Records veterinary, Retrospective Studies, Spinal Cord Diseases diagnostic imaging, Spinal Cord Diseases etiology, Thoracic Vertebrae, Dog Diseases diagnostic imaging, Embolism veterinary, Intervertebral Disc Displacement veterinary, Spinal Cord Diseases veterinary
- Abstract
Myelomalacia is a hemorrhagic infarction of the spinal cord that can occur as a sequel to acute spinal cord injury. Myelomalacia may be focal or diffuse; the diffuse form is typically associated with cranial migration of neurologic signs ("ascending syndrome") and is often fatal. In a retrospective study of seven affected dogs, diffuse myelomalacia was associated with intervertebral disc extrusion in five dogs, focal myelomalacia was associated with fibrocartilagenous embolus in one dog, and had no apparent cause in one dog. The myelographic signs included a variable degree of contrast medium infiltration into the spinal cord in six dogs (86%) and/or spinal cord swelling in six dogs (86%). In one dog with focal myelomalacia, the only myelographic sign was spinal cord swelling.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Acute intervertebral disc extrusion in a cat: clinical and MRI findings.
- Author
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Lu D, Lamb CR, Wesselingh K, and Targett MP
- Subjects
- Animals, Cat Diseases diagnostic imaging, Cat Diseases pathology, Diagnosis, Differential, Horner Syndrome etiology, Intervertebral Disc Displacement complications, Intervertebral Disc Displacement diagnosis, Intervertebral Disc Displacement diagnostic imaging, Intervertebral Disc Displacement pathology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging veterinary, Male, Paresis etiology, Radiography, Cat Diseases diagnosis, Cats injuries, Cervical Vertebrae injuries, Horner Syndrome veterinary, Intervertebral Disc Displacement veterinary, Paresis veterinary
- Abstract
A 5 year old, neutered male, domestic shorthaired cat had acute left hemiparesis and Horner's syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a loss of the normal signal from the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc at C3/4, narrowing of the ventral subarachnoid space and slight dorsal displacement of the spinal cord and a focal hyperintense lesion affecting the left side of the spinal cord at the same level. The presumptive diagnosis was focal spinal cord oedema associated with intervertebral disc extrusion. A traumatic aetiology was suspected. The cat was treated conservatively and improved gradually over a period of 6 months., (Copyright 2002 ESFM and AAFP.)
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Results of magnetic resonance imaging in dogs with vestibular disorders: 85 cases (1996-1999).
- Author
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Garosi LS, Dennis R, Penderis J, Lamb CR, Targett MP, Cappello R, and Delauche AJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Contrast Media chemistry, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Dogs, Female, Gadolinium DTPA chemistry, Male, Radiography, Retrospective Studies, Skull diagnostic imaging, Vestibular Diseases diagnosis, Vestibular Diseases pathology, Dog Diseases pathology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging veterinary, Vestibular Diseases veterinary
- Abstract
Objective: To determine results of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in dogs with vestibular disorders (VD) and correlate results of MR imaging with clinical findings., Design: Retrospective study., Animals: 85 dogs., Procedure: Information on signalment, clinical signs, and presumptive lesion location was obtained from the medical records, and MR images were reviewed., Results: 27 dogs had peripheral VD, 37 had central VD, and 21 had paradoxical VD. Of the 27 dogs with peripheral VD, 11 (41%) had MR imaging abnormalities involving the ipsilateral tympanic bulla compatible with otitis media (6 also had abnormalities involving the petrous portion of the ipsilateral temporal bone compatible with otitis interna), 7 (26%) had MR imaging abnormalities compatible with middle ear neoplasia, 2(7%) had an ipsilateral cerebellopontine angle lesion, and 7 (26%) did not have MR imaging abnormalities. All dogs with central and paradoxical VD had abnormalities evident on MR images. Of the 37 dogs with central VD, 13 (35%) had an extra-axial lesion, 6 (16%) had an intra-axial lesion, and 18 (49%) had multiple intra-axial lesions. In 23 (62%) dogs with central VD, lesions on MR images corresponded with location suspected on the basis of clinical signs. Of the 21 dogs with paradoxical VD, 12 (57%) had an extra-axial lesion, 5 (24%) had an intra-axial lesion, and 4 (19%) had multiple intra-axial lesions. Location of lesions on MR images agreed with location suspected on the basis of clinical signs in 19 (90%) dogs., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results suggest that MR imaging may be helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of VD in dogs.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Magnetic resonance imaging of a medullary dermoid cyst with secondary hydrocephalus in a dog.
- Author
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Targett MP, McInnes E, and Dennis R
- Subjects
- Animals, Brain Neoplasms complications, Brain Neoplasms diagnosis, Dermoid Cyst complications, Dermoid Cyst diagnosis, Dog Diseases surgery, Dogs, Hydrocephalus diagnosis, Hydrocephalus etiology, Hydrocephalus surgery, Male, Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt veterinary, Brain Neoplasms veterinary, Dermoid Cyst veterinary, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Hydrocephalus veterinary, Magnetic Resonance Imaging veterinary, Medulla Oblongata
- Abstract
Magnetic resonance images were acquired of the brain of a 7-year-old male Golden Retriever with hydrocephalus secondary to a medullary lesion. Images were acquired prior to and 4 weeks following surgical treatment for the hydrocephalus, and the dog was euthanased following the second imaging session. The MR images demonstrated a medullary lesion with patchy but predominantly hyperintense signal with both T1- and T2-weighting, within which small areas of low signal were scattered. There was little edema associated with this lesion and no enhancement with gadolinium. Postmortem examination revealed the medullary mass to be a dermoid cyst. Several small nodular lesions were identified within the central nervous system on the magnetic resonance images whose origin was uncertain on postmortem examination.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Histological characterization of an ependymoma in the fourth ventricle of a cat.
- Author
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McKay JS, Targett MP, and Jeffery ND
- Subjects
- Animals, Cats, Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms chemistry, Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms pathology, Ependymoma chemistry, Ependymoma pathology, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein analysis, Immunohistochemistry, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Microscopy, Electron veterinary, Neoplasm Proteins analysis, S100 Proteins analysis, Vimentin analysis, Cat Diseases pathology, Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms veterinary, Ependymoma veterinary
- Abstract
A tumour occupying the fourth ventricle in a 3-year-old cat was removed surgically and characterized as a tanycytic ependymoma on the basis of histological features of low cellularity, inconspicuous perivascular pseudorosettes and fascicular architecture. Immunohistochemical analysis of sections revealed that the neoplastic cells were immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin and S-100. The histological and immunohistochemical findings were similar to those of human tanycytic ependymoma, a subclassification of ependymoma not previously described in domestic species.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Afghan hound myelopathy.
- Author
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Targett M and McInnes E
- Subjects
- Animals, Demyelinating Diseases pathology, Dogs, Pedigree, United Kingdom, Demyelinating Diseases veterinary, Dog Diseases pathology
- Published
- 1998
39. Determinism, indeterminism, and explanatory bias.
- Author
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Targett M
- Subjects
- Humans, Individuality, Internal-External Control, Behavior, Models, Neurological, Philosophy
- Abstract
Actions are a subclass of human behaviours which are distinguished, on a modest view, by certain antecedent mental and neural processes and events, including desires and beliefs. Libertarian philosophies have taken a less modest view, according to which some actions come under the influence of individual persons in a way distinct from being the necessary effect of a sequence of psychoneural events. Determinism claims necessary connections between sequences of events and conditions, including those sequences that involve desires and beliefs and subsequent actions. Even if a certain interpretation of modern physics shows determinism to be false, the sense of personal influence over action which libertarians have remains obscure. It is not enlightened by the physicist's idea of inexplicable fluctuations between courses of events with greater or lesser probabilities. If libertarianism remains obscure, so do the grounds for an approach to explaining behaviour which might be called "explanatory individualism". According to the latter stance, the local outcomes of actions and larger social tendencies are only properly explained in terms of the choices of individuals, rather than, for example, their neural or environmental antecedents. Again, bare indeterminism will not help to supply the required grounds. A more justifiable stance is "explanatory pluralism", a doctrine which denies the intrinsic priority of individualistic modes of explanation over those which focus on psychoneural, environmental, social or genetic conditions. It is stressed that on a sensible pluralism, any determinism which correctly describes the history of actions would be no more "genetic", than indeterminism could be "individualistic".
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. The effect of injection technique on the passive spread of astrocytes following transplantation into rat spinal cord white matter.
- Author
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Olby NJ, O'leary MT, Targett MP, and Blakemore WF
- Abstract
Bisbenzimide-labelled astrocytes were transplanted into the spinal white matter of the rat using three different injection techniques and the variability of the longitudinal distance over which they were found was compared 30 min later. Cells spread up to 5.02 mm and the greatest variability was seen when they were injected as a bolus (54%), compared with 26% when injected over 2 min. These results show the importance of establishing the extent of passive spread of cells and its variability when performing studies in cell migration.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. The use of xenografting to evaluate the remyelinating potential of glial cell cultures.
- Author
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Targett MP and Blakemore WF
- Subjects
- Animals, Axons ultrastructure, Cats, Cells, Cultured, Demyelinating Diseases physiopathology, Microscopy, Electron, Myelin Sheath ultrastructure, Oligodendroglia ultrastructure, Prosencephalon cytology, Rats, Transplantation, Heterologous, Myelin Sheath physiology, Neuroglia transplantation
- Abstract
Experiments in rodents have shown a potential role for glial cell transplantation as a means of influencing repair in the central nervous system of man. A crucial step in developing human therapy is to establish whether knowledge gained from studies in rodents is applicable to larger mammalian species. In order to explore this issue we examined the ability of cat glial cell cultures to remyelinate areas of ethidium-bromide-induced demyelination in the spinal cord of immunosuppressed rats and cats. Transplantation of density-gradient-isolated glial cells obtained from the forebrain of 7-day-old kittens resulted in enhanced oligodendrocyte remyelination in the rat but failed to enhance oligodendrocyte remyelination in the cat. The feasibility of enhancing oligodendrocyte remyelination in the cat lesion was demonstrated by transplanting a rat culture containing a high proportion of cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Tissue culture of the density-gradient-isolated cell preparations suggested that the failure of the kitten glial preparation to enhance oligodendrocyte remyelination in the cat was most probably due to its poor oligodendrocyte-generating capacity. However, our lack of understanding of the biology of feline glial cells precludes a full understanding of these experiments.
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Inhibition by spinal transection of renin release from ischaemic rat kidneys.
- Author
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Hayden J and Targett MA
- Subjects
- Angiotensin II pharmacology, Animals, Blood Pressure, Ischemia, Kidney blood supply, Kidney physiology, Rats, Renin blood, Kidney metabolism, Renin metabolism, Spinal Cord physiology
- Published
- 1971
43. Central components of the renin-angiotensin system.
- Author
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Hayden J and Targett MA
- Subjects
- Angiotensin II pharmacology, Animals, Blood Pressure drug effects, Cats, Cervical Vertebrae, Cordotomy, Female, Heart Rate drug effects, Hexamethonium Compounds pharmacology, Ischemia physiopathology, Kidney Diseases physiopathology, Male, Rats, Spinal Cord physiology, Stellate Ganglion physiology, Thoracic Vertebrae, Vagotomy, Angiotensin II blood, Kidney blood supply, Renin blood
- Abstract
1. Re-establishment of renal blood flow after total renal ischaemia of 4 h duration causes a pressor response in pentobarbitone anaesthetized rats and cats.2. The pressor response is related to the release of renin from the ischaemic kidney.3. Spinal section at any cervical level or stellate ganglionectomy abolishes the pressor response but spinal section caudad to the thorax or vagotomy and treatment with hexamethonium have no effect.4. Spinal section and stellate ganglionectomy interfere with the release of renin and with the pressor response to angiotensin.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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