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Postharvest fibrosis and greening of Toona sinensis buds significantly affect their quality during storage. This study aimed to clarify the effects of low-temperature storage on postharvest red TSB quality harvested in different seasons. Red TSB samples were collected from Guizhou province, China, 21 days after the beginning of spring (Lichun), summer (Lixia), and autumn (Liqiu), and stored at 4 °C in dark conditions. We compared and analyzed the appearance, microstructure, chlorophyll and cellulose content, and expression levels of related genes across different seasons. The results indicated that TSB harvested in spring had a bright, purple-red color, whereas those harvested in summer and autumn were green. All samples lost water and darkened after 1 day of storage. Severe greening occurred in spring-harvested TSB within 3 days, a phenomenon not observed in summer and autumn samples. Microstructural analysis revealed that the cells in the palisade and spongy tissues of spring and autumn TSB settled closely during storage, while summer TSB cells remained loosely aligned. Xylem cells were smallest in spring-harvested TSB and largest in autumn. Prolonged storage led to thickening of the secondary cell walls and pith cell autolysis in the petioles, enlarging the cavity area. Chlorophyll content was higher in leaves than in petioles, while cellulose content was lower in petioles across all seasons. Both chlorophyll and cellulose content increased with storage time. Gene expression analysis showed season-dependent variations and significant increases in the expression of over half of the chlorophyll-related and cellulose-related genes during refrigeration, correlating with the observed changes in chlorophyll and cellulose content. This research provides valuable insights for improving postharvest storage and freshness preservation strategies for red TSB across different seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flower buds of Zingiber striolatum Diels are considered a special vegetable in China, and they are rich in anthocyanins. However, the detailed composition types and the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Z. striolatum flower buds are still unclear. In this study, targeted metabolites were used to analyze and identify the anthocyanin types of Z. striolatum in three planting modes: monoculture (CK), intercropping with maize (ZP), and intercropping with soybean (SP). A total of 48 anthocyanins were identified with significant differential accumulation in Z. striolatum flower buds. Among them, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was the main composition type of anthocyanins. Furthermore, the composition types of blue anthocyanin were identified in flower buds. A total of 15 structure genes were obtained from the transcriptome database of Z. striolatum flower buds. The qRT-PCR results revealed that the expression levels of ZsC4H-1, ZsC4H-2, ZsCHS-2, ZsCHI, ZsF3H, ZsF3′H, ZsDFR, ZsF3′5′H-3, and ZsANS genes were the highest in the ZP model. This study showed that the ZP model contributes to anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation of Z. striolatum flower buds among the three planting modes of Z. striolatum. These findings provide valuable information for research on the planting model and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Z. striolatum flower buds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the impact of continuous dark stress on lignin and cellulose synthesis in celery, shade-tolerant celery varieties were screened. Yellow celery variety 'Qianhuang No.1' and green celery variety 'Qianlv No.1' were separately grown in vegetable greenhouses. Dark treatments were applied using PVC shading sleeves for 4, 8, 12, and 16 d after celery had grown 10–13 true leaf blades. This study aimed to investigate the impact of varying periods of dark treatment on the morphological characteristics, lignin accumulation, and cellulose accumulation in celery. The results showed that dark treatment led to celery yellowing, a reduced stem thickness, and an increased plant height. Analysis of lignin and cellulose contents, as well as the expression of related genes, showed that dark treatment caused down-regulation of AgLAC, AgC3′H, AgCCR, AgPOD and AgCAD genes, leading to changes in lignin accumulation. Dark treatment inhibited the expression of the AgCesA6 gene, thus affecting cellulose synthesis. Under dark conditions, the expression of AgF5H and AgHCT genes had little effect on lignin content in celery, and the expression of the AgCslD3 gene had little effect on cellulose content. Analysis of morphological characteristics, lignin accumulation and cellulose accumulation after different lengths of dark treatment demonstrated that 'Qianlv No.1' is a shade-tolerant variety in contrast to 'Qianhuang No.1'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document, titled "The Recognition and Utilization of Natural Genetic Resources for Advances in Plant Biology through Genomics and Biotechnology," discusses the importance of biological diversity and the potential for advancements in agriculture and horticulture through the use of plant genetic resources. The document highlights various studies and research findings related to genetic resources, genomics, biotechnology, genetic transformation, and tissue culture. It concludes by expressing gratitude to the contributors and announcing the availability of a subsequent Special Issue on the same topic. The authors of the document are Guofei Tan, Feng Que, and Jian Zhang. [Extracted from the article]

Flax is an important cash crop globally with a variety of commercial uses. It has been widely used for fiber, oil, nutrition, feed and in composite materials. Growth regulatory factor (GRF) is a transcription factor family unique to plants, and is involved in regulating many processes of growth and development. Bioinformatics analysis of the GRF family in flax predicted 17 LuGRF genes, which all contained the characteristic QLQ and WRC domains. Equally, 15 of 17 LuGRFs (88%) are predicted to be regulated by lus-miR396 miRNA. Phylogenetic analysis of GRFs from flax and several other well-characterized species defined five clades; LuGRF genes were found in four clades. Most LuGRF gene promoters contained cis-regulatory elements known to be responsive to hormones and stress. The chromosomal locations and collinearity of LuGRF genes were also analyzed. The three-dimensional structure of LuGRF proteins was predicted using homology modeling. The transcript expression data indicated that most LuGRF family members were highly expressed in flax fruit and embryos, whereas LuGRF3, LuGRF12 and LuGRF16 were enriched in response to salt stress. Real-time quantitative fluorescent PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that both LuGRF1 and LuGRF11 were up-regulated under ABA and MeJA stimuli, indicating that these genes were involved in defense. LuGRF1 was demonstrated to be localized to the nucleus as expected for a transcription factor. These results provide a basis for further exploration of the molecular mechanism of LuGRF gene function and obtaining improved flax breeding lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Apium, belonging to the family Apiaceae, comprises roughly 20 species. Only two species, Apium graveolens and Apium leptophyllum, are available in China and are both rich in nutrients and have favorable medicinal properties. However, the lack of genomic data has severely constrained the study of genetics and evolution in Apium plants. In this study, Illumina NovaSeq 6000 and Nanopore sequencing platforms were employed to identify the mitochondrial genomes of A. graveolens and A. leptophyllum. The complete lengths of the mitochondrial genomes of A. graveolens and A. leptophyllum were 263,017 bp and 260,164 bp, respectively, and contained 39 and 36 protein-coding genes, five and six rRNA genes, and 19 and 20 tRNA genes. Consistent with most angiosperms, both A. graveolens and A. leptophyllum showed a preference for codons encoding leucine (Leu). In the mitochondrial genome of A. graveolens, 335 SSRs were detected, which is higher than the 196 SSRs found in the mitochondrial genome of A. leptophyllum. Studies have shown that the most common RNA editing type is C-to-U, but, in our study, both A. graveolens and A. leptophyllum exhibited the U-C editing type. Furthermore, the transfer of the mitochondrial genomes of A. graveolens and A. leptophyllum into the chloroplast genomes revealed homologous sequences, accounting for 8.14% and 4.89% of the mitochondrial genome, respectively. Lastly, in comparing the mitochondrial genomes of 29 species, it was found that A. graveolens, A. leptophyllum, and Daucus carota form a sister group with a support rate of 100%. Overall, this investigation furnishes extensive insights into the mitochondrial genomes of A. graveolens and A. leptophyllum, thereby enhancing comprehension of the traits and evolutionary patterns within the Apium genus. Additionally, it offers supplementary data for evolutionary and comparative genomic analyses of other species within the Apiaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant mitochondria play a crucial role in various cellular energy synthesis and conversion processes and are essential for plant growth. Watercress (Oenanthe javanica) is a fast-growing vegetable with strong adaptability and wide cultivation range, and it possesses high nutritional value. In our study, we assembled the O. javanica mitochondrial genome using the Illumina and Nanopore sequencing platforms. The results revealed that the mitochondrial genome map of watercress has a circular structure of 384,074 bp, containing 28 tRNA genes, 3 rRNA genes, and 34 protein-coding genes. A total of 87 SSR (simple sequence repeat) loci were detected, with 99% composed of palindrome repeats and forward repeats, while no complementary repeats were identified. Codon preference analysis indicated that watercress prefers to use codons encoding leucine, isoleucine, and serine with a preference for A/U-ending codons. Phylogenetic analysis showed that watercress is closely related to species of Bupleurum, Apium, Angelica, and Daucus, with the closest evolutionary relationship observed with Saposhnikovia divaricata and Apium graveolens. This study provides a valuable resource for the study of the evolution and molecular breeding of watercress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celery is an important leafy vegetable that can grow during the cool season and does not tolerate high temperatures. Heat stress is widely acknowledged as one of the main abiotic stresses affecting the growth and yield of celery. The morphological and physiological indices of celery were investigated in the present study to explore the physiological mechanisms in response to high temperatures. Results showed that the antioxidant enzyme activity, proline, relative conductivity, and malondialdehyde were increased, while chlorophyll and the water content of leaves decreased under high-temperature conditions. Short-term heat treatment increased the stomatal conductance to cool off the leaves by transpiration; however, long-term heat treatment led to stomatal closure to prevent leaf dehydration. In addition, high temperature caused a disordered arrangement of palisade tissue and a loose arrangement of spongy tissue in celery leaves. Combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses were further used to reveal the regulatory mechanisms in response to heat stress at the molecular level in celery. A total of 1003 differential metabolites were identified and significantly enriched in amino acid metabolism and the tricarboxilic acid (TCA) cycle. Transcriptome sequencing detected 24,264 different genes, including multiple transcription factor families such as HSF, WRKY, MYB, AP2, bZIP, and bHLH family members that were significantly upregulated in response to heat stress, suggesting that these genes were involved in the response to heat stress. In addition, transcriptional and metabolic pathway analyses showed that heat stress inhibited the glycolysis pathway and delayed the TCA cycle but increased the expression of most amino acid synthesis pathways such as proline, arginine, and serine, consistent with the results of physiological indicators. qRT-PCR further showed that the expression pattern was similar to the expression abundance in the transcriptome. The important metabolites and genes in celery that significantly contributed to the response to high temperatures were identified in the present study, which provided the theoretical basis for breeding heat-resistant celery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] AgHSFB2 of celery (Apium graveolens L.) belongs to HSF gene family, which plays key roles in protecting plants from heat stress. Studying the related genes and proteins of the HSF family is important to exploring the heat resistant mechanism of celery. [ Methods ] AgHSFB2 gene was isolated from three celery cultivars, 4 Liuhehuangxinqin' 'Jinnanshiqin' and 'Ventura', respectively. Sequence analysis and quantitative real-time PCR were used to detect the expression profdes under different temperature treatments(4,38 and 42 °C ). [Results]Sequence analysis indicated that the ORF length of AgHSFB2 was 918 bp,encoding 305 amino acids. The predicted molecular weight of AgHSFB2 was 34 048 and pi value was 5.09. Phylogenetic analysis between AgHSFB2 of celery and HSF family factors in Arabidopsis showed that AgHSFB2 was close to HSFB2a and HSFB2b in the HSFB2 subgroup. Phylogenetic analysis among differnt plants illuminated that the HSFB2 of celery was close to Solarium tuberosum and Solarium lycopersicum from Solanaceae. Structure analysis implied that AgHSFB2 was composed of 3 a helixes and 4 p sheets. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that AgHSFB2 was tissue-specific and cultivars-specific. AgHSFB2 was mainly expressed in leaves of the three celery cultivars. Under different temperature treatments (4,38 and 42 °C ) , the expression profiles of AgHSFB2 had similar response trend, but the response time and intensity of AgHSFB2 had significant differences. AgHSFB2 of 'Ventura' was greatly upregulated after 2 h in 4 °C and 38 °C treatments. AgHSFB2 in 'Jinnanshiqin' and 'Ventura' both were upregulated obviously after 1 h in 42 °C treatment. [ Conclusions] The excessive expression of heat shock proteins can be induced by the overexpression of AgHSFB2 gene, helping the plants resist damages from the high temperature stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbidium dayanum, a wild orchid species in the Orchid family (Orchidaceae), is considered highly valuable because of its long flowering period and beautiful plant shape. We sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of C. dayanum using the Illumina Hiseq platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA). The size of the C. dayanum chloroplast genome is 155,408 bp, with an average GC content of 36.76%. This chloroplast genome has containing a large single-copy (LSC) region of 84,189 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 17,991 bp, and two inverted (IRa and IRb) repeat regions of two 26,614 bp. A total of 118 unique genes were annotated, including 76 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree indicated that C. dayanum is closely related to C. tracyanum in the genus Cymbidium based on 9 whole chloroplast genome sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In higher plant, ERF subfamily transcription factor involved in growth and development, signal transduction,and regulated the expression of related genes in order to improve the resistance to the abiotic stresses, such as high temperature, low temperature, drought and salt damage. Here, the molecular characterization, tissue expression and abiotic stresses response of the AP2/ ERF-B3 group transcription factor in different tea varieties were investigated. The results will contribute to understanding the roles of AP2/ ERF-B3 transcription factor in tea plant(Camellia sinensis). The CsERF-B3 genes,which encode to the AP2/ ERF-B3 transcription factor,were cloned by RT-PCR method using cDNA as template, from two tea plant cultivars' Anjibaicha' and 'Yingshuang', respectively. Then, cDNA and deduced amino acid sequence, phylogenetic tree, physical and chemical characterization, hydrophilicity/ hydrophobicity, molecular modeling and disordered residues were analyzed by related software. The expression profiles of the CsERF-B3 gene in the tissues of tea plants(roots, stems, leaves and flowers)were detected. The leaves, which were respectively treated with 2 h under 4 kinds of abiotic stresses(4 °C low temperature, 38 °C high temperature,200 g·L-1 PEG and 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl), were also detected by the quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Then,the multiple comparisons and plotting were finished by using Excel program. The results of sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis showed that lengths of CsERF-B3 genes from the two tea plant cultivars were 639 bp, encoding 212 amino acids, respectively. The transcription factor of CsERF-B3 between 110-145 amino acid sites contained the AP2 DNA binding domain where both contained a conservative WLG and YRG element. The CsERF-B3 of tea plants was a typical AP2/ ERF family transcription factors in plants. Homologous phylogenetic tree showed that this ERF transcription factor was the closest relatives to AtERF1(AT4G17500.1)and AtERF2(AT5G47220.1)in Arabidopsis, they all belong to group B3,one group of the ERF subfamily transcription factors. The CsERF-B3 was hydrophilic protein and chemical properties were similar among related species. The CsERF-B3 and AtERF1 had similar three-dimension structure and disordered residues feature. The homologies of ABERF and YSERF were 92.1% and 93.7% compared with the DNA binding domain of crystal structure PDB ID:1gcc,respectively. The highest expression levels of the CsERF-B3 genes were found in the root of tea plant. The CsERF-B3 gene could respond quickly to high temperature(38 °C), low temperature (4 °C) and high-salinity(200 mmol·L-1 NaCl) treatments, respectively. The expression of CsERF-B3 gene was induced by abiotic stresses in tea plant, indicating that the transcription factor of AP2/ ERF-B3 plays an important role in the regulation of abiotic stress in tea plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few reports on the reproductive biology of celery, which produces small flowers in a long flowering period. Anther development was analyzed by paraffin sectioning and related genes were examined by transcriptome sequencing and qPCR. The development process was divided into nine stages based on the significant changes in the cell and tissue morphologies. These stages included: archesporial stage, sporogenous cell stage, microspore mother cell stage, dyad and tetrad stage, mononuclear microspore stage, late uninucleate microspore stage, binuclear cell stage, mature pollen stage, and dehiscence stage. A total of 1074 differentially expressed genes were identified by transcriptome sequencing in the early flower bud, middle flower bud, and early flowering period. Functional annotation indicated that these genes were involved in physiological and biochemical processes such as ribosomes metabolism, sugar metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Transcription factors such as C2H2, AP2/ERF, bZIP, WRKY, and MYB played key regulatory roles in anther development and had different regulatory capabilities at various stages. The expression patterns based on qPCR and transcriptome data of the selected transcription factor genes showed consistency, suggesting that these genes played an important role in different flower development stages. These results provide a theoretical basis for molecular breeding of new celery varieties with pollen abortion. Furthermore, they have enriched research on the reproductive biology of celery and the Apiaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbidium dayanum , a wild orchid species in the Orchid family (Orchidaceae), is considered highly valuable because of its long flowering period and beautiful plant shape. We sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of C. dayanum using the Illumina Hiseq platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA). The size of the C. dayanum chloroplast genome is 155,408 bp, with an average GC content of 36.76%. This chloroplast genome has containing a large single-copy (LSC) region of 84,189 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 17,991 bp, and two inverted (IRa and IRb) repeat regions of two 26,614 bp. A total of 118 unique genes were annotated, including 76 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree indicated that C. dayanum is closely related to C. tracyanum in the genus Cymbidium based on 9 whole chloroplast genome sequences., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

Carotenoid, a group of lipophilic molecules, is widely distributed in nature, and is important for plant photosynthesis and photoprotection. In carrot taproot, different types of dominant carotenoid accumulation lead to yellow, orange, and red colors. In this study, six different carrot cultivars were used to simultaneously analyze carotenoid contents by high performance liquid chromatography. The expression levels of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis of carrot were also detected by real-time quantitative PCR. It was found that genes involved in xanthophyll formation were expressed at high levels in yellow carrot cultivars. However, these genes were expressed at low levels in orange carrot cultivars. The contents of α- and β-carotene accounted for a large proportion in total carotenoid contents in orange carrot cultivars. These results indicate that α-carotene accumulation and xanthophyll formation may be related to the expression levels of carotene hydroxylase genes in carrot., (© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, ChineseAcademy of Sciences. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)