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Statistical analysis has a special relationship to measurement. For it, measurement and measurement theory not only provide the data on which analysis is based, but are also a source of important uncertainties in theoretical, methodological and applied research. A detailed presentation of measurement issues is therefore justified, together with the different approaches and the arguments behind them. After a careful discussion of the everyday and scientific meanings of measurement, the paper deals with the different meanings and conceptions of measurement, and then turn to the drastic change in meaning in social statistics in the mid-20th century. Then the theory of measurement scales, their criticism and proposals for expansion will be discussed, and finally some of the specific aspects of Likert-type statements that cannot be placed within the framework of measurement scales will be examined. One of the conclusions of the paper is that the Stevens system of measurement scales cannot be regarded as an adequate description of data types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic and social importance of administrative borders can be examined from the point of view of internal homogeneity and external heterogeneity of the delimited spatial units and of the effect on the intensity of spatial interactions. This paper deals with the first question. Hungarian county borders can be treated as strict limits from the administrative point of view. However, choropleth maps with county borders can suggest that county borders are strict limits for the social and economic indicators too. It is a conceptually interesting question, whether presenting data at county level is justified by the significant differences of various indicators along the county borders or if it is determined only by the availability of data. The aim of this study is to examine empirically the existence or non-existence of the county border effect by the example of spatial distribution of personal incomes in Hungary. The analysis is possible due to the availability of personal income data at the level of more than 3,000 Hungarian settlements. The results show that county borders have effect only in those cases where the border is determined by a physical geographical barrier, namely the Danube River and Lake Balaton. The settlements are more similar to the close settlements of a neighbouring county than to the average of its own county.

Three studies have been devoted to a partial history of the Hungarian Statistical Review and its publishing environment on the occasion of its 100th anniversary. In April, Balázs Horváth published a study on the period between 1923 and 1945, and in the September issue, Miklós Lakatos, the journal's eighth editor-in-chief, wrote about the period between 1946 and 1989. The present study covers the period from 1990 to the present, showing the changes in the journal's column structure and the emergence of changing research topics and statistical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A „valószínűség” és a „kockázat” kifejezésekhez a tudományos és a hétköznapi szóhasználat egyaránt többféle értelmet vagy jelentésárnyalatot társít, hasonlóan az olyan szavakhoz, mint például az „erő”, a „munka”, a „tömeg”, a „nyomás”, amelyeknek eredeti, hétköznapi jelentései, jelentésárnyalatai mellett szintén létezik egy, mérési eljárás révén pontosan definiált tudományos, fizikai értelme. A hétköznapi használat sokfélesége többnyire nem okoz gondot, mert a kontextus pontosíthatja a jelentést, vagy legfeljebb a hétköznapokban tetten érhető félreértésekhez vezet. A tudományos nyelvhasználatban azonban problémát okozhat, ha a hétköznapitól egyértelműen eltérően, de egyszerre több, egymástól is különböző jelentésben használnak párhuzamosan egy fogalmat. A mai napig ez jellemző a valószínűség és a kockázat értelmezéseire. A koncepciók a tudomány történelmi fejlődése során is változtak, illetve többszöri újradefiniálásuk miatt azonos időpontban is több értelemben használatosak. Szerencsésebb és kevésbé félrevezető lett volna, ha a véletlen tömegjelenségek vizsgálatával foglalkozó szakterület számára egy köznapi jelentéssel nem terhelt szakterminust vezetnek be. A fenti problémák miatt hasznos lehet az eltérő értelmezések áttekintése. Jelen rövid írás a történeti részletek, vitapontok és részletes hivatkozások mellőzésével a két fogalom tudományon belüli főbb megközelítéseit, valamint a jellemzőbb hétköznapi használatát mutatja be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A short review of the importance of spatial aggregation problems in general, especially in economics is followed by a typology of spatial analysis and statistical data from a spatial aggregation viewpoint. The modifiable areal unit problem is divided into two parts. There are the scale and the zoning system effects, which are illustrated using Hungarian data. Spatial data aggregation creates the need to investigate the connection between the theory and data as well as the micro-macro dualism.

Airports play a dominant role in today's long-distance transport and they also represent significant nodes of the modern globalised economy. By estimating direct and indirect impacts on employment and income, their importance can be characterized in quantifiable terms. This study aims to estimate the direct economic impacts of Budapest Liszt Ferenc Airport as a complex economic entity involving a number of companies that are legally separate but complementary to one another and operate in the Airport's area - after outlining the general issues related to the impact assessment of airports. The study addressed two years, 2009 and 2014, which made it possible to compare the circumstances before and after the termination of Malév. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gravity model is an efficient method in empirical investigating of spatial interactions. The possible analytical power of basic model with only distance and weight variables can be extended with the use of dummy variables. Dummy variables are primarily used as proxy variables for qualitative variables in the regression analysis. Spatial dummy variables enable to analyse the spatial structure in a more efficient way compared to the basic gravity model. In the case of spatial interaction data, spatial dummies can be determined by the attributes of spatial units or by the spatial relations between spatial units. Attributes of spatial units can be both spatial (e.g. location, neighbourhood relationships) and nonspatial. The paper discusses the various questions with the help of data of the internal migration between Hungarian counties, as well as introduces dummy variables used in empirical researches of international trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gravity model is a well-known method for investigating spatial interactions. However, its applications in Hungary deal almost exclusively with the delimitation of theoretical catchment areas and theoretical flow sizes and neglect the calibration of model parameters using empirical flow data. The aim of this paper is to show the basic questions of calibration using an illustrative example and describing previous international results, which hopefully give encouragement to the future application of the model in the spirit of empirical science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of the Extreme Light Infrastructure Attosecond Light Purse Source (ELI-ALPS) laser light research institute in Szeged creates a unique opportunity for Hungary, and for Szeged inclusive, from political, scientific and economic development aspects, however, its multivarious impacts will attain a real outstandingly high potential, if a knowledge based science park around ELI-ALPS is created. The future ELI Science Park will be outstanding and unique from several aspects as compared to other spatial conglomerations (industrial parks, industrial areas, other science parks etc.) The fundamentals of the ELI Science Park is the scientific output of the Szeged University, which represents one of the primary initiatives for establishing the science park. Due to this, likely a wide range of research activities will settle there. Only a minor part will be related with laser research applications and will be in direct connection with ELI-ALPS, dealing presumably with information technology, medical imaging, biology and biotechnology, within it research of albumins, particles, particle radiation, X-ray radiation, examination of tumors, medical science and material science -- nano research. In our present paper we focus on quantifying the impacts of ELI and the related Science Park on the local economy by means of standard international methodology. We disassociate the so called direct, indirect, induced and catalytic impacts. From the usual roles we try to quantify most predictable and measurable factors of income and workplace generation. To assure easy comprehension results are compared to the income of Szeged's population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of this paper gives a general overview about the theoretical pros and cons and the contradictory previous empirical findings of the integration of local communal services. The second part of the paper presents the own empirical findings of the authors about the horizontal integration of communal waste, district heating, real estate services and other general services in the Western Hungarian town of Győr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a short theoretical overview, the paper firstly gives a general outline about the previous controversial empirical evidences on economies of scale in the community size and providing local communal services. In the second part the authors present their empirical findings concerning the economies of scale in local communal services based on a large and detailed database which consist of almost 300 Hungarian settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]