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Evidence of the strong contribution of electrons with energies up to the cathode fall potential was found in low-pressure He dc glow discharge plasmas (3-8 mTorr), in agreement with expectations from the estimates of the mean free path of electron-neutral inelastic collisions. A simple gridded probe, of the retarding field analyzer type, was applied to the characterization of the full electron energy distribution function (EEDF) in He plasmas with significant contribution from suprathermal electrons (up to 3.5%). The inferred EEDFs were cross-checked with results from the He line ratio diagnostic and good agreement was found at several values of pressure and plasma current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under a carbon-based divertor operation of the International Tokamak Experimental Reactor, tritium retention by codeposits in hard-to-reach areas represents an important concern, and an urgent need exists for cleaning techniques suitable for the in situ removal of these codeposits. The present design of divertor modules includes castellated structures, with narrow gaps prone to accumulate material. On the other hand, glow-discharge cleaning in He/O2 mixtures is today one of the main candidates for suppressing tritiated deposits in plasma facing components. In the present work, the effectiveness of this technique for removing a-C:H films in gaps is addressed. The authors show that a higher-than-expected efficiency, as compared to the penetration ability of plasma ions, can be obtained. Optimization of the plasma parameters for complete oxidation of the films has also been performed. Erosion rates above 3 nm/min at room temperature can easily be achieved in fully exposed films deposited in laboratory plasmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

He and Li beams have been installed and set into operation at the TJ-II stellarator with the aim of measuring electron temperature and density profiles in the edge and scrape-off layer regions of the plasma. The effusive thermal Li beam penetrates up to a normalized effective radius of ρ=0.6–0.7 in typical electron cyclotron heated plasmas. Density profiles deduced from the Li beam are wider than those obtained from extrapolation of the profile measured by Thomson scattering. The He beam is a pulsed supersonic one. Simultaneous detection of three emission lines (667.2, 706.5, and 728.1 nm) is made with a set of three photomultipliers. First He beam measurements of n[sub e] and T[sub e] in TJ-II are presented and the agreement among results of different plasma edge diagnostics is discussed. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, extension of the He beam diagnostic, which is routinely applied in fusion devices for the characterization of the edge electronic parameters-ne and Te-and their profile, to the measurement of ion temperature and plasma rotation is proposed. The theoretical background for these new applications is reviewed and examples of their use in TJ-II are provided. Also, the shortcomings and their possible solutions are addressed. Finally, the field of application of the technique to other beam-based diagnostics is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The well known He beam diagnostic, able to provide profiles of the electronic plasma edge parameters, has undergone a significant improvement by the application of supersonic expansion techniques in the last years. The use of pulsed fast piezoelectric valves was initiated in the TJ-IU and implemented in the TJ-II stellarators. In its former configuration the repetition rate of the beam was ultimately limited in the expansion chamber by the pressure buildup. In the actual upgraded version, however, a repetition rate up to 200 Hz can be achieved, and the recording of the electron temperature and density profiles with millisecond resolution is possible. In the present work, the technical development of the diagnostic required for optimized performance is described. In addition, the validation of the collisional–radiative model needed for the reconstruction of the edge profiles and the analysis of the complementary information given by the beam attenuation is also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of transport in low density (line average ) plasmas to electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECH) power, 100 kW ≲ QECH ≲ 400 kW, is documented for the TJ-II Heliac-type stellarator. Radially resolved electron heat balance shows no significant differences between boron or lithium coating of the vacuum chamber walls. The main trends in electron heat transport are found to be similar to other stellarator/heliotron devices and are compatible with neoclassical calculations in the bulk of the plasma. According to our calculations the heat fluxes are anomalous near the edge, ρ ≳ 0.8 where ρ is the normalized minor radius, but the uncertainties there are large. Particle transport in the density gradient region, ρ ≈ 0.8, has little sensitivity to the variation of heating power and is compatible with neoclassical predictions. Neoclassical transport of particles and electron heat is found to be dominant in the gradient regions of typical ECH plasmas of the TJ-II Heliac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The secondary electron emission (SEE) coefficient by electron impact of Li, W and stainless steel (SS) surfaces exposed to a glow discharge is evaluated and analyzed in the energy range of Ee<200 eV. While the values of the SEE coefficient for SS and W show a small increase with respect to their vacuum value, an enhancement of this parameter up to a factor of 6 has been deduced for clean Li surfaces. Experiments with different plasma gas discharges (He, Ar and H2) are undertaken in order to address the possible mechanisms related to such enhancement. No major effect of the bombarding ion mass or incident electron flux is observed. The implications of these findings on the use of Li as a plasma-facing component in fusion devices are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technique based on reactive gas injection in the afterglow region of the divertor plasma is proposed for the suppression of tritium-carbon codeposits in remote areas of ITER when operated with carbon-based divertor targets. Experiments in a divertor simulator plasma device indicate that a 4  nm/min deposition can be suppressed by addition of 1  Pa·m³ s⁻¹ ammonia flow at 10 cm from the plasma. These results bolster the concept of nonperturbative scavenger injection for tritium inventory control in carbon-based fusion plasma devices, thus paving the way for ITER operation in the active phase under a carbon-dominated, plasma facing component background.

The distributions of ions and neutrals in low-pressure (approximately 10(-2) mbar) DC discharges of pure hydrogen and hydrogen with small admixtures (5%) of CH(4) and N(2) have been determined by mass spectrometry. Besides the mentioned plasma precursors, appreciable amounts of NH(3) and C(2)H(x) hydrocarbons, probably mostly from wall reactions, are detected in the gas phase. Primary ions, formed by electron impact in the glow region, undergo a series of charge transfer and reactive collisions that determine the ultimate ion distribution in the various plasmas. A comparison of the ion mass spectra for the different mixtures, taking into account the mass spectra of neutrals, provides interesting information on the key reactions among ions. The prevalent ion is H3+ in all cases, and the ion chemistry is dominated by protonation reactions of this ion and some of its derivatives. Besides the purely hydrogenic ions, N(2)H+, NH(4)+, and CH(5)+ are found in significant amounts. The only mixed C/N ion clearly identified is protonated acetonitrile C(2)H(4)N+. The results suggest that very little HCN is formed in the plasmas under study.