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Solar tides play a major role in the dynamics of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). Hence, a comprehensive understanding of these tides is important for successful modelling of the MLT region. Most ground-based observations of tidal variations in the MLT have been from meteor radar measurements with a temporal resolution of 1 h. Here, we take a different perspective on these tidal variations using high-resolution 1 min neutral-wind measurements from the Falkland Islands SuperDARN (Super Dual Auroral Radar Network) radar. This analysis shows that these higher-resolution data can be used to identify higher frequency tidal components than are typically observed by meteor radars (up to a heptadiurnal component). It also shows evidence of significant power in these higher frequency components, particularly in the quaddiurnal component, which may be particularly suitable for a global analysis using high-resolution SuperDARN neutral-wind measurements. The high-resolution analysis also shows evidence of fluctuations with a frequency of 1.5 cycles per day, as well as higher-frequency fluctuations, accompanying a quasi-2 d (two day) wave. We discuss the limitations of this high-resolution analysis method and the new opportunities that it may provide. We conclude that higher-resolution SuperDARN neutral-wind measurements need to be better exploited in the future as they provide a complementary way of studying tides and waves in the MLT.

Quantifying the extent and distribution of supraglacial hydrology, i.e. lakes and streams, is important for understanding the mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet and its consequent contribution to global sea-level rise. The existence of meltwater on the ice surface has the potential to affect ice shelf stability and grounded ice flow through hydrofracturing and the associated delivery of meltwater to the bed. In this study, we systematically map all observable supraglacial lakes and streams in West Antarctica by applying a semi-automated Dual-NDWI (normalised difference water index) approach to >2000 images acquired by the Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 satellites during January 2017. We use a K-means clustering method to partition water into lakes and streams, which is important for understanding the dynamics and inter-connectivity of the hydrological system. When compared to a manually delineated reference dataset on three Antarctic test sites, our approach achieves average values for sensitivity (85.3 % and 77.6 %), specificity (99.1 % and 99.7 %) and accuracy (98.7 % and 98.3 %) for Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 acquisitions, respectively. We identified 10 478 supraglacial features (10 223 lakes and 255 channels) on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) and Antarctic Peninsula (AP), with a combined area of 119.4 km2 (114.7 km2 lakes, 4.7 km2 channels). We found 27.3 % of feature area on grounded ice and 54.9 % on floating ice shelves. In total, 17.8 % of feature area crossed the grounding line. A recent expansion in satellite data provision made new continental-scale inventories such as these, the first produced for WAIS and AP, possible. The inventories provide a baseline for future studies and a benchmark to monitor the development of Antarctica's surface hydrology in a warming world and thus enhance our capability to predict the collapse of ice shelves in the future. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5642755 (Corr et al., 2021).

Comprehending texts in content areas can be challenging for students with learning disabilities (LD) because they may lack the necessary background and vocabulary knowledge needed to construct meaning from text. As more students with LD are educated in the general education classroom, it is necessary for teachers to implement strategies to increase the vocabulary and background knowledge of their students. The purpose of this paper is to provide effective instructional strategies to build both background knowledge and vocabulary knowledge to increase comprehension of content area material.

We investigate the role of U.S.-Canada electricity interconnections in supporting decarbonization efforts toward addressing both countries’ emission reduction goals. Using the OSeMOSYS energy system model, we calculate the generation mix and required transmission expansion between Canada and the U.S. under six climate policy and transmission cost scenarios. Overall, current emission prices will not provide enough incentive to meet stated emission reduction goals. Increases in emission penalties lead to increased transmission capacity. In all cases, the system requires significant dispatchable, low-carbon electricity to meet emission reduction goals and the flexibility of hydro resources provides significant system value. In addition to hydro and low-carbon dispatchable generation, the system requires significant investments in wind and solar in all scenarios.

A student's socioeconomic status (SES) has a significant relation to their academic achievement. Much of this work has explored this in math and reading, but less is known about how SES relates to science achievement, particularly in the early grades. Using quantile regression with nationally representative data, we explored this relation in 12,676 kindergarten students (51.2% boys, 52.2% White, 21.8% Hispanic, 12.7% Black and 6.6% Asian) and 10,339 fifth-grade students (51.3% boys, 49.4 White, 27.2% Hispanic, 9.4% Black and 8.2% Asian). We found less variability in science achievement scores for those high on SES than those low on SES. The scores of the high SES students cluster together on the high end of science achievement, whilst those from low SES score across the distribution. These findings highlight the need to explore what can mitigate the relation between SES and science achievement and where resources to support science achievement are most needed.

Students with disabilities (SWDs) are being educated in the general education classroom more than ever before. As the nation moves toward increasing science education, more must be understood about how science teachers are supporting SWDs in their classrooms. The present study analyzed the responses of five middle school science teachers on how they embed literacy practices into their instruction, as well as the support they received to support SWDs in their classroom. Teachers reported a lack of professional development and support in this area, as well as difficulties explicitly naming literacy practices. Practical implications are offered for effective instruction and professional development.

The term "Science of Reading" (SOR) has become a popular phrase in practitioner circles. To best serve students, it is important that teachers and interventionists are knowledgeable about the SOR. This article provides a special educator's guide to the SOR by reviewing critical elements that have emerged in public discourse about the SOR. Background information is provided on the National Reading Panel, the Simple View of Reading, and the breadth of scientific evidence on reading instruction. We highlight key instructional considerations for special education practitioners who want to incorporate instruction aligned with the SOR in their classrooms.

More students with disabilities (SWDs) are being educated in the general education classroom than ever before. This means that SWDs are spending more time in middle school science classrooms. SWDs may struggle to access information from science textbooks and lessons for multiple reasons, including reading difficulties. In this article, the authors review the literature and provide recommendation on how science teachers can implement these strategies into their classrooms. These strategies include vocabulary instruction, comprehension strategies, and graphic organizers.

We investigated a new cathode design and beam transport with the EPURE axis-1 injector in order to increase the beam characteristics at 3.8 MeV, 80 ns FWHM from the 2.0 kA nominal current to 2.6 kA corresponding to an average current density of 82 A/cm^{2}. Such current increase is highly desirable for improving the x-ray dose and hence radiographic performances. To achieve this, a time-dependent model based on the particle-in-cell method was developed in order to simulate the injector. Using results from calculations based on this model, a 17.2 cm AK gap diode with a larger radius cathode (3.175 cm) was designed, manufactured and tested. Experimental and calculated currents and emittances are qualitatively compared. The study provides a detailed understanding of the beam dynamics inside this type of high current, high energy injector.

Resumo: Os autores efectuaram uma revisão retrospectiva de 6 anos em 48 doentes, observados no Departamento de Medicina Interna da Clínica de Mayo (Medicina Intensiva e Pulmonar), submetidos a broncofibroscopia para esclarecimento etiológico de um quadro de tosse crónica.Os critérios de inclusão no estudo foram a presença de tosse com mais de 3 semanas de evolução, sem aparente causa, radiografia e ou TAC torácica sem alterações, exclusão de asma brônquica, refluxo gastroesofágico e rinorreia posterior e idade superior a 18 anos.O objectivo do trabalho foi o de avaliar a utilidade da broncofibroscopia em doentes com tosse crónica e radiografia torácica normal. Os trabalhos existentes previamente sobre este tema são contraditórios.Ao analisarem os resultados, verificou-se que, à inspecção visual broncofibroscópica, 37 doentes (82 %) não apresentavam alterações, 9 tinham sinais de bronquite (eritema, secreções e inflamação), 1 doente tinha uma mínima redundância da aritnóide e 1 uma pequena placa traqueal.Nos 27 doentes em que se efectuou exame bacteriológico das secreções brônquicas, em apenas 3 casos se isolaram organismos potencialmente patogénicos. Estes 3 doentes foram medicados com antibiótico dirigido para a bactéria isolada, sem resolução da tosse, concluindo os autores que provavelmente se tratava de colonização, contaminação ou agente não directamente relacionado com a tosse.O exame citológico das secreções brônquicas foi realizado em 33 doentes e não revelou alterações, excepto num caso com atipia escamosa reactiva.As decisões terapêuticas baseadas na broncofibroscopia indicaram que este exame em nada contribuiu para o diagnóstico etiológico da tosse crónica.Os autores deste estudo concluíram que a broncofibroscopia não auxiliou o diagnóstico etiológico da tosse crónica no contexto de uma radiografia torácica normal. As alterações endoscópicas e diagnósticas observadas poderiam ter sido detectadas com exames mais simples e que a broncofibroscopia não resultou em nenhuma alteração terapêutica ou beneficio directo para o doente.Na experiência dos autores, a TAC torácica é mais útil na avaliação da tosse crónica em doentes com radiografia torácica normal. Mesmo na exclusão do tumor endobrônquico, o facto de um doente ter tosse crónica e radiografia torácica normal torna este achado raro ao efectuar-se broncofibroscopia.

Many pharmacists report they lack nutritional knowledge and believe the best time to educate pharmacists about nutrition is during pharmacy school. Purpose: This study was conducted to determine if today’s pharmacy students receive education in nutrition and if they realize the importance of a nutrition course. Methods: Ninety-five pharmacy students attending pharmacy school were surveyed in two pharmacy schools in the United States. Results: The survey showed only 13.7% received nutrition education and 82.9% of students believed nutrition education should be incorporated into the pharmacy degree curriculum. When the pharmacy-related experience was taken into account, 73.3% of students believed that a nutrition course should be incorporated into the curriculum. Conclusion: This study suggests that pharmacy students from two major universities in Alabama and Illinois realize the importance of nutrition education and believe a nutrition course should be incorporated into the pharmacy degree curriculum.

Women are underrepresented in a number of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. Limited diversity in the development of the STEM workforce has negative implications for scientific innovation, creativity, and social relevance. The current study reports the first-year results of the PROmoting Geoscience Research, Education, and SuccesS (PROGRESS) program, a novel theory-driven informal mentoring program aimed at supporting first- and second-year female STEM majors. Using a prospective, longitudinal, multi-site (i.e., 7 universities in Colorado/Wyoming Front Range & Carolinas), propensity score matched design, we compare mentoring and persistence outcomes for women in and out of PROGRESS (N = 116). Women in PROGRESS attended an off-site weekend workshop and gained access to a network of volunteer female scientific mentors from on- and off-campus (i.e., university faculty, graduate students, and outside scientific professionals). The results indicate that women in PROGRESS had larger networks of developmental mentoring relationships and were more likely to be mentored by faculty members and peers than matched controls. Mentoring support from a faculty member benefited early-undergraduate women by strengthening their scientific identity and their interest in earth and environmental science career pathways. Further, support from a faculty mentor had a positive indirect impact on women's scientific persistence intentions, through strengthened scientific identity development. These results imply that first- and second- year undergraduate women's mentoring support networks can be enhanced through provision of protégé training and access to more senior women in the sciences willing to provide mentoring support.

Abstract Background Anthracyclines are essential in pediatric cancer treatment, but patients are at risk cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD). Standardized definitions by the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS) aim to enhance precision in risk assessment. Objectives Categorize distinct phenotypes among pediatric patients undergoing anthracycline chemotherapy using unsupervised machine learning. Methods Pediatric cancer patients undergoing anthracycline chemotherapy at our institution were retrospectively included. Clinical and echocardiographic data at baseline, along with follow-up data, were collected from patient records. Unsupervised machine learning was performed, involving dimensionality reduction using principal component analysis and K-means clustering to identify different phenotypic clusters. Identified phenogroups were analyzed for associations with CTRCD, defined following contemporary IC-OS definitions, and hypertensive response. Results A total of 187 patients (63.1% male, median age 15.5 years [10.4–18.7]) were included and received anthracycline chemotherapy with a median treatment duration of 0.66 years [0.35–1.92]. Median follow-up duration was 2.78 years [1.31–4.21]. Four phenogroups were identified with following distribution: Cluster 0 (32.6%, n = 61), Cluster 1 (13.9%, n = 26), Cluster 2 (24.6%, n = 46), and Cluster 3 (28.9%, n = 54). Cluster 0 showed the highest risk of moderate CTRCD (HR: 3.10 [95% CI: 1.18–8.16], P = 0.022) compared to other clusters. Cluster 3 demonstrated a protective effect against hypertensive response (HR: 0.30 [95% CI: 0.13– 0.67], P = 0.003) after excluding baseline hypertensive patients. Longitudinal assessments revealed differences in global longitudinal strain and systolic blood pressure among phenogroups. Conclusions Unsupervised machine learning identified distinct phenogroups among pediatric cancer patients undergoing anthracycline chemotherapy, offering potential for personalized risk assessment.

The goal of the SunPy project is to facilitate and promote the use and development of community-led, free, and open source data analysis software for solar physics based on the scientific Python environment. The project achieves this goal by developing and maintaining the sunpy core package and supporting an ecosystem of affiliated packages. This paper describes the first official stable release (version 1.0) of the core package, as well as the project organization and infrastructure. This paper concludes with a discussion of the future of the SunPy project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Dads and Daughters Exercising and Empowered (DADEE) is a program targeting fathers/father-figures to improve their daughters’ physical activity and well-being. Previous randomised controlled efficacy and effectiveness trials of DADEE demonstrated meaningful improvements in a range of holistic outcomes for both fathers and daughters in the short-term. This study aims to assess the long-term impact (12-months) of the program when delivered in the community by trained facilitators. Methods Fathers/father-figures and their primary school-aged daughters were recruited from Newcastle, Australia into a single-arm, non-randomised, pre-post study with assessments at baseline, 10-weeks (post-intervention) and 12-months. The 9-session program included weekly 90-min educational and practical sessions, plus home-based tasks. The primary outcome was fathers’ and daughters’ days per week meeting national physical activity recommendations (≥ 30 min/day of MVPA for fathers, ≥ 60 min/day MVPA for daughters). Secondary outcomes included physical activity, screen time, self-esteem, father-daughter relationship, social-emotional well-being, parenting measures, and process outcomes (including recruitment, attendance, retention and program acceptability). Results Twelve programs were delivered with 257 fathers (40.0 ± 9.2 years) and 285 daughters (7.7 ± 1.9 years). Mixed effects regression models revealed significant intervention effects for the primary outcome, with fathers increasing the days/week meeting physical activity recommendations by 27% at 10-weeks (p

The relative amount of high-temperature plasma has been found to be a useful diagnostic to determine the frequency of coronal heating on sub-resolution structures. When the loops are infrequently heated, a broad emission measure (EM) over a wider range of temperatures is expected. A narrower EM is expected for high-frequency heating where the loops are closer to equilibrium. The soft X-ray spectrum contains many spectral lines that provide high-temperature diagnostics, including lines from Fe xvii–xix. This region of the solar spectrum will be observed by the Marshall Grazing Incidence Spectrometer (MaGIXS) in 2020. In this paper, we derive the expected spectral line intensity in MaGIXS to varying amounts of high-temperature plasma to demonstrate that a simple line ratio provides a powerful diagnostic to determine the heating frequency. Similarly, we examine ratios of AIA channel intensities, filter ratios from a XRT, and energy bands from the FOXSI sounding rocket to determine their sensitivity to this parameter. We find that both FOXSI and MaGIXS provide good diagnostic capabilities for high-temperature plasma. We then compare the predicted line ratios to the output of a numerical model and confirm that the MaGIXS ratios provide an excellent diagnostic for heating frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To adequately constrain the frequency of energy deposition in active region cores in the solar corona, systematic comparisons between detailed models and observational data are needed. In this paper, we describe a pipeline for forward modeling active region emission using magnetic field extrapolations and field-aligned hydrodynamic models. We use this pipeline to predict time-dependent emission from active region NOAA 1158 for low-, intermediate-, and high-frequency nanoflares. In each pixel of our predicted multi-wavelength, time-dependent images, we compute two commonly used diagnostics: the emission measure slope and the time lag. We find that signatures of the heating frequency persist in both of these diagnostics. In particular, our results show that the distribution of emission measure slopes narrows and the mean decreases with decreasing heating frequency and that the range of emission measure slopes is consistent with past observational and modeling work. Furthermore, we find that the time lag becomes increasingly spatially coherent with decreasing heating frequency while the distribution of time lags across the whole active region becomes more broad with increasing heating frequency. In a follow-up paper, we train a random forest classifier on these predicted diagnostics and use this model to classify real observations of NOAA 1158 in terms of the underlying heating frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To probe the initial conditions for high-mass star and cluster formation, we investigate the properties of dense filaments within the infrared dark cloud (IRDC) G035.39–00.33 (G035.39) in a combined Very Large Array and Green Bank Telescope mosaic tracing the NH3 (1, 1) and (2, 2) emission down to 0.08 pc scales. Using agglomerative hierarchical clustering on multiple line-of-sight velocity component fitting results, we identify seven extended velocity-coherent components in our data, likely representing spatially coherent physical structures, some exhibiting complex gas motions. The velocity gradient magnitude distribution peaks at its mode of 0.35 and has a long tail extending into higher values of 1.5–2 , and it is generally consistent with those found toward the same cloud in other molecular tracers and with the values found toward nearby low-mass dense cloud cores at the same scales. Contrary to observational and theoretical expectations, we find the nonthermal ammonia line widths to be systematically narrower (by about 20%) than those of N2H+ (1–0) line transition observed with similar resolution. If the observed ordered velocity gradients represent the core envelope solid-body rotation, we estimate the specific angular momentum to be about 2 × 1021 cm2 s−1, similar to the low-mass star-forming cores. Together with the previous finding of subsonic motions in G035.39, our results demonstrate high levels of similarity between kinematics of a high-mass star-forming IRDC and the low-mass star formation regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anthracyclines are associated with cardiac dysfunction. Little is known about the interplay of pre-existing hypertension and treatment response. We aimed to investigate the relationship between hypertension and the development of cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) in pediatric patients treated with anthracycline chemotherapy. Methods: Pediatric patients with cancer who received anthracycline chemotherapy from 2013 to 2021 were retrospectively included. Serial cardiac assessments were conducted during and after chemotherapy. The primary outcome was the development of CTRCD, classified as mild, moderate, or severe according to contemporary definitions. Results: Among 190 patients undergoing anthracycline chemotherapy, 34 patients (17.9 %) had hypertension (24 patients Stage 1, and 10 patients Stage 2) at baseline evaluation. Patients underwent chemotherapy for a median of 234.4 days (interquartile range 127.8–690.3 days) and were subsequently followed up. Hypertension was frequent during follow-up 31.3 % (0–3 months), 15.8 % (3–6 months), 21.9 % (0.5–1 years), 24.7 % (1–2 years), 31.1 % (2–4 years) and 35.8 % (beyond 4 years) (P for trend

Abstract American Samoa is experiencing rapid relative sea level rise due to increases in global sea level and significant post-2009 earthquake land subsidence, endangering homes and critical infrastructure. Wave and water-level observations collected over a fringing reef at Faga‘itua Bay, American Samoa, in 2017 reveal depth-limited shoreline sea-swell wave heights over the range of conditions sampled. Using field data to calibrate a one-dimensional, phase-resolving nonhydrostatic wave model (SWASH), we examine the influence of water level on wave heights over the reef for a range of current and future sea levels. Assuming a fixed reef bathymetry, model results predict rising sea levels will escalate nearshore extreme water levels that are dominated by an increase in nearshore sea-swell wave heights. Model results provide insight into how and at what reef depths rising sea levels reduce reef capacity to dissipate wave energy, compounding shoreline threats. This study aims to bring increased attention to the immediate threats to American Samoa’s way of life, and to demonstrate the utility of SWASH for extrapolating wave transformation to future sea level.

Abstract Here, we report the development of a novel polymer composite (PC) purification column and kit. The performance of the PC columns was compared to conventional silica gel (SG) columns for the purification of nucleic acids from coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, in 82 clinical samples. The results shows that PC-based purification outperforms silica gel (SG)-based purification by enabling a higher sensitivity (94%), accuracy (97%), and by eliminating false positives (100% specificity). The high specificity is critical for efficient patient triage and resource management during pandemics. Furthermore, PC-based purification exhibits three times higher analytical precision than a commonly used SG-based nucleic acid purification thereby enabling a more accurate quantification of viral loads and higher reproducibility.

Despite its prediction over two decades ago, the detection of faint, high-temperature (“hot”) emission due to nanoflare heating in non-flaring active region cores has proved challenging. Using an efficient two-fluid hydrodynamic model, this paper investigates the properties of the emission expected from repeating nanoflares (a nanoflare train) of varying frequency as well as the separate heating of electrons and ions. If the emission measure distribution (EM(T)) peaks at T = Tm, we find that EM(Tm) is independent of details of the nanoflare train, and EM(T) above and below Tm reflects different aspects of the heating. Below Tm, the main influence is the relationship of the waiting time between successive nanoflares to the nanoflare energy. Above Tm, power-law nanoflare distributions lead to an extensive plasma population not present in a mono-energetic train. Furthermore, in some cases, characteristic features are present in EM(T). Such details may be detectable given adequate spectral resolution and a good knowledge of the relevant atomic physics. In the absence of such resolution we propose some metrics that can be used to infer the presence of “hot” plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties that are expected of “hot” non-flaring plasmas due to nanoflare heating in active regions are investigated using hydrodynamic modeling tools, including a two-fluid development of the Enthalpy Based Thermal Evolution of Loops code. Here we study a single nanoflare and show that while simple models predict an emission measure distribution extending well above 10 MK, which is consistent with cooling by thermal conduction, many other effects are likely to limit the existence and detectability of such plasmas. These include: differential heating between electrons and ions, ionization non-equilibrium, and for short nanoflares, the time taken for the coronal density to increase. The most useful temperature range to look for this plasma, often called the “smoking gun” of nanoflare heating, lies between 106.6 and 107 K. Signatures of the actual heating may be detectable in some instances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous recent X-ray observations of coronal loops in both active regions and solar flares have shown clearly that elemental abundances vary with time. Over the course of a flare, they have been found to move from coronal values toward photospheric values near the flare peak, before slowly returning to coronal values during the gradual phase. Coronal loop models typically assume that the elemental abundances are fixed, however. In this work, we introduce a time-variable abundance factor into the 0D ebtel++ code that models the changes due to chromospheric evaporation in order to understand how this affects coronal loop cooling. We find that for strong heating events (≳1 erg s ^−1 cm ^−3 ), the abundances quickly tend towards photospheric values. For smaller heating rates, the abundances fall somewhere between coronal and photospheric values, causing the loop to cool more quickly than the time-fixed photospheric cases (typical flare simulations) and more slowly than time-fixed coronal cases (typical AR simulations). This suggests heating rates in quiescent AR loops no larger than ≈0.1 erg s ^−1 cm ^−3 to be consistent with recent measurements of abundance factors f ≳ 2.

A compact source, G0.02467–0.0727, was detected in Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array 3 mm observations in continuum and very broad line emission. The continuum emission has a spectral index α ≈ 3.3, suggesting that the emission is from dust. The line emission is detected in several transitions of CS, SO, and SO _2 and exhibits a line width FWHM ≈ 160 km s ^−1 . The line profile appears Gaussian. The emission is weakly spatially resolved, coming from an area on the sky ≲1″ in diameter (≲10 ^4 au at the distance of the Galactic center, GC). The centroid velocity is v _LSR ≈ 40–50 km s ^−1 , which is consistent with a location in the GC. With multiple SO lines detected, and assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions, the gas temperature is T _LTE = 13 K, which is colder than seen in typical GC clouds, though we cannot rule out low-density, subthermally excited, warmer gas. Despite the high velocity dispersion, no emission is observed from SiO, suggesting that there are no strong (≳10 km s ^−1 ) shocks in the molecular gas. There are no detections at other wavelengths, including X-ray, infrared, and radio. We consider several explanations for the millimeter ultra-broad-line object (MUBLO), including protostellar outflow, explosive outflow, a collapsing cloud, an evolved star, a stellar merger, a high-velocity compact cloud, an intermediate-mass black hole, and a background galaxy. Most of these conceptual models are either inconsistent with the data or do not fully explain them. The MUBLO is, at present, an observationally unique object.

ABSTRACT Biological collections, including arrayed libraries of single transposon (Tn) or deletion mutants, greatly accelerate the pace of bacterial genetic research. Despite the importance of these resources, few protocols exist for the replication and distribution of these materials. Here, we describe a protocol for creating multiple replicates of an arrayed bacterial Tn library consisting of approximately 6,800 mutants in 96-well plates (73 plates). Our protocol provides multiple checkpoints to guard against contamination and minimize genetic drift caused by freeze/thaw cycles. This approach can also be scaled for arrayed culture collections of various sizes. Overall, this protocol is a valuable resource for other researchers considering the construction and distribution of arrayed culture collection resources for the benefit of the greater scientific community. IMPORTANCE Arrayed mutant collections drive robust genetic screens, but few protocols exist for replication of these resources and subsequent quality control. Increasing the distribution of arrayed biological collections will increase the accessibility and use of these resources. Developing standardized techniques for replication of these resources is essential for ensuring their quality and usefulness to the scientific community.

Version 11 of the chianti database and software package is presented. Advanced ionization equilibrium models have been added for low charge states of seven elements (C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, and S), and represent a significant improvement especially when modeling the solar transition region. The models include the effects of higher electron density and charge transfer on ionization and recombination rates. As an illustration of the difference these models make, a synthetic spectrum is calculated for an electron pressure of 7 × 10 ^15 cm ^−3 K and compared with an active region observation from HRTS. Increases are seen in factors of 2–5 in the predicted radiances of the strongest lines in the UV from Si iv , C iv , and N v , compared to the previous modeling using the coronal approximation. Much better agreement (within 20%) with the observations is found for the majority of the lines. The new atomic models better equip both those who are studying the transition region and those who are interpreting the emission from higher-density astrophysical and laboratory plasma. In addition to the advanced models, several ion data sets have been added or updated, and data for the radiative recombination energy loss rate have been updated.

The central regions of the Milky Way constitute a unique laboratory for a wide swath of astrophysical studies; consequently, the inner ∼400 pc have been the target of numerous large surveys at all accessible wavelengths. In this paper, we present a catalog of sources at 25 and 37 μ m located within all of the regions observed with the SOFIA/FORCAST instrument in the inner ∼200 pc of the Galaxy. The majority of the observations were obtained as part of the SOFIA Cycle 7 Galactic Center Legacy program survey, which was designed to complement the Spitzer/MIPS 24 μ m catalog in regions saturated in the MIPS observations. Due to the wide variety of source types captured by our observations at 25 and 37 μ m, we do not limit the FORCAST source catalog to unresolved point sources, or treat all sources as if they are pointlike sources. The catalog includes all detectable sources in the regions, resulting in a catalog of 950 sources, including point sources, compact sources, and extended sources. We also provide the user with metrics to discriminate between the source types.

We present the largest catalog to date of star clusters and compact associations in nearby galaxies. We have performed a V -band-selected census of clusters across the 38 spiral galaxies of the PHANGS–Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Treasury Survey, and measured integrated, aperture-corrected near-ultraviolet- U-B-V-I photometry. This work has resulted in uniform catalogs that contain ∼20,000 clusters and compact associations, which have passed human inspection and morphological classification, and a larger sample of ∼100,000 classified by neural network models. Here, we report on the observed properties of these samples, and demonstrate that tremendous insight can be gained from just the observed properties of clusters, even in the absence of their transformation into physical quantities. In particular, we show the utility of the UBVI color–color diagram, and the three principal features revealed by the PHANGS-HST cluster sample: the young cluster locus, the middle-age plume, and the old globular cluster clump. We present an atlas of maps of the 2D spatial distribution of clusters and compact associations in the context of the molecular clouds from PHANGS–Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. We explore new ways of understanding this large data set in a multiscale context by bringing together once-separate techniques for the characterization of clusters (color–color diagrams and spatial distributions) and their parent galaxies (galaxy morphology and location relative to the galaxy main sequence). A companion paper presents the physical properties: ages, masses, and dust reddenings derived using improved spectral energy distribution fitting techniques.

The exquisite angular resolution and sensitivity of JWST are opening a new window for our understanding of the Universe. In nearby galaxies, JWST observations are revolutionizing our understanding of the first phases of star formation and the dusty interstellar medium. Nineteen local galaxies spanning a range of properties and morphologies across the star-forming main sequence have been observed as part of the PHANGS-JWST Cycle 1 Treasury program at spatial scales of ∼5–50 pc. Here, we describe pjpipe , an image-processing pipeline developed for the PHANGS-JWST program that wraps around and extends the official JWST pipeline. We release this pipeline to the community as it contains a number of tools generally useful for JWST NIRCam and MIRI observations. Particularly for extended sources, pjpipe products provide significant improvements over mosaics from the MAST archive in terms of removing instrumental noise in NIRCam data, background flux matching, and calibration of relative and absolute astrometry. We show that slightly smoothing F2100W MIRI data to 0.″9 (degrading the resolution by about 30%) reduces the noise by a factor of ≈3. We also present the first public release (DR1.1.0) of the pjpipe processed eight-band 2–21 μ m imaging for all 19 galaxies in the PHANGS-JWST Cycle 1 Treasury program. An additional 55 galaxies will soon follow from a new PHANGS-JWST Cycle 2 Treasury program.

We present a statistical analysis of the local, ≈50–100 pc scale, H α emission at the locations of recent (≤125 yr) supernovae (SNe) in nearby star-forming galaxies. Our sample consists of 32 SNe in 10 galaxies that are targets of the PHANGS-MUSE survey. We find that 41% (13/32) of these SNe occur coincident with a previously identified H ii region. For comparison, H ii regions cover 32% of the area within ±1 kpc of any recent SN. Contrasting this local covering fraction with the fraction of SNe coincident with H ii regions, we find a statistical excess of 7.6% ± 8.7% of all SNe to be associated with H ii regions. This increases to an excess of 19.2% ± 10.4% when considering only core-collapse SNe (CCSNe). These estimates appear to be in good agreement with qualitative results from new, higher-resolution Hubble Space Telescope H α imaging, which also suggests many CCSNe detonate near but not in H ii regions. Our results appear consistent with the expectation that only a modest fraction of stars explode during the first ≲5 Myr of the life of a stellar population when H α emission is expected to be bright. Of the H ii region associated SNe, 85% (11/13) also have associated detected CO (2–1) emission, indicating the presence of molecular gas. The SNe associated with H ii regions have typical extinctions of A _V ∼ 1 mag, consistent with a significant amount of pre-clearing of gas from the region before the SNe explode.

Magnetic fields may play a crucial role in setting the initial conditions of massive star and star cluster formation. To investigate this, we report SOFIA-HAWC+ 214 μ m observations of polarized thermal dust emission and high-resolution GBT-Argus C ^18 O(1-0) observations toward the massive Infrared Dark Cloud (IRDC) G28.37+0.07. Considering the local dispersion of B -field orientations, we produce a map of the B -field strength of the IRDC, which exhibits values between ∼0.03 and 1 mG based on a refined Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi method proposed by Skalidis & Tassis. Comparing to a map of inferred density, the IRDC exhibits a B – n relation with a power-law index of 0.51 ± 0.02, which is consistent with a scenario of magnetically regulated anisotropic collapse. Consideration of the mass-to-flux ratio map indicates that magnetic fields are dynamically important in most regions of the IRDC. A virial analysis of a sample of massive, dense cores in the IRDC, including evaluation of magnetic and kinetic internal and surface terms, indicates consistency with virial equilibrium, sub-Alfvénic conditions, and a dominant role for B -fields in regulating collapse. A clear alignment of magnetic field morphology with the direction of the steepest column density gradient is also detected. However, there is no preferred orientation of protostellar outflow directions with the B -field. Overall, these results indicate that magnetic fields play a crucial role in regulating massive star and star cluster formation, and therefore they need to be accounted for in theoretical models of these processes.

We use 0.1″ observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and JWST to study young massive clusters (YMCs) in their embedded “infant” phase across the central starburst ring in NGC 3351. Our new ALMA data reveal 18 bright and compact (sub-)millimeter continuum sources, of which 8 have counterparts in JWST images and only 6 have counterparts in HST images. Based on the ALMA continuum and molecular line data, as well as ancillary measurements for the HST and JWST counterparts, we identify 14 sources as infant star clusters with high stellar and/or gas masses (∼10 ^5 M _⊙ ), small radii (≲ 5 pc), large escape velocities (6–10 km s ^−1 ), and short freefall times (0.5–1 Myr). Their multiwavelength properties motivate us to divide them into four categories, likely corresponding to four evolutionary stages from starless clumps to exposed H ii region–cluster complexes. Leveraging age estimates for HST-identified clusters in the same region, we infer an evolutionary timeline, ranging from ∼1–2 Myr before cluster formation as starless clumps, to ∼4–6 Myr after as exposed H ii region–cluster complexes. Finally, we show that the YMCs make up a substantial fraction of recent star formation across the ring, exhibit a nonuniform azimuthal distribution without a very coherent evolutionary trend along the ring, and are capable of driving large-scale gas outflows.

We present new catalogs of likely globular clusters (GCs) in 17 nearby spiral galaxies studied as part of the PHANGS Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Treasury Survey. The galaxies were imaged in five broadband filters from the near-ultraviolet through the I band. PHANGS-HST has produced catalogs of stellar clusters of all ages by selecting extended sources (from multiple concentration index measurements) followed by morphological classification (centrally concentrated and symmetric or asymmetric, multiple peaks, and contaminants) by visually examining the V -band images and separately by a machine-learning algorithm which classified larger samples to reach fainter limits. From both cluster catalogs, we select an initial list of candidate GCs which have B − V ≥ 0.5 and V − I ≥ 0.73 mag, then remove likely contaminants (including reddened young clusters, background galaxies misclassified by the neural network, and chance superpositions/blends of stars) after a careful visual inspection. We find that ≈86% of the color-selected candidates classified as spherically symmetric and 68% of those classified as centrally concentrated but asymmetric are likely to be GCs. The luminosity functions of the GC candidates in two of our 17 galaxies, NGC 628 and NGC 3627, are atypical, and continue to rise at least 1 mag fainter than the expected turnover near M _V ∼ −7.4. These faint candidate GCs have more extended spatial distributions than their bright counterparts, and may reside in the disk rather than the bulge/halo, similar to faint GCs previously discovered in M101. These faint clusters may be somewhat younger since the age–metallicity degeneracy makes it difficult to determine precise cluster ages from integrated colors once they reach ≈1 Gyr.

In this work, we constrain the star-forming properties of all possible sites of incipient high-mass star formation in the Milky Way’s Galactic Center. We identify dense structures using the CMZoom 1.3 mm dust continuum catalog of objects with typical radii of ∼0.1 pc, and measure their association with tracers of high-mass star formation. We incorporate compact emission at 8, 21, 24, 25, and 70 μ m from the Midcourse Space Experiment, Spitzer, Herschel, and SOFIA, cataloged young stellar objects, and water and methanol masers to characterize each source. We find an incipient star formation rate (SFR) for the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) of ∼0.08 M _⊙ yr ^−1 over the next few 10 ^5 yr. We calculate upper and lower limits on the CMZ’s incipient SFR of ∼0.45 and ∼0.05 M _⊙ yr ^−1 ,respectively, spanning roughly equal to and several times greater than other estimates of CMZ’s recent SFR. Despite substantial uncertainties, our results suggest the incipient SFR in the CMZ may be higher than previously estimated. We find that the prevalence of star formation tracers does not correlate with source volume density, but instead ≳75% of high-mass star formation is found in regions above a column density ratio ( N _SMA / N _Herschel ) of ∼1.5. Finally, we highlight the detection of atoll sources , a reoccurring morphology of cold dust encircling evolved infrared sources, possibly representing H ii regions in the process of destroying their envelopes.

Abstract Virus recognition has been driven to the forefront of molecular recognition research due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Development of highly sensitive recognition elements, both natural and synthetic is critical to facing such a global issue. However, as viruses mutate, it is possible for their recognition to wane through changes in the target substrate, which can lead to detection avoidance and increased false negatives. Likewise, the ability to detect specific variants is of great interest for clinical analysis of all viruses. Here, a hybrid aptamer‐molecularly imprinted polymer (aptaMIP), that maintains selective recognition for the spike protein template across various mutations, while improving performance over individual aptamer or MIP components (which themselves demonstrate excellent performance). The aptaMIP exhibits an equilibrium dissociation constant of 1.61 nM toward its template which matches or exceeds published examples of imprinting of the spike protein. The work here demonstrates that “fixing” the aptamer within a polymeric scaffold increases its capability to selectivity recognize its original target and points toward a methodology that will allow variant selective molecular recognition with exceptional affinity.