Search

Cylindrocarpon-like fungi are globally distributed plant pathogens and have a wide range of host species. However, very little is known about the species that live in the topsoil of forests and their potential role in reducing the natural regeneration of tree species, particularly of forest trees that produce abundant fruit only once every few years. To enhance our understanding of the species that inhabit the topsoil, we studied the diversity and pathogenicity of Cylindrocarpon-like fungi inhabiting the litter in old-growth mixed-beech forests in the Carpathians (Poland) and in the Alps (Austria), and in a managed beech stand in the Krakowsko-Częstochowska Highland (Poland). The fungi inhabiting the beech litter were investigated using beechnuts and pine seedlings as bait. Isolates were identified based on morphology and DNA sequencing. The pathogenicity of the most common species was investigated by inoculating beech germinants. A wide range of Cylindrocarpon-like fungi were associated with the beech litter: 718 cultures representing 12 species were isolated. Five taxa were identified down to species level: namely Ilyonectria crassa, I. pseudodestructans, I. rufa, Neonectria candida and N. obtusispora, and seven species were identified to genus level ( Neonectria or Ilyonectria species). Ilyonectria destructans, which is considered to be the sexual morph of ' Cylindrocarpon destructans', was not found. There were qualitative and quantitative differences between the different forest sites in terms of Neonectria and Ilyonectria species composition in beech litter. The isolation frequency and species richness of Cylindrocarpon-like fungi were greatest in beech litter taken from old-growth mixed-beech forests. Neonectria and Ilyonectria species were capable of killing beech germinants, suggesting that they may play a negative role in natural beech regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tension between biodiversity conservation and multipurpose forest management may lead to conflicts. An internationally prominent example is the Białowieża Forest Massif (BFM), an extensive forest complex with high levels of naturalness. We apply a systematic, multidisciplinary assessment process to review empirical evidence on different dimensions of the BFM conflict. While there is broad consensus that this forest massif is an exceptional place worth conserving and that a way forward is a zonation system combining conservation with management, exactly how this should be done has yet to be agreed upon. Our assessment shows that the key reasons for the BFM controversy go beyond the availability of knowledge on the ecological status of the BFM and include: 1) evidence stemming from different sources, which is often contradictory and prone to different interpretations; 2) knowledge gaps, particularly with regard to socio-economic drivers and beneficiaries as well as uncertainties about future trends; 3) fundamentally different values and priorities among stakeholder groups, resulting in power struggles, and an overall lack of trust. We conclude that evidence-based knowledge alone is insufficient to cope with complex conservation conflicts. While more evidence may help assess the consequences of decisions, the actual management decisions depend on different actors' worldviews, which are rooted in their professional identities and power, and their political and legal realities. This calls for conflict management through a well-organized participatory process organized and supervised by a body deemed legitimate by the groups involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Europe, forest management has controlled forest dynamics to sustain commodity production over multiple centuries. Yet over-regulation for growth and yield diminishes resilience to environmental stress as well as threatens biodiversity, leading to increasing forest susceptibility to an array of disturbances. These trends have stimulated interest in alternative management systems, including natural dynamics silviculture (NDS). NDS aims to emulate natural disturbance dynamics at stand and landscape scales through silvicultural manipulations of forest structure and landscape patterns. We adapted a "Comparability Index" (CI) to assess convergence/divergence between natural disturbances and forest management effects. We extended the original CI concept based on disturbance size and frequency by adding the residual structure of canopy trees after a disturbance as a third dimension. We populated the model by compiling data on natural disturbance dynamics and management from 13 countries in Europe, covering four major forest types (i.e., spruce, beech, oak, and pine-dominated forests). We found that natural disturbances are highly variable in size, frequency, and residual structure, but European forest management fails to encompass this complexity. Silviculture in Europe is skewed toward even-aged systems, used predominately (72.9% of management) across the countries assessed. The residual structure proved crucial in the comparison of natural disturbances and silvicultural systems. CI indicated the highest congruence between uneven-aged silvicultural systems and key natural disturbance attributes. Even so, uneven-aged practices emulated only a portion of the complexity associated with natural disturbance effects. The remaining silvicultural systems perform poorly in terms of retention compared to tree survivorship after natural disturbances. We suggest that NDS can enrich Europe's portfolio of management systems, for example where wood production is not the primary objective. NDS is especially relevant to forests managed for habitat quality, risk reduction, and a variety of ecosystem services. We suggest a holistic approach integrating NDS with more conventional practices., (© 2022 The Ecological Society of America.)

Primary forests, defined here as forests where the signs of human impacts, if any, are strongly blurred due to decades without forest management, are scarce in Europe and continue to disappear. Despite these losses, we know little about where these forests occur. Here, we present a comprehensive geodatabase and map of Europe's known primary forests. Our geodatabase harmonizes 48 different, mostly field-based datasets of primary forests, and contains 18,411 individual patches (41.1 Mha) spread across 33 countries. When available, we provide information on each patch (name, location, naturalness, extent and dominant tree species) and the surrounding landscape (biogeographical regions, protection status, potential natural vegetation, current forest extent). Using Landsat satellite-image time series (1985-2018) we checked each patch for possible disturbance events since primary forests were identified, resulting in 94% of patches free of significant disturbances in the last 30 years. Although knowledge gaps remain, ours is the most comprehensive dataset on primary forests in Europe, and will be useful for ecological studies, and conservation planning to safeguard these unique forests., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

The study was conducted in the raised bog Kusowo (Baltic region, West Pomerania, Poland). Along a transect line crossing two open mires affected by forest succession we analysed tree age distribution. One of those mires had been drained in the past years and still retained some open ditches, while the other one was located far from the ditches. Every 10 meters along the transect line one tree was drilled at the root collar in order to determine its age. We also conducted phytosociological analyses and short-term water level measurements in the sample plots. We expected faster tree encroachment in the undisturbed part of the open mire. The results showed, that there were no significant differences in water table level and in soil moisture indicator values between the formerly drained and undisturbed open mire. There were also no statistically significant differences in tree encroachment between the disturbed and undisturbed mires. Location and the age distribution of the trees suggest that changes in the tree growth conditions cannot be directly explained by the general decreasing of water level in the bog, although periods following drainage works were associated with more numerous establishment of young trees, in the drained part of the bog as well as in the part not directly affected by drainage ditches., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

We analysed the distribution of trees along the elevation gradient in two national parks located in the Western Carpathians (49°30'-49°37' N; 19°28'-20°15' E), dominated by natural forest stands to answer two questions: do immature trees occur at higher elevations compared to mature ones? Has the upper limit of the distribution of the seedlings increased during the period under study, and were the changes proportional to the increase in the mean annual temperature in that period? Data used in our study had been collected in permanent sample plots, distributed regularly over the entire forest area in two national parks. The measurements were taken twice, separated by at least 12 years. We analysed the upper distribution range of the most abundant tree species following tree ontogenic stages for two measurement times. The analysed tree species showed contrasting patterns of the distributions of saplings related to the distributions of mature individuals. In one of the national parks, two species (Silver fir and European beech) showed a significant upward expansion. As three measurements were taken in this park, we found that the expansion has increased over time. In the second national park, located only 45 km to the west from the first one, we found no upward expansion in the distribution of both European beech and Silver fir, while Sycamore maple showed a slight downward trend. We conclude that the dynamics of the tree distributions along the elevation gradient in the mountain areas do not follow a uniform path; the indirect effects of changes in environmental conditions may produce different patterns, reflecting the complex nature of the interactions shaping the distributions of the trees., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)