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Summary: Background: Obesity represents a major global health challenge with important clinical implications. Despite its recognized importance, the global disease burden attributable to high body mass index (BMI) remains less well understood. Methods: We systematically analyzed global deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high BMI using the methodology and analytical approaches of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. High BMI was defined as a BMI over 25 kg/m2 for individuals aged ≥20 years. The Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) was used as a composite measure to assess the level of socio-economic development across different regions. Subgroup analyses considered age, sex, year, geographical location, and SDI. Findings: From 1990 to 2021, the global deaths and DALYs attributable to high BMI increased more than 2.5-fold for females and males. However, the age-standardized death rates remained stable for females and increased by 15.0% for males. Similarly, the age-standardized DALY rates increased by 21.7% for females and 31.2% for males. In 2021, the six leading causes of high BMI-attributable DALYs were diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, chronic kidney disease, low back pain and stroke. From 1990 to 2021, low-middle SDI countries exhibited the highest annual percentage changes in age-standardized DALY rates, whereas high SDI countries showed the lowest. Interpretation: The worldwide health burden attributable to high BMI has grown significantly between 1990 and 2021. The increasing global rates of high BMI and the associated disease burden highlight the urgent need for regular surveillance and monitoring of BMI. Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Key R&D Program of China.

Widespread ecosystem degradation from noxious substances like industrial waste, toxic dyes, pesticides, and herbicides poses serious environmental risks. For remediation of these hazardous problems, present study introduces an innovative Cu-doped Ce₂Zr₂O₇ nano-photocatalyst, fabricated via a simple, eco-friendly hydrothermal method, designed to degrade toxic textile dye methylene blue. Harnessing Cu doping for pyrochlore Ce2Zr2O7, structure engineering carried out through a hydrothermal synthesis method to achieve superior photocatalytic performance, addressing limitations of rapid charge carrier recombination in existing photocatalysts. Photoluminescence analysis showed that doped pyrochlore slows charge carrier recombination, boosting dye degradation efficiency. UV–Visible analysis demonstrated an impressive 96 % degradation of methylene blue by Cu-doped Ce2Zr2O7 within 50 min, far exceeding the performance of pristine materials. Trapping experiments clarified the charge transfer mechanism, deepening our understanding of the photocatalytic process. These findings highlight the potential for developing innovative, highly efficient photocatalysts for environmental remediation, offering sustainable solutions to combat pollution. This study not only addresses the limitations of existing photocatalysts but also opens new avenues for enhancing photocatalytic performance through strategic material design.

Abstract Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is widely considered the most effective option for treating obesity, a chronic, relapsing, and progressive disease. Recently, the American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) issued new guidelines on the indications for MBS, which have superseded the previous 1991 National Institutes of Health guidelines. The aim of this study is to establish the first set of consensus guidelines for selecting procedures in Class I and II obesity, using an Expert Modified Delphi Method. In this study, 78 experienced bariatric surgeons from 32 countries participated in a two-round Modified Delphi consensus voting process. The threshold for consensus was set at an agreement or disagreement of ≥ 70.0% among the experts. The experts reached a consensus on 54 statements. The committee of experts reached a consensus that MBS is a cost-effective treatment option for Class II obesity and for patients with Class I obesity who have not achieved significant weight loss through non-surgical methods. MBS was also considered suitable for patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or higher. The committee identified intra-gastric balloon (IGB) as a treatment option for patients with class I obesity and endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) as an option for patients with class I and II obesity, as well as for patients with T2DM and a BMI of ≥ 30 kg/m2. Sleeve gastrectomy (1) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) were also recognized as viable treatment options for these patient groups. The committee also agreed that one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is a suitable option for patients with Class II obesity and T2DM, regardless of the presence or severity of obesity-related medical problems. The recommendations for selecting procedures in Class I and II obesity, developed through an Expert Modified Delphi Consensus, suggest that the use of standard primary bariatric endoscopic (IGB, ESG) and surgical procedures (SG, RYGB, OAGB) are acceptable in these patient groups, as consensus was reached regarding these procedures. However, randomized controlled trials are still needed in Class I and II Obesity to identify the best treatment approach for these patients in the future.

Abstract Religious fasting in Ramadan the 9th month of the lunar year is one of five pillars in Islam and is practiced for a full month every year. There may be risks with fasting in patients with a history of metabolic/bariatric surgery (MBS). There is little published evidence on the possible complications during fasting and needs stronger recommendations and guidance to minimize them. An international survey was sent to surgeons to study the types of complications occurring during religious fasting in patients with history of MBS to evaluate the risk factors to manage and prepare more evidence-based recommendations. In total, 21 centers from 11 countries participated in this survey and reported a total of 132 patients with complications occurring during religious fasting after MBS. The mean age of patients with complications was 36.65 ± 3.48 years and mean BMI was 43.12 ± 6.86 kg/m2. Mean timing of complication occurring during fasting after MBS was 14.18 months. The most common complications were upper GI (gastrointestinal) symptoms including [gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), abdominal pain, and dyspepsia], marginal ulcers and dumping syndrome in 24% (32/132), 8.3% (11/132) and 23% (31/132) patients respectively. Surgical management was necessary in 4.5% of patients presenting with complications (6/132) patients due to perforated marginal or peptic ulcer in Single Anastomosis Duodenoileostomy with Sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S), one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), obstruction at Jejunojenostomy after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) (1/6) and acute cholecystitis (1/6). Patients after MBS should be advised about the risks while fasting including abdominal pain, dehydration, and peptic ulcer disease exacerbation, and a thorough review of their medications is warranted to minimize complications.

Abstract Background Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) in patients with low body mass index patients is a topic of debate. This study aimed to address all aspects of controversies in these patients by using a worldwide survey. Methods An online 35-item questionnaire survey based on existing controversies surrounding MBS in class 1 obesity was created by 17 bariatric surgeons from 10 different countries. Responses were collected and analysed by authors. Results A total of 543 bariatric surgeons from 65 countries participated in this survey. 52.29% of participants agreed with the statement that MBS should be offered to class-1 obese patients without any obesity related comorbidities. Most of the respondents (68.43%) believed that MBS surgery should not be offered to patients under the age of 18 with class I obesity. 81.01% of respondents agreed with the statement that surgical interventions should be considered after failure of non-surgical treatments. Conclusion This survey demonstrated worldwide variations in metabolic/bariatric surgery in patients with class 1 obesity. Precise analysis of these results is useful for identifying different aspects for future research and consensus building.

Green and sustainable energy alternatives to replace fossil fuels are a topic of research in scientific community, thus yielding pursuit of advancing renewable energy systems with hydrogen emerging as a suitable and viable alternative. Efficient and non‐precious metal catalysts are crucial for large‐scale electrochemical water splitting yielding clean H2. Here, a novel two‐step hydrothermal synthesis approach to fabricate manganese–cobalt selenide nano‐cubes grown directly on nickel foam (NF) (MnCo2Se4/NF) is adopted. Leveraging its hierarchically structured architecture, augmented active sites, and electrochemically active surface area, MnCo2Se4/NF material demonstrates exceptional electrocatalytic performance for both water oxidation and reduction. With an overpotential of 233 mV for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and 187 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction at a current density of 10 mA/cm2, MnCo2Se4/NF also exhibits a Tafel slope of 44 mV/dec for sluggish OER process. Notably, this nanocrystalline catalyst displays enhanced catalytic activity under alkaline conditions, accelerates water dissociation, and maintains good stability over 50 h. Outperforming state‐of‐the‐art RuO2, particularly in two‐electrode assemblies with an overpotential of 218 mV at 10 mA/cm2, this work offers a promising pathway for designing and manufacturing of innovative bifunctional electrocatalysts for efficient water splitting processes, thereby contributing to broader goal of sustainable energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent development and expansion in electrochemical water splitting processes have driven the research community to explore an efficient, economical and eco-friendly electrocatalyst. Within this domain, the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) presents a notable challenge due to its inherent inefficiency arising from a sluggish four-electron transfer process. In the present study, we investigated a hydrothermal technique for synthesizing an electrocatalyst featuring MnO-embedded CoFe2O4 spinel oxide, which is firmly anchored onto a nickel foam (NF) substrate. The electrocatalyst demonstrated impressive performance, exhibiting exceptional stability over an 82-h endurance test. A significantly smaller overpotential was required for OER, achieving a notable decrease of 179 mV. Furthermore, it displayed a Tafel value of approximately 68 mV dec−1 at current density of 10 mA cm−2 for OER, underscoring its exceptional electrocatalytic performance. In light of these compelling findings, the current research has introduced a feasible, environmentally friendly, and potentially high-impact strategy towards the development of cost-effective transition metal-based catalysts, highly suitable for use as electrodes in electrochemical water splitting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic water splitting is an essential hydrogen production method for resolving present energy shortage and progress toward more efficient technologies. For this purpose, a versatile and cheap electrocatalysts are the main challenge along the way. In this report, we synthesized vanadium telluride and carbon nanotube (VTe–CNT)‐based nanocomposite via facile hydrothermal route. The VTe–CNTs are characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller. These characterizations depict nanosphere structures, morphology, and high surface area that maintains high porosity, which are essential for inclusive water‐splitting phenomena in 1.0 M solution of KOH. Additionally, the electrochemical performance of VTe–CNTs has shown best O2 evolution reactions activity with of onset potential of 1.42 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode and required 10 mA/cm2 of current density at 278 mV overpotential, which is excellent among other electrocatalysts, VTe (342 mV@10 mA/cm−2) and CNTs (365 mV@10mA/cm−2). Moreover, VTe–CNT exhibits remarkable stability for almost 20 h. It also requires a low onset potential of 0.05 V with a small Tafel slope of 47 mV/dec for H2 evolution reactions. Hence, this research might facilitate the easy transportation of electrons and open up the new era, serving as an excellent replacement for noble metal–derived materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyaniline (PANI) stands out as a highly promising conducting polymer with potential for advanced utilization in high-performance pseudocapacitors. Therefore, there exists a pressing need to bolster the structural durability of PANI, achievable by developing composite materials that can enhance its viability for supercapacitor applications. In this particular study, a pioneering approach was undertaken to produce a novel NiMn2O4/PANI supercapacitor electrode material. A comprehensive array of analytical techniques was employed to ascertain the structural configuration, morphology, oxidation states of elements, composition, and surface characteristics of the electrode material. The electrochemical evaluation of the NiMn2O4/PANI composite shows a specific capacitance (Cs) of 1530 ± 2 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. Significantly, the composite material displays an outstanding 93.61% retention of its capacity after an extensive 10 000 cycles, signifying remarkable cycling stability, while the 2-electrode configuration reveals a Cs value of 764 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1 and 826 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 with a smaller charge transfer resistance (Rct) value of 0.67 Ω. Chronoamperometric tests showed excellent stability of the fabricated material up to 50 h. This significant advancement bears immense promise for its potential implementation in high-efficiency energy storage systems and heralds a new phase in the development of supercapacitor technology with improved stability and performance metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical water splitting is one of the promising approaches for the production of molecular hydrogen as well as to meet the clean and sustainable energy demand of the modern world. However, the key task for the research communities is to design a cost‐effective and efficient electrocatalyst to contribute positively to recent world crises. This study presents a novel SiO2@TiN nanocomposite and utilize it for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) as an electrocatalysts. The different techniques use for the characterization of SiO2@TiN nanocomposite. The electrochemical investigations encompass linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) which collectively yield critical parameters for assessing electrocatalytic performance. At a current density of 10 mAcm−2 the SiO2@TiN nanocomposite has a substantially lower overpotential of 256 mV compared to pure SiO2 and TiN. The composite also shows smaller tafel slope of 40 mV dec−1 as well as lower overpotential. The SiO2@TiN nanocomposite also demonstrates the enhanced redox activity as a result of its synergistic effect. Consequently, the increased electrical conductivity of TiN facilitates the attachment of metal oxides and more active sites are exposed to improve the OER activity of the fabricated materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the water-splitting process, it is essential to improve the search for low-cost, highly active materials that can catalyze the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Based on this, the current work suggests a unique method for creating g-C3N4/CdS nanocomposite. The g-C3N4/CdS nanocomposite loaded on nickel foam (NF) required overpotential of 279.6 mV for the OER, which is higher than overpotentials required by g-C3N4 and CdS for attaining desired standard current density of 10 mA cm−2 under the same circumstances. Findings elucidate high activity of composite material through increased active sites with ECSA of 130 cm2, very low charge-transfer resistance Rct value of 2.5 (Ω) and decreased tafel slope value of 44.5 mV dec−1. All these factors are accountable for the improved OER activity and faster reaction kinetics. The material was characterized through XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, and XPS techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presentation of Figures 1 and 2 in the published manuscript is smooth and baseline corrected, which may cause difficulty for readers of the journal. Therefore, we want to present the raw version of these figures without smoothing or baseline correction. Additionally, Figure 2 had a labeling issue which now has been corrected. We apologize for these mistakes which will not affect the scientific conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple one‐step hydrothermal process was employed to develop a favorable class of materials toward energy storage devices such as supercapacitors. The electrode material was characterized using state‐of‐the‐art techniques, along with electrochemical parameters, including galvanostatic charge–discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry, toward investigate energy storage behaviors, such as specific capacitance (Csp), power density, and energy density. Scalable Bi2S3 nanorods deposited on eggshell membrane electrodes (ESMEs) exhibit a much greater Csp of 580.61 F/g on 1 A/g. Calculated energy densities are 29.3, 22.7, 18.8, and 15.0 W h/kg, whereas the power densities are 263.1, 349.3, 663.1, and 870.0 W/kg at 1, 2, 5, and with 10 A/g, respectively. These impressive conclusions are attributed to the enhanced electroactive surface area of Bi2S3/ESME (625 cm2). The unique structure of these materials, featuring a substantial surface area (78.3 cm2/g), contributes to this enhanced performance. The findings of this study could inform new strategies for boosting the performance of future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyaniline (PANI) stands out as a highly promising conducting polymer with potential for advanced utilization in high-performance pseudocapacitors. Therefore, there exists a pressing need to bolster the structural durability of PANI, achievable by developing composite materials that can enhance its viability for supercapacitor applications. In this particular study, a pioneering approach was undertaken to produce a novel NiMn 2 O 4 /PANI supercapacitor electrode material. A comprehensive array of analytical techniques was employed to ascertain the structural configuration, morphology, oxidation states of elements, composition, and surface characteristics of the electrode material. The electrochemical evaluation of the NiMn 2 O 4 /PANI composite shows a specific capacitance ( C s ) of 1530 ± 2 F g -1 at 1 A g -1 . Significantly, the composite material displays an outstanding 93.61% retention of its capacity after an extensive 10 000 cycles, signifying remarkable cycling stability, while the 2-electrode configuration reveals a C s value of 764 F g -1 at 5 mV s -1 and 826 F g -1 at 1 A g -1 with a smaller charge transfer resistance ( R ct ) value of 0.67 Ω. Chronoamperometric tests showed excellent stability of the fabricated material up to 50 h. This significant advancement bears immense promise for its potential implementation in high-efficiency energy storage systems and heralds a new phase in the development of supercapacitor technology with improved stability and performance metrics.