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Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds produced in plants as secondary metabolites. Flavonoids have favorable biochemical effects on multiple diseases and other bioactivities. This study aimed to isolate the active compounds contained in malacca (Phyllanthus emblica) leaves and analyze toxic properties using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method in Artemia salina leach shrimp larvae. This study used malacca leaf powder with ethyl acetate solvent then macerated. Ethyl acetate extract was concentrated and fractionated, then toxicity tests were carried out. Extracts from the evaporation results were further fractionated using solvent petroleum ether, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate. Then the ethyl acetate fraction was hydrolyzed using reflagged with 7% sulfuric acid for two hours, then the filtrate was extracted with ethanol solvent. The obtained fraction washed with aquades and dried using a vacuum desiccator. The toxicity test results showed that the flavonoid compound of malacca leaves was not toxic with a value of LC50 > 1000 ppm, an increase in the concentration of the extract was followed by an increase in the average mortality of larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transdermal patches have been used for drug delivery to accelerate the wound healing process with minimum negative effect. This study evaluated the wound healing potential of transdermal patches containing Carica papaya, Chromolaena odorata, and Averrhoa bilimbi leaves extract on hyperglycemic rat as a diabetic wound model. For this purpose, a total of 40 Wistar rats aged 2 - 3 months were randomly distributed into 10 groups. The first 5 groups (P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5) consisted of normal rats which received normal dressing, TP Dermafix, TP of C. papaya, TP of C. odorata, and TP of A. bilimbi, respectively. The second 5 groups (P6, P7, P8, P9 and P10) were hyperglycemic rats that received normal dressing, TP Dermafix, TP of C. papaya, TP of C. odorata, and TP of A. bilimbi, respectively. Skin incisions were made perpendicular to the spine in the thickest part of the skin with an incision length of 2 cm and a depth of 0.5 cm. Patches were applied to the incisions according to the test group and replaced every 2 days for a period of 13 days. Wound healing activity was determined by evaluating the Clinical Sign of Inflammation (CSI) score, wound closure, TGF-ß1 concentration, and histology of skin tissue. Data were analyzed using oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that for each parameter observed, the rats intervened with transdermal patches loaded with extract leaves had higher healing potential and different from the control group (normal dressing without intervene) both in normal and hyperglycemic rats. This made us concluded that the TP loaded with C. papaya, C. odorata, and A. bilimbi extract leaves have potential as wound healing agents and could be considered as alternate to the synthetic transdermal patches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The semen quality of Gembrong goats is lower than other goats and may be related to the low concentration of testosterone hormone. Implementation of reproductive technology using prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) hormone is beneficial to increase the testosterone hormone in Gembrong goats. This study aimed to determine the effect of PGF2α injection on increasing testosterone levels in Gembrong goats. Male Gembrong goats (n=4), aged 2.5-4 years with similar body condition scores (BCS=3) were used in this study. Goats were divided into two treatment groups (n=2). Goats in group 1 (G1) were injected intramuscularly with 1 ml PGF2α (75 μg), while those in group 2 (G2) were injected with 1 ml physiological NaCl. Semen collection was carried out 30 minutes after treatment using an artificial vagina. Testosterone levels were measured using the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The collected data was tabulated and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the average testosterone concentration of G1 was higher than G2 with respective concentrations of 6.41 ± 0.70 and 2.81 ± 1.75 ng/ml. It was concluded that administration of PGF2α in vivo could increase testosterone concentration in Gembrong goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In North Sumatera, captive Sumatran elephants are maintained in several conservation units, 2 of them were Aek Nauli Elephant Conservation Camp (ANECC) and Tangkahan Conservation Response Unit (CRU). Although elephant conservation sites have implemented a management plan to address elephant health and welfare issues, Sumatran elephants in captivity are still susceptible to some of the health issues such as breeding problems, stress, and poor health. Therefore, the health examination is necessary to be conducted regularly as an effort to save the Sumatran elephant which has been categorized as one of the critically endangered animals. This study was carried out in Aek Nauli and Tangkahan which covered the assessment of elephant reproduction status using ultrasonography, cortisol analysis using ELISA, and parasite identification using sedimentation, floatation and Parfit and Banks methods. The ultrasonography examination was carried out on each conservation site, while the collected blood and feces were transferred to Veterinary Medicine Faculty Universitas Syiah Kuala for cortisol and parasite analysis, respectively. The data on reproductive status, cortisol level, and gastrointestinal parasite were analyzed descriptively. The sonography result showed that 3 Sumatran elephants in ANECC had uterine cysts, while one pregnant elephant and two elephants with involution uteri were recorded in CRU Tangkahan. Worm eggs from genus trematode and nematode were found during feces examination in ANECC, but the only nematode was observed in Tangkahan. Elephant maintained in Tangkahan had a higher cortisol level (82.11±61.49 ng/ml) compared to those maintained in ANECC (16.87±3.88 ng/ml). As a conclusion, the reproduction status, cortisol level, and parasite gastrointestinal observed in Sumatran elephant maintained in 2 conservation sites (ANECC and CRU Tangkahan) were different, probably due to different stress factor and management implemented on.

Malacca is one of traditional medicine that possesses a potent antimicrobial activity. This study aims to determine the inhibitory activity of Malacca leaf extract on the growth of Salmonella sp in vitro. The bacteria was obtained from Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala. The study was conducted using n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract and ethanol of malacca leaves with dilution concentrations of 5%, 25%, and 50%.The inhibitory property of malacca leaf was tested using Kirby-Bauer method. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results of this study indicate that n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract and ethanol extract of malacca leaves can inhibit the growth of Salmonella sp. The n-hexane extract of malacca leaves showed a greater inhibition than the ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of malacca leaves. n-hexane extract with a concentration of 5%, 25%, and 50% showed average diameter inhibition of 1.35 mm (weak), 4.97 mm (moderate), and 12.87 mm (strong), respectively ethyl acetate extract with a concentration of 5%, 25%, and 50% showed average diameter inhibition of 2.00 mm (weak), 5.72 mm (moderate), and 7.58 mm (moderate), whereas in ethanol extract were 0.47 mm (weak), 2.58 mm (weak), and 4.35 mm (weak), repectively. The clear zone areas in negative and positive control were 0.00 mm 20.00 mm, respectively. Malacca leaf extract possess inhibitory property against the growth of the Salmonella sp.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ethanol extract of malacca leaves (Phyllanthus emblica) to reduce carrageenan-induced edema in mice. This study used 25 mice which were divided into 5 groups with 5 mice per group. All the mice were induced inflammation using carrageenan at a dose of 1%. Mice in group 1 were not given piroxicam and malacca leaves extract. Mice in group 2 were treated with 20 mg of piroxicam suspension. Mice in groups 3, 4, and 5 were given ethanol extract of malacca leaves with doses of 100 mg/kg bb, 200 mg/kg bb, and 300 mg/kg bb, respectively. Edema volume measurements were performed on 5th day by collecting exudates using a syringe. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and continued with the Duncan test. The result showed that the average of edema volume in the negative control group was 0.09 ± 0.02 mL, while in the positive control group was 0.05 ± 0.03 mL. The average edema volume in groups 3, 4, dan 5 were 0.07 ± 0.01 mL, 0.06 ± 0.02 mL dan 0.07 ± 0.01 mL, respectively. It is concluded that the ethanol extract of malacca leaves (Phyllanthus emblica) can reduce the carrageenan-induced edema in male mice.

A bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus (LAB) was evaluated for its probiotic potential on the health status of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Sauvage, 1878) juveniles. Triplicate groups of striped catfish (21.69 ± 0.18 g) were fed twice daily at 2.5 % of body weight, with 0 (control), 10³, 105, 107 and 109 CFU/g LAB diets for 12 weeks. The fish were challenged intraperitoneally with 1×106 CFU mL-1 of Aeromonas hydrophila after 12 weeks of feeding trial and the mortalities were recorded over 21 days. The haematological, immunological parameters and histopathological changes of liver were assessed both in pre- and post-challenged fish groups. Results revealed that feeding the fish with supplemented diets significantly increased (p < 0.05) the survival after challenged with A. hydrophila. Compared to the control diet, a significant improvement in packed cell volume, red blood cell, white blood cell and lymphocyte counts were observed in LAB supplemented diets in the pre-challenged fish groups. After 3-week post challenged, the hematological parameters, immunoglobulin and survival were significantly high in fish fed with LAB supplemented diets at 105 CFU/g and above, while only the lysozyme activity was significantly high after 2-week post-infection. Histopathological result revealed that severe necrosis was found in the liver of striped catfish fed with the control diet after challenged with A. hydrophila which was not seen in the case of LAB supplemented diets. Thus, the results suggest that administration of LAB at 105 CFU/g of diet improves the innate immune response of striped catfish juveniles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Science / Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan is the property of Universitas Syiah Kuala, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Accurate determination of estrus status in an animal based on an appropriate estrus detection method can guarantee the cows' pregnancy after mating. This study aims to determine the estrus status of Aceh cows using the van Eerdenburg estrus behavior scoring method. This study was conducted from 22 January to 12 February 2021, at the Technical Implementation Unit for Animals of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The sample used was eleven Aceh cows aged 4-6 years old. Parameters observed were the number of cows exhibiting signs of estrus using the estrus behavior scoring method. The accuracy of estrus detection was confirmed by palpation per rectum to detect the presence of uterine tone. By observing signs of estrus using the method studied, 90.9% (10/11) of the cows were determined to be in estrus. Confirmation by the presence of uterine tone showed a 100% accuracy rate. The most effective sign of estrus was the passivity of the cow when being ridden by another cow or bull. This study concluded that estrus status in local cows could be determined using the estrus behavior scoring of the van Eerdenburg method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Vet Indones. The Indonesian Veterinary Journal / Jurnal Acta Veterinaria Indonesiana is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of spawnprim hormone induction with different doses on gonadal maturity of tinfoil barb fish broodstock (Barbonymus schwanenfeldii). A completely randomized design (CRD) was used in this study with 4 treatments and 3 replications. Fish broodstock in group A (control) was not given any treatment, while fish broodstocks in groups B, C, and D were injected with spawnprim hormone at doses of 0.3 ml/kg body weight, 0.6 ml/kg body weight, and 0.9 ml/kg body weight, respectively. The measured parameters were gonad maturity level, broodstock weight gain, egg diameter, and fecundity. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result showed that the gonad maturity level (GML) in groups B, C, and D (GML III and IV) was better than group A (GML I). Statistical analysis showed that the induction of spawnprim hormone on tinfoil barb broodstocks significantly affect (P<0.05) broodstock weight gain, egg diameter, and fecundity. The optimal dose of spawnprim hormone for tinfoil barb was 0.6 ml/kg body weight, with the average broodstock weight gain, egg diameter, and fecundity were 0.011 kg, 1.55 mm, and 102.15 eggs, respectively. The induction of spawnprim hormone has a positive effect on gonad maturation of tinfoil barb fish (B. schwanenfeldii), with the optimum dose is 0.6 ml/kg fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Veteriner is the property of Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Udayana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The influence of dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus acidophilus, on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, gut histomorphology and gut microflora were evaluated in juveniles striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Five experimental diets were formulated by supplementing 0, 103, 105, 107 and 109 CFU/g L. acidophilus in fishmeal and casein‐based semi‐purified diet. Triplicate groups of striped catfish (21.69 ± 0.18 g) were stocked in 15 fiberglass tanks with stocking density of 25 individuals per tank and fed twice daily at 2.5% of the fish body weight for 12 weeks. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and the protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher in fish fed with 105 and 107CFU/g L. acidophilussupplemented diets compared with the other treatment groups. Compared with the control and fish fed low (103 CFU/g) L. acidophilus supplementation, those fed with 105 and 107 CFU/g had significantly higher (p < 0.05) apparent protein digestibility. Inclusion of L. acidophilus at 107 CFU/g diet significantly increased amylase, protease and lipase activities. Microscopic analysis showed that the villi length in both the anterior and posterior gut and microvilli length in the posterior gut increased significantly in fish fed L. acidophilus supplementation at 105 and 107 CFU/g of diet. The fish fed L. acidophilus supplemented diets significantly increased the total lactic acid bacteria counts in the gut of striped catfish compared with the control‐fed group. Based on gut histomorphology and growth performance, inclusion of L. acidophilus at 105 CFU/g appears to have the most positive effect on striped catfish farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effect of seminal vesicle extract administration to increase the concentration and motility of spermatozoa and testosterone level of kacang goat. The experiment was arranged using a randomly completely block design (RCBD). Three kacang goats were used and each goat received three treatments namely P0 (2 mL of 0.9% NaCl), P1 (1.5 mL Capriglandin, PGF2α), and P2 (2 mL of seminal vesicle extract, EVS). Semen and blood were collected two days post-treatment to measure the concentration and motility of spermatozoa and testosterone level. Testosterone levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Duration between treatments was one week after semen collection. The result showed that the average spermatozoa concentration (x106) in P0; P1; and P2 respectively were 2,763.0±395.0; 2,060.00±678.2; and 2,387.0±442.7 (P>0.05), while the spermatozoa motility score in P0; P1; and P2 respectively were 3.7±1.1, 3.4±0.5, and 3.4±0.5 (P>0.05). The mean testosterone levels in P0, P1, and P2 respectively were 10.27±5.42, 18.51±19.46, and 29.57±12.96 ng/mL (P<0.05). It can be concluded that administration of EVS did not increase concentration and motility of spermatozoa but increased the level of testosterone in kacang goat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of galactooligosaccharide (GOS) and a combination of yeast and β-glucan (YβG) supplementation of dietary soybean meal (SBM) on the growth and digestive performance of striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus were evaluated. Four isonitrogenous (30% protein) and isocaloric (19 MJ/kg diet) diets were formulated to contain 100% fish meal (FM) protein, 55% FM protein/45% SBM protein, FM-SBM supplemented with 1% GOS, and a combination of 1% yeast and 0.1% β-glucan, respectively. Each diet was fed for 12 weeks to three groups of 30 striped catfish fingerlings (average weight 16.45 ± 0.07 g) maintained in circular fiberglass tanks (600 l). Growth, feed utilization, and muscle protein composition of fish improved significantly after supplementation with either GOS or YβG compared to the unsupplemented SBM diet, but were similar to those of fish fed the FM diet. Nutrient digestibility, digestive enzyme activities, villi and microvilli length were significantly increased in fish fed the supplemented SBM diets. The gut microbiota ranking profile showed that supplementing the SBM diet with YβG and GOS gave a ranking of Verrucomicrobia, Spirochaetes, Bacteriodetes, and Actinobacteria phyla similar to that of the FM diet. Thus, diet containing 45% protein from soybean supplemented with either GOS or YβG can be recommended to improve the growth and digestive performance of striped catfish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The objective of this study was to produce recombinant protein GRA-4 (rGRA-4) of a local Toxoplasma gondii isolate as a candidate for a toxoplasmosis diagnosis kit in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) competent cells using pET SUMO plasmid. Materials and Methods: Samples used were stock T. gondii tachyzoites DNA from the Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Amplified GRA-4 polymerase chain reaction product of T. gondii tachyzoite DNA was cloned in the pET-SUMO TAR cloning vector. The GRA-4 gene from T. gondii local isolate was sequenced, followed by plasmid transformation, recombinant plasmid DNA isolation, and recombinant protein expression in DE3 competent cells. Results: The amplification product of GRA-4 T. gondii gene was 1036 bp, with 48 kDa molecular weight after expression in DE3 competent cells. An alignment of the amino acid sequence of GRA-4 from the local isolate which was cloned with GRA-4 was obtained from NCBI database and showed 99.61% homology to the predicted GRA-4 from the T. gondii Izatnagar isolate. Amino acid sequence of the predicted GRA-4 protein from local isolate was different at positions 19 and 304. Conclusion: This research cloned rGRA-4 in pET SUMO plasmid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to determine the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in improving semen quality and hormone testosterone in Nubian goats. The experimental design was a 3x3 Latin square with the experimental animals that received a physiological NaCl injection as a control (T0), 50 μg GnRH (T1), and 100 μg GnRH (T2). The semen samples were collected using an artificial vagina at 24 hours after treatment, and then semen characteristics were evaluated both macroscopically and microscopically. Subsequently, the blood samples were collected at 60 minutes after the injection of GnRH for the analysis of testosterone concentration using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The observations showed a cream coloration with thick consistency in the semen collected from all treatment groups. In addition, the average (±SD) of semen volume (mL), concentration (106), motility (%), viability (%), abnormality (%) of spermatozoa and testosterone levels (ng/mL) in the T0 vs T1 vs T2 groups were 1.8 ± 0.52 vs 1.5 ± 0.70 vs 2.6 ± 1.63 (P > 0.05), 807 ± 409.98 vs 895 ± 509.73 vs 1,215 ± 270.14 (P > 0.05), 37.00 ± 0.333 vs 34.00 ± 0.309 vs 65.00 ± 0.110 (P > 0.05), 63.00 ± 0.144 vs 59.00 ± 0.121 vs 57.00 ± 0.145 (P < 0.05), 33.00 ± 0.382 vs 15.00 ± 0.199 vs 7.00 ± 0.040 (P > 0.05), 13.16 ± 9.37 vs 28.13 ± 1.21 vs 33.13 ± 2.30 (P < 0.05), respectively. It was concluded that GnRH treatment is capable of reducing spermatozoa abnormalities and increasing the testosterone concentrations of Nubian goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) therapy on reducing of embryonic death in Aceh cattle due to heat stress. This study used 20 female cattle aged between 5 to 8 years with average weight of 150-250 kg, and had two times regular cycle. All cattle used in this study was provided by Aceh Livestock Breeding Center for Excellence Indrapuri, Aceh Besar which clinically healthy and has a good score that was kept in paddocks and fed with forages and concentrates. The cattle were divided into two groups; each group consisted of 10 cattle. The cattle in group one (K1) was synchronized using PGF2? while those in group two (K2) was synchronized using ovsynch protocol. Artificial insemination method used for mating after examination of semen motility which obtained from frozen semen of Aceh cattle. Pregnancy rates performed by transrectal ultrasonography after 25 days post-insemination. The examination was repeated every 10 days until 55 days post-insemination. Blood samples for progesterone were collected from the jugular vein and tested by enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) at integrated research Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Syiah Kuala University. The result showed that 50% of embryonic death was occurred in group K1, but none in K2 after day 25. It could be assumed that heat stress caused the death of embryos and GnRH therapeutic was the solution to decrease the deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inappropriate and prolonged administration of antibiotics in mastitis could cause resistance and herbal treatment might could be one alternative treatment. Nothopanax scutellarium, Moringa oleifera , and Piper betle are medicinal plants that contain various active compounds, including antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents, but their potential in treating mastitis is minimum. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of those plants against mastitis in rabbit model induced by Staphylococcus aureus . A total of 25 lactating rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) weighing 3.0±0.4 kg were grouped into five groups: healthy control; mastitis control, and three treatment groups ( Nothopanax scutellarium, Moringa oleifera , and Piper betle ). Except the negative control, all animals were inoculated with 0.15 mL of S. aureus containing 1.5x10 7 colony forming unit (CFU)/mL on eight days after giving birth. The extract was administered orally after four hours Staphylococcus aureus inoculation at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight, twice a day for five consecutive days. The number of bacteria in the milk and the level of serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured and histopathological examination of mammary gland tissues were analyzed. The log number of total plate count of Staphylococcus aureus indicated that all extract groups had significant lower of bacterial logs compared to mastitis control (all comparisons had p <0.05) with the lowest was found in Piper betle group, followed by Nothopanax scutellarium and Moringa oleifera groups. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showed that all ethanolic extract groups had significantly lower levels of IL-6 compared to the mastitis control (all comparisons had p <0.05). The histopathology assessment suggested that extract groups had lower infiltration of inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages in alveoli compared to the mastitis control group. In conclusion, all three extracts contained antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities and Piper betle had the most effective in reducing bacterial growth and IL-6 level compared to others., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Author(s).)