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Family language policy (FLP) is increasingly recognised as a distinct domain of language policy concerned with the family as an arena of language policy formulation and implementation. While FLP is a relatively new research area, its conceptualisation of family and language practice requires re-examination due to social changes and technological developments, including the expansion of digital communication within families and the rise of globally dispersed families a product of global migration and transnationalism. In this systematic review of migrant FLP research, we investigate how the notions of family and language practice are conceptualised in research. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we identified a total of 163 articles for analysis. Our analysis reveals that the majority of studies were conducted in nuclear families, i.e., those consisting of a father, a mother, and one or more children. Studies also tend to conceptualise the family as fixed and physically located in one place. Paradoxically, around half of the studies acknowledge the presence of geographically dispersed family relations, but this does not necessarily affect their conceptualisation of what comprises a family. Language practice was conceptualised as physical and face-to-face communication in 51% of instances, with only 11% incorporating an analysis of digital communications. Based on our review, we recommend that FLP researchers researching migrant families reconceptualise the family as geographically dispersed and language practice as digital and multimodal when necessary. Such a reconceptualisation will help researchers understand the hitherto underexamined contributions of dispersed family members and multimodal digital communications in migrant FLP.

In recent years, there has been a growing body of research on student voice in the context of higher education, generating significant insights for pedagogical improvement. This systematic literature review aims to examine studies on student voice from 2011 to 2022, specifically those concerned with assessment and feedback in higher education. The review draws on 38 empirical studies and identifies the increasing use of mixed-methods designs in student voice research related to assessment and feedback. The analysis of these studies highlights that student voice research can improve students' experiences, change teachers' practices and inform university support concerning assessment and feedback. The review finds, however, that most studies were conducted in, or on students from, developed countries. It is necessary for researchers to engage students from different backgrounds to investigate their experiences of assessment and feedback. The results of the review also suggest that more longitudinal, mixed-methods studies should be conducted to generate further critical insights. Future research should regard students as partners in effective assessment and feedback practices, and a focus should be placed on students developing assessment and feedback literacy.

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) presents as a morbid jawbone lesion in patients exposed to a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (N-BP). Although it is rare, BRONJ has caused apprehension among patients and healthcare providers and decreased acceptance of this antiresorptive drug class to treat osteoporosis and metastatic osteolysis. We report here a novel method to elucidate the pathological mechanism of BRONJ by the selective removal of legacy N-BP from the jawbone using an intra-oral application of hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HMDP) formulated in liposome-based deformable nanoscale vesicles (DNV). After maxillary tooth extraction, zoledronate-treated mice developed delayed gingival wound closure, delayed tooth extraction socket healing and increased jawbone osteonecrosis consistent with human BRONJ lesions. Single cell RNA sequencing of mouse gingival cells revealed oral barrier immune dysregulation and unresolved proinflammatory reaction. HMDP-DNV topical applications to nascent mouse BRONJ lesions resulted in accelerated gingival wound closure and bone socket healing as well as attenuation of osteonecrosis development. The gingival single cell RNA sequencing demonstrated resolution of chronic inflammation by increased anti-inflammatory signature gene expression of lymphocytes and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. This study suggests that BRONJ pathology is related to N-BP levels in jawbones and demonstrates the potential of HMDP-DNV as an effective BRONJ therapy.

Bisphosphonate (BP)-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, previously known as BRONJ, now referred to more broadly as medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), is a morbid condition that represents a significant risk for oncology patients who have received high dose intravenous (IV) infusion of a potent nitrogen containing BP (N-BP) drug. At present, no clinical procedure is available to prevent or effectively treat MRONJ. Although the pathophysiological basis is not yet fully understood, legacy adsorbed N-BP in jawbone has been proposed to be associated with BRONJ by one or more mechanisms. We hypothesized that removal of the pre-adsorbed N-BP drug common to these pathological mechanisms from alveolar bone could be an effective preventative/therapeutic strategy. This study demonstrates that fluorescently labeled BP pre-adsorbed on the surface of murine maxillo-cranial bone in vivo can be displaced by subsequent application of other BPs. We previously described rodent BRONJ models involving the combination of N-BP treatment such as zoledronate (ZOL) and dental initiating factors such as tooth extraction. We further refined our mouse model by using gel food during the first 7 days of the tooth extraction wound healing period, which decreased confounding food pellet impaction problems in the open boney socket. This refined mouse model does not manifest BRONJ-like severe jawbone exposure, but development of osteonecrosis around the extraction socket and chronic gingival inflammation are clearly exhibited. In this study, we examined the effect of benign BP displacement of legacy N-BP on tooth extraction wound healing in the in vivo model. Systemic IV administration of a low potency BP (lpBP: defined as inactive at 100 μM in a standard protein anti-prenylation assay) did not significantly attenuate jawbone osteonecrosis. We then developed an intra-oral formulation of lpBP, which when injected into the gingiva adjacent to the tooth prior to extraction, dramatically reduced the osteocyte necrosis area. Furthermore, the tooth extraction wound healing pattern was normalized, as evidenced by timely closure of oral soft tissue without epithelial hyperplasia, significantly reduced gingival inflammation and increased new bone filling in the extraction socket. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that local application of a rescue BP prior to dental surgery can decrease the amount of a legacy N-BP drug in proximate jawbone surfaces below the threshold that promotes osteocyte necrosis. This observation should provide a conceptual basis for a novel strategy to improve socket healing in patients treated with BPs while preserving therapeutic benefit from anti-resorptive N-BP drug in vertebral and appendicular bones.

Under British informal imperial policy, East Asia's system of concessions and settlements rapidly spread and promoted modernization. Especially in the mid- to late nineteenth century, the formative phase of the concession system, Shanghai, Yokohama and Tianjin embraced modern Western urban planning and architectural ideas by implementing Land Regulations (LR). A comparison of institutions, policies and mutual influences resulting from British colonization in these three cities can reflect the intricate internal and external factors that shape their local modernization, which helps explain the urban development trajectory in East Asia. However, existing studies lack comprehensive comparative analysis, exploration of institutional motives for spatial formation and examination of correlations between urban management patterns. Therefore, this study aims to situate the relation between colonialism and modernization in East Asia through an analysis of promulgation process, content changes and spatial impact of LR, the fundamental law of the concessions. This study shows that LR had an inheritance influenced by Consul Alcock. Characteristics of modern urban planning emerged in management and space. The modernization process was shaped by the development of the British native urban governance system, changes in colonial policy and the different social contexts of China and Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to establish osteoclasts as key immune effectors capable of activating the function of Natural Killer (NK) cells, and expanding their numbers, and to determine in vivo and in vitro effect of bisphosphonates (BPs) during NK cell interaction with osteoclasts and on systemic and local immune function. The profiles of 27 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors released from osteoclasts were found to be different from dendritic cells and M1 macrophages but resembling to untreated monocytes and M2 macrophages. Nitrogen-containing BPs Zoledronate (ZOL) and Alendronate (ALN), but not non-nitrogen-containing BPs Etidronate (ETI), triggered increased release of pro-inflammatory mediators from osteoclasts while all three BPs decreased pit formation by osteoclasts. ZOL and ALN mediated significant release of IL-6, TNF-` and IL-1β, whereas they inhibited IL-10 secretion by osteoclasts. Treatment of osteoclasts with ZOL inhibited NK cell mediated cytotoxicity whereas it induced significant secretion of cytokines and chemokines. NK cells lysed osteoclasts much more than their precursor cells monocytes, and this correlated with the decreased expression of MHC class I expression on osteoclasts. Intravenous injection of ZOL in mice induced pro-inflammatory microenvironment in bone marrow and demonstrated significant immune activation. By contrast, tooth extraction wound of gingival tissues exhibited profound immune suppressive microenvironment associated with dysregulated wound healing to the effect of ZOL which could potentially be responsible for the pathogenesis of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ). Finally, based on the data obtained in this paper we demonstrate that osteoclasts can be used as targets for the expansion of NK cells with superior function for immunotherapy of cancer.

PurposeBisphosphonates (BPs) are widely used for the management of bone diseases such as osteoporosis and bone malignancy. However, osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) is a serious complication of BP treatment. ONJ lesions mainly occur after extraction of teeth deemed unrestorable or around teeth with active periodontal or periapical disease. Because socket healing or dental disease shows higher bone turnover, the authors hypothesized that preferentially high BP accumulation would be observed in these areas.Materials and methodsThe authors tested the uptake of fluorescein-labeled zoledronic acid (5-FAM-ZOL) in sites of tooth extraction or experimental periapical disease in mice. Maxillary molars were extracted or the crowns of mandibular molars were drilled to induce pulp exposure. Animals were injected with 5-FAM-ZOL 200 μg/kg at various times after intervention and fluorescence was measured at healthy versus intervention sites. Fluorescein injections were used as controls. Data were analyzed by t test and mixed effects linear models were constructed because the animals had repeated measurements over time and at the 2 sites.ResultsA statistically significant (P≤.001 to .002) time-dependent uptake of 5-FAM-ZOL was detected in the areas of extraction socket and in the alveolar ridge around teeth with periapical disease compared with the healthy contralateral sites of the same animals. For the 2 conditions, the uptake reached a maximum 3 days after experimental intervention and decreased thereafter.ConclusionsThese data suggest that sites with increased bone turnover, such as extraction sites or areas of periapical inflammation, are exposed to higher BP doses than the remaining alveolar ridge and could explain, at least in part, the susceptibility of such areas to ONJ.

In recent years, there has been a growing body of research on student voice in the context of higher education, generating significant insights for pedagogical improvement. This systematic literature review aims to examine studies on student voice from 2011 to 2022, specifically those concerned with assessment and feedback in higher education. The review draws on 38 empirical studies and identifies the increasing use of mixed-methods designs in student voice research related to assessment and feedback. The analysis of these studies highlights that student voice research can improve students' experiences, change teachers' practices and inform university support concerning assessment and feedback. The review finds, however, that most studies were conducted in, or on students from, developed countries. It is necessary for researchers to engage students from different backgrounds to investigate their experiences of assessment and feedback. The results of the review also suggest that more longitudinal, mixed-methods studies should be conducted to generate further critical insights. Future research should regard students as partners in effective assessment and feedback practices, and a focus should be placed on students developing assessment and feedback literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearshore bathymetry plays an essential role in various applications, and satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) presents a promising approach due to its extensive coverage and comprehensive bathymetric map production capabilities. Nevertheless, existing retrieval techniques, encompassing physics-based and pixel-based statistical methodologies such as support vector regression (SVR), band ratio, and Kriging regression, exhibit limitations stemming from the intricate water reflectance process and the under-exploitation of the spatial component inherent in SDB. To surmount these obstacles, we introduce employment of deep convolutional networks (DCNs) for SDB in this study. We assembled multiple scenes utilizing networks with varying scale emphasis and an assortment of satellite datasets characterized by distinct spatial and spectral resolutions. Our findings reveal that these deep learning models yield high-caliber bathymetry outcomes, with nonlinear normalization further mitigating residuals in shallow water regions and substantially enhancing retrieval performance. A comparative analysis with the prevalent SVR technique substantiates the efficacy of the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was observed that accuracy of the Subject-Dependent emotion recognition model was much higher than that of the Subject-Independent model in the field of electroencephalogram (EEG) based affective computing. This phenomenon is mainly caused by the individual difference of EEG, which is the key issue to be solved for the application of emotion recognition. In this work, 14 subjects from the SEED were selected for individual difference analysis. Through individual aggregation features evaluation, sample space visualization, and correlation analysis, we proposed four quantification indicators to analyze individual difference phenomenon. Finally, we presented the Personal-Zscore (PZ) feature processing method, and it was found that the data set processed with PZ method could represent emotion better than the original data set, and the conventional model with the PZ method was more robust. The accuracies of emotion recognition models trained with PZ processing have been improved to some extent, which showed that the PZ method could effectively eliminate the individual aggregation of feature space and improve the emotional representation ability of data sets. Hence, our findings may provide a new insight into the foundation for universal implementation of EEG-based application, and the Personal-Zscore feature processing method is of great significance for the development of effective emotion recognition system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteomyelitis is a limb- and life-threatening orthopedic infection predominantly caused by Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Bone infections are extremely challenging to treat clinically. Therefore, we have been designing, synthesizing, and testing novel antibiotic conjugates to target bone infections. This class of conjugates comprises bone-binding bisphosphonates as biochemical vectors for the delivery of antibiotic agents to bone minerals (hydroxyapatite). In the present study, we utilized a real-time impedance-based assay to study the growth of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms over time and to test the antimicrobial efficacy of our novel conjugates on the inhibition of biofilm growth in the presence and absence of hydroxyapatite. We tested early and newer generation quinolone antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, sitafloxacin, and nemonoxacin) and several bisphosphonate-conjugated versions of these antibiotics (bisphosphonate-carbamate-sitafloxacin (BCS), bisphosphonate-carbamate-nemonoxacin (BCN), etidronate-carbamate-ciprofloxacin (ECC), and etidronate-carbamate-moxifloxacin (ECX)) and found that they were able to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in a dose-dependent manner. Among the conjugates, the greatest antimicrobial efficacy was observed for BCN with an MIC of 1.48 µg/mL. The conjugates demonstrated varying antimicrobial activity depending on the specific antibiotic used for conjugation, the type of bisphosphonate moiety, the chemical conjugation scheme, and the presence or absence of hydroxyapatite. The conjugates designed and tested in this study retained the bone-binding properties of the parent bisphosphonate moiety as confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography. They also retained the antimicrobial activity of the parent antibiotic in the presence or absence of hydroxyapatite, albeit at lower levels due to the nature of their chemical modification. These findings will aid in the optimization and testing of this novel class of drugs for future applications to pharmacotherapy in osteomyelitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown that attention bias can affect behavioral indicators in patients with depression, but it is still unclear how this bias affects the brain network topology of patients with mild depression (MD). Therefore, a novel functional brain network analysis and hierarchical clustering methods were used to explore the abnormal brain topology of MD patients based on EEG signals during the visual search paradigm. The behavior results showed that the reaction time of MD group was significantly higher than that of normal group. The results of functional brain network indicated significant differences in functional connections between the two groups, the amount of inter-hemispheric long-distance connections are much larger than intra-hemispheric short-distance connections. Patients with MD showed significantly lower local efficiency and clustering coefficient, destroyed community structure of frontal lobe and parietal-occipital lobe, frontal asymmetry, especially in beta band. In addition, the average value of long-distance connections between left frontal and right parietal-occipital lobes presented significant correlation with depressive symptoms. Our results suggested that MD patients achieved long-distance connections between the frontal and parietal-occipital regions by sacrificing the connections within the regions, which might provide new insights into the abnormal cognitive processing mechanism of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]