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In this study, Friction stir welding (FSW) of AA6061 shows the importance of machining parameters such as tool rotational speed (TRS), feed rate (FR) and Tool Pressure angle (TPA). The machining performance has been measured through the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and Vickers hardness (VH). The Taguchi’s philosophy has been considered in designing the experiment. The machining characteristics were analyzed using the main effect plot and analysis of variance (ANOVA). A principal component analysis (PCA) based composite principal component (CPC) has been used to optimise multi-response. The TRS has been found to be the most significant parameter for obtaining the optimum parameter setting. The performance has been enhanced using ANN technique of the process.

Stainless steel is a popular material used in various industries due to its excellent corrosion resistance, high strength, and durability. Gas nitriding has been found significantly to improve wear resistance. Chosen for this research work AISI 304 were examined and the impact of gas nitriding to 12 hrs, 24 hrs and 36 hrs were analyzed for better wear behavior. To evaluate the tribological behavior, wear tests were carried out using pin on disc tribometer. The samples were undergone with hardness tests and the microstructures were examined through scanning electron microscope The difference between the compound layer and the diffusion layer were analyzed on the microstructure. The results of untreated samples and nitride samples were compared.

Heat pipe is used to extract heat generated from a surface and applicable to cooling of the many components. Some of the main applications of heat pipes are space crafts, computer systems, permafrost cooling, heat exchangers and thermal storage sub systems. In this work, an experiment will be carried out with an indirect heat composite pipe located with different orientation, heat input and mass flow. Thermal resistance, heat transfer coefficient and thermal efficiency are determined, which are applicable for laptop cooling and solar heating. Heat input 25 to 150 watts, with orientation angles 0, 30, 45, 90 degrees, mass flow rate are 0.01kg/sec, 0.02kg/sec and 0.03kg/sec are considered.

In the research work, AISI 431 grade stainless steel were chosen to investigate the effects of vacuum annealing processes on reducing hardness and enhancing ductility. Although stainless steel of martensitic type are well known for their high hardness, wear resistance and they have limited applications due to high hardness properties. Chosen for this research work, vacuum annealing were carried out to temperatures of 740°C, 840°C and 940°C. The samples were prepared cylindrically to a dimension of 40 mm length and 10 mm diameter. An untreated material was kept aside for comparison.Vacuum annealing involves heating the material in a controlled environment to eliminate impurities and relieve internal stresses, resulting in reduced hardness and improved ductility. To evaluate the effect of wear on annealed material, a pin-on-disc wear test apparatus were used. The wear behavior of the annealed specimens were compared to the untreated material. It includes both the treated and untreated samples, were examined by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to obtain images of microstructure. The results of this research work contribute to the understanding of the annealing effects on martensitic stainless steels and provide insights into optimizing their properties for specific applications.

Because of biodegradability, low weight, non-da000nger, instability, decreased condition, contamination, little effort, and simplicity of recyclability, natural fibre polymer composites are now being utilized in place of synthetic fibre reinforced polymer composites. By altering the fibre and epoxy percentages, to find the effect of sisal fibre content on mechanical characteristics of composites is the objective of research. Melt-mixing was used to make the composite, which was then laid out by hand layup method. The purpose of this research is to look at fibre oriented reinforced composite polymer nano composite materials that mix with hybrid composites such as JUTE, SISAL/EGG SHELL, and epoxy polymer in the ratio of sisal fibre 70% + jute 20% + Egg shell 10% and sisal fibre 60% + jute 20% + Egg shell 20% by volume. The mechanical characteristics were calculated by performing tests on the specimen’s tension, hardness, and flexural qualities in line with ASTM standards.

In the current paper, AA6101-T6 aluminium alloy was subjected to friction stir welding (FSW) utilizing a vertical milling machine. Alloy plates were welded in butt position to provide a virtually flat interface, using a tool shape that was carefully selected. Because of the excessive generation of heat via the tool and workpieces during friction stir welding, substantial deformation in the nugget zone is seen. The mechanical attributes of the base metal at the joint are significantly impacted by an excessive variation in temperature at the weld. In this experiment, mechanical properties-related changes through the FSW process are kept to a minimum to achieve high tensile strength. The tool’s rotating speed (measured in rpm), the workpieces' traverse speed (measured in mm/min), and the tool tilt angle were chosen as the parameters to regulate the weld quality. As a result of its 44% contribution, the rotating speed parameter is shown to be the most beneficial one for stir welding. The metric determining transverse speed contributes the least, at 19%. For effective stir welding, such as high strength welds, defect-free welds, short welding times, low welding costs, etc., it is preferred that the tool rotational speed parameter be concentrated. By using sustainable Taguchi approach to optimize the chosen process parameter, high tensile strength is achieved at the welded connection.

Martensitic stainless steels find less application in commercial products as they have high hardness, strength, and wear resistance. It lacks in ductility and exhibits moderate corrosion resistance compared to other stainless steels. As a result, annealing process were been used to strengthen the ductility and maintain stability in hardness of martensitic stainless steel material. AISI 410 was chosen for this research work and the samples were made to cylindrical shape for the following dimensions: 50 mm length and 08 mm diameter. The specimens were annealed at temperatures of 730°C, 830°C, and 930°C. The untreated material is kept aside for results comparison. All specimens were subjected to wear test using a pin on disc wear test apparatus. All the specimens were examined using a scanning electron microscope for the surface morphological changes. The outcomes were compared and the best specimen for the required application was chosen. It was discovered that there was a phase change from the martensite stage to the residual austenite stage.**

AISI 304 stainless steel is a type of austenitic stainless steel that contains a high percentage of chromium and nickel. It is one of the most widely used grades of stainless steel and is commonly used in a variety of applications, including kitchen equipment, food processing equipment, and chemical processing equipment. AISI 304 stainless steel is a versatile and widely used material due to its excellent corrosion resistance, durability, and non-magnetic properties. Low-temperature processes like ion implantation, plasma nitriding can prevent the corrosion resistance of stainless steels by diffusion of plasma into the surface of the material, forming precipitation of Chromium nitride. For this research work, plasma nitriding is carried out on AISI 304 at low-temperatures 550°C for the time duration of 8 hrs, 16 hrs and 32 hrs. The formation of nitrogen-enriched layers with high nitrogen content promoted to increase in surface hardness. Wear test were carried out with pin on disc machine and the samples were undergone with hardness tests. The microstructures of plasma treated samples were compared with untreated microstructures. It was noted that phase change occurred from austenite to expanded austenite forming a hard layer from the surface level improving the wear resistance of the material.

In past few years, as indirect convection cooling equipment, heat pipes have grown in favour for a variety of uses, including heat recovery and electronics. A sensible heat is categorized as not having a filter arrangement as a “pulsating heat pipe”. It transfers heat from its evaporator to condenser portions by moving the circulating flow back and forth a reaction of its ongoing phase shift that occurs inside of it. It is difficult to truly understand how it operates since the two-phase flow is the result of combining physical and thermodynamic factors. Despite this, the PHPs have caught the interest of researchers all over the world because of its simple design and large several scenarios necessitating an elevated heat transfer rate. Presented here begins and a preface outlining several researchers’ trying to model experimental explain how PHPs work. A short tabular review of the most recent experimental investigations on PHPs is offered. Novel ideas have been explored, including the use of Nano-fluids to improve PHP performance.

AISI309 stainless steel is a type of austenitic stainless steel that contains a high percentage of chromium and nickel, along with a small amount of manganese. It is designed to be used in high-temperature applications, such as in furnace parts and heat exchangers. Low temperature salt bath nitriding process was carried out on AISI 309 stainless steel at 550°C for time duration of 80, 160 and 240 minutes. The characteristics of the nitride surface were thoroughly assessed. The microstructure and phase components of the nitrided surface revealed a hardened layer of chromium nitride and iron nitride on the specimen surface. The case depth and the surface hardness were strongly influenced by the alloying components. To analyze the wear, a pin on disc machine was utilized and the wear test was carried out. From the wear test, wear loss were determined. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the variation between loss of material and the base material. A specimen which is untreated is kept aside and comparisons of results were done with nitrided samples.

AISI 304 stainless steel categorized under austenitic, has good resistance to corrosion and applicable for high resistance to pitting and stresses. But it has poor hardness, sterngth and resistance to wear. In order to overcome the above problem, various hardening techniques like nitriding, carburizing, carbonitriding, Cyaniding etc are preferred. In this work, aqueous soluted nitriding process is carried out to improve the surface hardness and wear resistance on AISI 304 specimens. Three specimens in cylindrical shape with a diameter of 10mm and length 35mm are treated with salt bath nitriding process for a time period of 45 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes and named as SBN 1, SBN 2, SBN 3 respectively. One specimen is kept untreated to compare the results with treated specimens. After the heat treatment procedure is completed, pin on disc wear testing instrument was used to conduct a wear test at a constant speed and load. All the specimens were subjected to Scanning Electron Microscope test and the results were compared.

Stainless steel is well known for its good corrosion resistance. It is easily available in the market at low cost. Martensitic stainless steels are hard and brittle in nature, it lacks ductility. Therefore hardness, brittleness, ductility has to be balanced in martensitic stainless steel. Annealing is chosen for this research work to maintain balance between ductility and brittleness. Martensitic stainless steel samples were cut into five small pieces of length 40 mm and diameter 12 mm each by using a lathe machine. Annealing process were carried out for three specimens to the temperature 7200C, 8200C, 9200C and were named as AN1, AN2, AN3 respectively. One sample is kept aside as untreated for comparison purpose. A wear test was performed on all specimens using a pin-on-disc wear tester to evaluate the material’s wear resistance. The results of all samples were compared using a scanning electron microscope and the best material is chosen for the required application.

In industries, components must operate under extreme conditions such as high load, speed, temperature and chemical environment. Materials are selected according to commercial availability, cost and their properties such as strength, hardness, etc. AISI 904L is a high-alloy stainless steel with low carbon content, poor surface hardness and wear characteristics. Many engineering failures are caused by fatigue, corrosion, and poor wear resistance, begins at the surface level. This causes cracks in the surface, reducing the material’s life. The surfaces of the materials were subjected to severe thermal, chemical, and shock loads. The selected AISI 904L materials for this work were subjected to gas nitriding process and processed with 3 different time parameters such as 12 hours, 18 hours and 24 hours respectively and named as GN1, GN2 and GN3. The treatments were done at a constant temperature of 650°C. Gas nitriding, in comparison to other nitriding processes such as plasma and liquid nitriding, provides good dimensional stability, reduced deformation, and uniform case depth regardless of the size and shape of the specimen. To analyze the wear properties, a pin on a disc machine is used. Finally, metallographic studies were performed by scanning electron microscopy.

Grade 630 martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel has a combination of high hardness and strength after suitable heat treatment. The great advantage of this grade is that they are usually supplied in the condition treated with the solution and then aged to achieve a sufficient high strength. Chosen for this research work, AISI 630 stainless steel samples were subjected to salt bath nitriding process. Three samples were chosen in the shape of tapered cylindrical shapes with diameter of 10 mm and length of 40 mm. The specimens were subjected to 60 Minutes, 120 Minutes, 180 Minutes and named as SBN1, SBN2, SBN3 respectively. One untreated specimen is kept aside for the comparison purpose with the treated specimens. After the heat treatment process wear test were conducted by pin on disc wear test machine. Then the hardness test is carried out using the Rockwell hardness test. The microscopic images were taken using Scanning electron microscope. The results were compared and the best wear resistant material is chosen for the required application.

In industry, mechanical components must operate under conditions conditions such as variable load, speed, temperature and various chemical environments. Materials are selected depending on their application. They are selected for commercial availability, cost and properties such as strength, hardness etc. Many engineering errors are due to fatigue, corrosion and poor wear resistance occurring on its surface. This causes cracks in the surface that shortens the service life of the material. Also, the surfaces of materials are exposed to strong thermal, chemical and shock loads. Chosen for this research work, AISI 301LN materials have low surface hardness and poor wear properties, which can limit their applications were components mate each other. AISI 301LN stainless steel was treated with plasma nitriding at a low temperature of about 650°C. It was observed that a mixture of ferrites and gradually nitrogenous matter accumulates in the following layers namely iron nitride. Further nitriding was carried out to 20 hrs, 40 hrs, 60 hrs and the specimen were named as PL1, PL2 and PL3 respectively. It was observed that Cr-N layer were formed on the outer surface. Wear tests were carried out on a tribological wear test machine to study the wear behavior. A comparison is made between treated and untreated specimens. The microstructures are investigated with scanning electron microscope.

In the present study, the influence of heat treatment (tempering & cryogenic) on the grain orientation and few important mechanical properties of Austenite Stainless Steel 304 (ASS 304) are examined. The significant mechanical properties like ultimate strength, elongation percentage and surface hardness etc., of the experimented and untreated specimens are computed using pre standard methods and the micrographs of the specimens was conducted using metallurgical microscope. The effect of strain rate ranging from lower to higher strain rates 0.001s-1 to 0.1s-1, on true stress - true strain behaviour of tempered austenitic stainless steel 304 is investigated. Experimental results exhibited that the mechanical behaviour of ASS 304 can be reformed and improvised by several heat treatment procedures for a specific application. The results showed that the cryogenic treated specimens indicate lowest tensile strength, hardness and highest percent of elongation value compared with tempered specimen gave the maximum tensile strength, hardness and minimum percent of elongation in length value.

Austenitic stainless is having corrosion resistance property, but certain mechanical applications require improved resistance to wear, inferior cavitation, susceptibility to sensitization. These steels have numerous favourable circumstances for great cryogenic - properties, anti-corrosion, and bio-compatibility. So these steels have a broad application in low temperature innovation, saltwater applications, nourishment industry, bio-medicine, petro-chemical handling, and so forth when alloyed with nitrogen, austenitic treated steels has a progressively steady austenite structure, better mechanical properties and better wear opposition, which has animated extraordinary enthusiasm for this exploration work. Many surface hardening techniques are available, the best surface modification technique is chosen for improved service performance. Surface engineering is a technique to alter the surface of a material by mechanical or microchemical method without affecting the material properties. The alterations are done on the surfaces subjected to the liquid nitriding process to produce a hardened surface. Chosen for this research workbased on their wide application, the wear behaviour of AISI 316LN stainless steels was investigated. Of the various surface hardening techniques available, nitriding is chosen, so that these nitrogen gets penetrated into the material, in which hard iron chromium nitrides are formed at the surface level. AISI 316LN specimens were subjected to salt bath nitriding process. The specimens were nitrided to 60 minutes, 120 minutes and 180 minutes respectively. The specimens were undergone with wear tests by standardized tribiological wear machine and finally the metallographic studies were made.

In industries, components have to operate under extreme prerequisites such as high load, speed, temperature and at a chemical environment. The materials are selected by commercial availability, cost and by considering by their properties like strength, hardness etc. AISI 904L is a high alloy stainless steel with low carbon content material having poor hardness on the surface and negative wear properties. Many of the engineering failures are due to fatigue, corrosion and poor wear resistance which are initiated in its surface. This causes cracks in the surface which reduces the life of the material. Also the surfaces of the materials are caused by severe thermal, chemical and shock loads. Chosen for this work, AISI 904L materials were subjected to plasma or ion - nitriding process and were treated to 3 different timing parameters like 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs respectively, maintaining constant temperature of 650oC. Among the availability of other nitriding process like gas and liquid nitriding, plasma nitriding gives good dimensional stability, uniform treatment, less distortion, uniform case depth irrespective towards size and shape of the specimen. For analyzing the wear properties, a pin on disc machine is utilized making the pin to get weared on disc against a load of 100N at a speed of 1000 rpm. Finally the metallographic studies were done by Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis.

The wear behaviour of AISI 431 stainless steel was examined under a dry sliding touch at compatible load with the vacuum tempering cycle. The method adopted was found to be effective in enhancing the wear conduct of stainless steel products, there by advancing the pliability quality. For the sample, vacuum tempering (VT) procedure for (VT1) 2 hours, (VT2) 4 hours and (VT3) 6 hours respectively, a low temperature heat procedure was performed. Untreated stainless steel was used as a kind of viewpoint tool for contrast with specific hardening samples and observed wear check. The hardening samples expose those moulded hard layers which improve the hardness of the surface. Predictions of small scale hardness showed a significant change in hardness during diagnosis. This operation improves the hardness of the material to up to 150 percent. For wear inspection, a pin on the disc drive is used to assess wear failure. The layers were observed by optical lens magnification and examination under electron magnifying lens.

. The investigation on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of steel AISI 310 has been carried out during a Carburizing process aiming to improve the wear performance. The comparision study was made to treated specimens with untreated sample. Carburizing is a viable technique to enhance the wear resistance of the stainless steel material. The present study focused in the direction of investigating the effect of microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of AISI 310 stainless steel material. In carburizing process the case depth is found to be 11.5, 12, 14 Microns which is treated 2 hrs, 4hrs and 6 hrs respectively. The combination action of strong adhesion, abrasion and severe plastic deformation are the primary reasons for the continuous material loss in the untreated specimens during testing. The Optical microscope, SEM analysis and wear test are conducted to find out the various results

The investigation on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of steel AISI 310 has been carried out during a Carbonitriding process aiming to improve the wear performance. The comparison study was made to treated specimens with untreated sample. Carbonitriding is a viable technique to enhance the wear resistance of the stainless steel material. The present study focused in the direction of investigating the effect of microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of AISI 310 stainless steel material. In carbonitriding process the case depth was found to be from 13, 16.5 and 19 Microns which is treated 2 hrs, 4hrs and 6 hrs respectively. The combination action of strong adhesion, abrasion and severe plastic deformation are the primary reasons for the continuous material loss in the untreated specimens during testing. The Optical microscope, SEM analysis and wear test are conducted to find out the various results.

AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel is well known for its good corrosion resistance applicable for high resistance to pitting and stresses. But it lacks in its wear resistance and hardness in order to improve the mechanical properties of AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless-Steel materials Nitriding Heat Treatment is chosen in this project. The samples are taken in the form of cylindrical shapes with diameter 10mm and length 40mm respectively. The specimen is subjected 4 numbers being the highest treated to saturated limit. One specimen is kept as untreated for comparison purpose. Wear test will be carried out under constant speed and with variable load by pin on disk wear testing apparatus. Finally, all the specimens are subjected to various metallographic tests like SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and EDAX (X-ray Despresive Analysis) or XRD (X-ray Diffraction) and the results are compared.

This project investigates on salt bath nitriding process in order to improve the wear behavior of the material. This process increases the hardness of the material. The specimens were nitrided at 580°c on three different timing hours such as 60 minutes, 90 minutes & 120 minutes. A pin on disc machine is used to conduct wear test, so that wear loss can be determined. The specimens are to be magnified by metallographic test like scanning electron microscope. The untreated specimen is used to compare with the nitrided specimen. The best specimen is chosen which determines the life of material & improves the better wear resistance. The hardness of untreated material and nitrided material are compared. The material AISI stainless steel has many unique properties but it lacks wear resistance and hardness because of which it has limited applications. By conducting heat treatment operation, the hardness of the material does not improve, but by conducting case hardening process the hardness of the outer case will be high compared to base metal. If the hardness and wear resistance of the material improves the material can be used in wide range of applications.

AISI 253MA Stainless steel samples were treat with the gas nitrating process at low heat around 450°C. It was seen that all-inclusive austenite stage exist when it is nitrade to 8 hours and post addition at time of nitrading to 16 hours the mix of ferrites and progressively substance of nitrogen was gathered in the following layers. Farther nitrading to 24 hour it has seen at Cr-N stage was discovered and turns the steel progressively firmer superficially. Erode tests were led by tribological wear testing machine to examine the tribological wear loss. Volume wear was found to be least in 18 hours test which demonstrated better improvement of wear improvement. High hardness were found in 24 hrs showing a hardness of 1080Hv. The sample nitrided to 24 hours exhibited better wear resistance, high hardness and low wear loss as well as low volume wear loss. Assessment examinations of nitrided test samples were investigated under scanning electron magnifying analysis.

The conventional optimization process in Injection Moulding includes actual shop floor trials in which melt temperature, mould temperature, injection time, injection pressure, pattern, feeder size, shape and location cores, mould layout, gating etc. are changed in each iteration which involves high machining cost, tooling cost, modification cost, melting cost, and transportation cost as well as, materials, energy, time are wasted in each trial until and unless the required results are obtained. Water meter component (DN20 Vent) is designed in CREO 5.0, and then components are 3D printed to cross check the dimensions and also to confirm whether all the other components can be accommodated or not. Then the mould flow analysis will be performed on a water meter components using different materials and changing the processing parameters. The input processing parameters considered are melt temperature, mould temperature and injection time, whereas the responses are warpage, volumetric shrinkage, cycle time and quality prediction. Grey relational analysis is carried out to determine the optimum injection moulding processing parameters.. The effort has been made to minimize the warpage, volumetric shrinkage, cycle time and maximize the quality prediction mould cavity and core for the components are designed in CREO 5.0 and manufactured using P20 tool steel. Then the water meter components are manufactured by inputting the optimal processing parameters in injection moulding machine to achieve high productivity and quality.

The Duplex stainless steel AISI 2205 is well known for its corrosion resistance, applicable to high pitting and stress resistance. Cryogenic treatment is chosen to boost the mechanical properties of AISI 2205 Stainless Steel. The specimens undergo cryogenic treatment, one of them being treated to the saturated limit. For comparison purpose, one specimen is kept as untreated. Wear test will be conducted at a constant speed and variable load by a pin on disc wear testing apparatus. Wear test is completed to assess the capability of utilizing a specific surface building innovation to diminish wear for a particular application and to research the impact of treatment conditions on the wear execution, so upgraded surface treatment conditions can be figured it out. Eventually, all specimens were undergone with Scanning Electron Microscope analysis.

The job of aluminium alloys in car and aircraft industries has been extending fundamentally over the most recent 20 years. Because of their low thickness to weight proportion and high explicit quality, aluminium turned into a solid trade for steel especially for car producing. However, to stamp a convoluted board parts from aluminium sheet is very troublesome explicitly at cold working temperatures where as far as possible are very less. To enhance formability breaking points of aluminium alloy sheet a few procedures are joined by numerous specialists like warm shaping, hot forming, superplastic forming, cold die quench (HFQ) forms and so on. This paper displays a basic study of various procedures utilized to enhance aluminium alloy sheet formability and distinguishing advantages and downsides for each procedure

Powder metallurgy (PM) is a technique in which materials or components are made from metal powders. In this paper, the overview about titanium alloys and their advantages over engineering applications has been discussed. They are very strong and also possess great mechanical properties and incredible corrosion and wear resistance, and also capable of performing operations at elevated temperatures approximately up to 600ºC. This paper provides various compositions of titanium alloys and various powder metallurgy techniques used for sintering powders of various compositions and their applications. The properties of titanium compounds show the manufacturing of cost effective component. As a result of their fantastic mechanical, physical and organic execution they are finding consistently expanding application in biomedical applications.