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La fijación elástica en las lesiones de la sindesmosis es un procedimiento que se realiza ampliamente y brinda buenos resultados. Presentamos un caso de una fractura de tibia como complicación de la fijación elástica de la sindesmosis, su tratamiento y una revisión bibliográfica en la cual no hemos encontrado reportes sobre esta complicación.

Introducción: La artrodesis tibioastragalina es una opción para tratar la artrosis de tobillo en pacientes que no responden a las medidas conservadoras. Su principal desventaja es el compromiso a mediano y largo plazo de las articulaciones vecinas. Objetivo: Determinar el compromiso de las articulaciones vecinas a mediano y largo plazo, y su impacto sobre los resultados funcionales en los pacientes con artrodesis de tobillo. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluó a una serie de 11 pacientes (6 mujeres y 5 hombres). El diagnóstico inicial era artrosis postraumática (9 casos), artritis séptica (1 caso) y lesión osteocondral de astrágalo (1 caso). El promedio de edad al operarse era de 50 años. La media de seguimiento fue de 9 años. Se evaluó el compromiso radiográfico de las articulaciones vecinas. La función se valoró mediante la escala analógica visual para dolor, la escala de la AOFAS y un cuestionario simple de satisfacción. Resultados: Diez pacientes (91%) tenían artrosis en alguna de las articulaciones vecinas. El puntaje medio en la escala analógica visual fue de 2,6 y el de la escala de la AOFAS, de 71. Nueve refirieron estar muy satisfechos; uno, medianamente satisfecho y otro se manifestó insatisfecho. Conclusión: El compromiso de las articulaciones vecinas es muy frecuente a largo plazo, pero esto no repercute directamente en los resultados funcionales.

ABSTRACT Populations of marine top predators have been sharply declining during the past decades, and one‐third of chondrichthyans are currently threatened with extinction. Sustainable management measures and conservation plans of large pelagic sharks require knowledge on population genetic differentiation and demographic connectivity. Here, we present the case of the Mediterranean blue shark (Prionace glauca, L. 1758), commonly found as bycatch in longline fisheries and classified by the IUCN as critically endangered. The management of this species suffers from a scarcity of data about population structure and connectivity within the Mediterranean Sea and between this basin and the adjacent Northeast Atlantic. Here, we assessed the genetic diversity and spatial structure of blue shark from different areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the Northeast Atlantic through genome scan analyses. Pairwise genetic differentiation estimates (FST) on 203 specimens genotyped at 14,713 ddRAD‐derived SNPs revealed subtle, yet significant, genetic differences within the Mediterranean sampling locations, and between the Mediterranean Sea and the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Genetic differentiation suggests some degree of demographic independence between the Western and Eastern Mediterranean blue shark populations. Furthermore, results show limited genetic connectivity between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic basins, supporting the hypothesis of two distinct populations of blue shark separated by the Strait of Gibraltar. Although reproductive interactions may be limited, the faint genetic signal of differentiation suggests a recent common history between these units. Therefore, Mediterranean blue sharks may function akin to a metapopulation relying upon local demographic processes and connectivity dynamics, whereby the limited contemporary gene flow replenishment from the Atlantic may interplay with currently poorly regulated commercial catches and large‐scale ecosystem changes. Altogether, these results emphasise the need for revising management delineations applied to these critically endangered sharks.

Abstract Despite advancements in treating metastatic melanoma, many patients exhibit resistance to targeted therapies. Our study focuses on ATP1A1, a sodium pump subunit associated with cancer development. We aimed to assess ATP1A1 prognostic value in melanoma patients and examine the impact of its ligand, bufalin, on melanoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. High ATP1A1 expression (IHC) correlated with reduced overall survival in melanoma patients. Resistance to BRAF inhibitor was linked to elevated ATP1A1 levels in patient biopsies (IHC, qPCR) and cell lines (Western blot, qPCR). Additionally, high ATP1A1 mRNA expression positively correlated with differentiation/pigmentation markers based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases and Verfaillie proliferative gene signature analysis. Bufalin specifically targeted ATP1A1 in caveolae, (proximity ligation assay) and influenced Src phosphorylation (Western blot), thereby disrupting multiple signaling pathways (phosphokinase array). In vitro, bufalin induced apoptosis in melanoma cell lines by acting on ATP1A1 (siRNA experiments) and, in vivo, significantly impeded melanoma growth using a nude mouse xenograft model with continuous bufalin delivery via an osmotic pump. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that ATP1A1 could serve as a prognostic marker for patient survival and a predictive marker for response to BRAF inhibitor therapy. By targeting ATP1A1, bufalin inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis in vitro, and effectively suppressed tumor development in mice. Thus, our findings strongly support ATP1A1 as a promising therapeutic target, with bufalin as a potential agent to disrupt its tumor-promoting activity.

Abstract Winter Storm Uri was a disaster that impacted much of the United States during February of 2021. During and after the storm, Texas and Oklahoma experienced massive power grid failures. This led to cascading impacts, including water system disruptions and many boil water notices (BWNs). The breakdown of some communication channels and the inability to enact protective actions due to power outages, as well as travel limitations on public roads, complicated the dissemination and implementation of notifications. This research examined individuals’ perceptions of risk, water quality, and BWNs during Uri. Additionally, this study sought to understand if previous experience with a BWN influenced compliance during Uri and how perceived efficacy impacted these variables. Surveying 893 Texans and Oklahomans revealed that most Uri-affected respondents believed the risks associated with BWNs were severe. Income and race were two factors that influenced BWN compliance. Age, gender, and level of education did not influence compliance. Previous experience with BWNs did not increase risk perceptions. Higher levels of perceived efficacy correlated to higher levels of compliance, perceptions of risk, and water quality, much of which support propositions of the Extended Parallel Process Model. Results suggest that pre-disaster planning and communication are imperative to helping reduce risk(s) and enhancing efficacy during a disaster, especially for novel disasters that have cascading risks, like Winter Storm Uri.

In this study, we propose a method for assessing the temporal and spatial distribution of Carcharhinus melanopterus in shallow waters using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Aerial surveys were conducted in Tien Og Bay (Koh Tao, Thailand) thrice daily (morning, afternoon, evening) along a 360 m transect at a 30 m altitude. Environmental factors, including cloudiness, sea conditions, wind, tide, and anthropogenic disturbance, were recorded for each time slot. We developed a Python/AppleScript application to facilitate individual counting, correlating sightings with GPS data and measuring pixel-based length. Abundance varied significantly across time slots (p < 0.001), with a strong morning preference, and was influenced by tide (p = 0.040), favoring low tide. Additionally, abundance related to anthropogenic disturbance (p = 0.048), being higher when anthropogenic activity was absent. Spatial distribution analysis indicated time-related, sector-based abundance differences (p < 0.001). Pixel-based length was converted to Total Length, identifying juveniles. They exhibited a strong sector preference (p < 0.001) irrespective of the time of day. Juvenile abundance remained relatively stable throughout the day, constituting 94.1% of afternoon observations. Between 2020 and 2022, an underwater video survey was conducted to determine the sex ratio of the individuals. Only females and juveniles were sighted in the bay.

Cartilaginous fish face significant threats due to overfishing and slow reproductive rates, leading to rapid declines in their populations globally. Traditional capture-based surveys, while valuable for gathering ecological information, pose risks to the health and survival of these species. Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems (BRUVS) offer a non-invasive alternative, allowing for standardized surveys across various habitats with minimal disturbance to marine life. This study presents a comprehensive review of BRUVS applications in studying cartilaginous fish, examining 81 peer-reviewed papers spanning from 1990 to 2023. The analysis reveals a significant increase in BRUVS usage over the past three decades, particularly in Australia, South Africa, and Central America. The most common BRUVS configurations include benthic setups, mono-camera systems, and the use of fish from the Clupeidae and Scombridae families as bait. BRUVS have been instrumental in studying 195 chondrichthyan species, providing insights into up to thirteen different aspects of the life histories. Moreover, BRUVS facilitate the monitoring of endangered and data-deficient species, contributing crucial data for conservation efforts. Overall, this study underscores the value of BRUVS as a powerful tool for studying and conserving cartilaginous fish populations worldwide.

Abstract Background Hotspots of intraspecific genetic diversity represent invaluable resources for species to cope with environmental changes, and their identification is increasingly recognized as a major goal of conservation ecology research. However, even for iconic and endangered species, conservation strategies are often planned without thorough information on the geographic patterns of genetic variation. Here, we investigated the spatial patterns of genetic variation of the endangered Hermann’s tortoise Testudo hermanni in the Italian Peninsula by genotyping 174 individuals at 7 microsatellite loci, with the aim to contribute to planning effective conservation strategies. Results Ordination-based and Bayesian clustering analyses consistently identified three main genetic clusters, one spread in the central and northern part of the peninsula, and two restricted to southern Italy and Sicily, respectively. The highest levels of genetic diversity were found in populations of the southern cluster and, in particular, at the northern edges of its distribution (He > 0.6, Ar > 2.8 ), that correspond to areas of putative secondary contact and admixture between distinct lineages. Our results clearly identify a hotspot of genetic diversity for the Hermann’s tortoise in southern Italy. Conclusion We inferred the evolutionary history and the spatial patterns of genetic variation of the Hermann’s tortoise in the Italian Peninsula. We identified three main genetic clusters along the peninsula and a hotspot of intraspecific diversity in southern Italy. Our results underline the urgent need for conservation actions to warrant the long-term persistence of viable tortoise populations in this area. Furthrmore, these data add further evidence to the role of southern Italy as a biodiversity hotspot for temperate fauna, claiming for higher consideration of this area in large scale conservation programs.

Half a century after the appearance of the celebrated paper by Serrin about overdetermined boundary value problems in potential theory and related symmetry properties, we reconsider semilinear polyharmonic equations under Dirichlet boundary conditions in the unit ball of $ \mathbb{R}^{n} $. We discuss radial properties (symmetry and monotonicity) of positive solutions of such equations and we show that, in conformal dimensions, the associated Green function satisfies elegant reflection and symmetry properties related to a suitable Kelvin transform (inversion about a sphere). This yields an alternative formula for computing the partial derivatives of solutions of polyharmonic problems. Moreover, it gives some hints on how to modify a counterexample by Sweers where radial monotonicity fails: we numerically recover strict radial monotonicity for the biharmonic equation in the unit ball of $ \mathbb{R}^{4} $.

Due to their late maturation, extreme longevity, low fecundity and slow growth rates, deep-sea Chondrichthyes are extremely vulnerable to human impacts. Moreover, assessing the impact of deep-sea fisheries is difficult, as many species (including sharks) are part of the bycatch and are often discarded at sea, and/or landed under generic commercial-species codes. The lack of this information on fishery data sets and the limited availability of species-specific life history data make challenging the management of deep-sea Chondrichthyes. The kitefin shark Dalatias licha is a cosmopolitan elasmobranch, mainly found on continental and insular shelf-breaks and slopes in warm-temperate and tropical waters. This species is a common by-catch of the deep-sea trawling, considered as “Endangered” by the IUCN Red List for all European waters, Mediterranean Sea included. Here we present the results of a study based on a total of 78 specimens of kitefin shark collected over 3 years in the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean) as by-catch from deep-water fisheries. Total length ranged from 380 to 1164 mm, and individual weight ranged from 198 to 8000 g. Immature and mature individuals showed a sex ratio dominated by males. Adult males were observed throughout the year, while mature females were observed only in spring-summer. These data lead to hypothesise a spatial segregation between genders. The kitefin shark diet was dominated by bony fish (mainly Macrouridae) and other small sharks (e.g., Galeus melastomus and Etmopterus spinax), but their gut included plastic items and parasites. Data reported here underline the rarity, complex ecology and the threat for this shark species and support the urgency of promoting initiatives for their monitoring and conservation.

Our knowledge regarding the role of the microbiome in fish health has been steadily increasing in the last decade, especially for species of commercial interest. Conversely, relatively few studies focus on the microbiomes of wild fish, especially apex predators like sharks, due to lower economic interest and greater difficulty in obtaining samples. Studies investigating microbiome differences between diverse anatomical locations of sharks are limited, and the majority of the available studies are focused on the microbial diversity present on shark teeth, with the aim of preventing infections due to bites of these animals or evaluating the presence of certain pathogens in healthy or diseased specimens. Here, we investigated the skin, mouth, gills, and cloaca microbiomes of five individuals of two phylogenetically distant species of sharks (Prionace glauca and Somniosus rostratus) to obtain a better understanding of the diversity regarding the microbiomes of these animals, how they change throughout different body parts, and how much they are influenced and determined by the ecology and evolutionary relationship between host and microbiome. To confirm the taxonomy of the sharks under study, we barcoded the specimens by sequencing the mtDNA COI from a biopsy of their skin. Microbial diversity based on the 16S rRNA gene reveals that partially overlapping microbiomes inhabit different body parts of each shark species, while the communities are distinct between the two species. Our results suggest that sharks’ microbiome species-specific differences are controlled by the ecology of the shark species. This is the first study comparatively analyzing the microbiome diversity of different anatomical locations in two shark species of the Mediterranean Sea.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las distintas opciones de tratamiento. Se realizó una encuesta virtual a diferentes traumatólogos especialistas en pierna y pie, sobre el tratamiento de la fascitis plantar. Los resultados fueron variados, lo que demuestra que no hay una respuesta concreta ante el tratamiento crónico. Conclusiones: La fascitis plantar es un cuadro doloroso frecuente. Su origen es desconocido, pero está relacionada con múltiples factores. Se han recomendado muchas modalidades terapéuticas, como fármacos, fisioterapia, ortesis y cirugía, pero no existe un estudio que analice la eficacia de cada una de ellas por separado ni que confirme categóricamente su utilidad.

Introducción: Las fracturas del cuello del astrágalo son infrecuentes, pero la tasa de complicaciones y reintervenciones es alta. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar y describir las complicaciones a mediano y largo plazo en 20 pacientes con fractura del cuello del astrágalo. Nuestra hipótesis fue que, en las lesiones graves, la reducción abierta y fijación interna genera una tasa alta de complicaciones que requerirán de nuevas intervenciones quirúrgicas. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluó a 20 pacientes con fractura del cuello del astrágalo: 6 Hawkins II (29%), 11 Hawkins III (52%) y 3 Hawkins IV (19%). El seguimiento promedio fue de 11 años. Se analizaron el tipo de fractura (simple o conminuta), las lesiones asociadas, las complicaciones y la necesidad o no de un nuevo procedimiento quirúrgico. Resultados: Once pacientes (55%) tenían lesiones asociadas y 14 (70%), conminución en el trazo de fractura. Quince (75%) sufrieron complicaciones. Nueve (45%) requirieron una segunda intervención para tratar la complicación. Conclusiones: Los factores más relacionados con el desarrollo de complicaciones y la necesidad de una nueva intervención son: conminución en el trazo de fractura, lesiones asociadas en el miembro inferior homolateral, fracturas tipos III y IV de Hawkins, y fracturas expuestas. Creemos que, en las lesiones graves del cuello del astrágalo (tipos III y IV de Hawkins) con uno o más de estos factores, la artrodesis primaria podría disminuir el riesgo de complicaciones y de nuevas cirugías, y acortar el tiempo de recuperación de los pacientes.

Climate and land cover changes are the two most important stressors causing the decline of amphibians’ populations worldwide. Within the Mediterranean area, one of the global biodiversity hotspots, the endemic Italian yellow-bellied toad (Bombina pachypus) suffered the same fate, as the decreases and local extinctions proved over time. Since the need to preserve this Apennine endemic species is evident, we take advantage of a novel approach combining climate-based ecological niche models and post-modelling GIS techniques (i.e., the weighted overlay framework) to produce finer species distribution models for B. pachypus. In doing so, we coupled climate variables with topographic-, hydrologic-, and habitat-related predictors, sharpening the potential species’ distribution at its whole range scale. Our findings show a latitudinal subdivision in predicted suitability: Central Apennines populations are expected to suffer more than the Northern ones, with considerable potential future losses of genetic diversity. On the contrary, Southern Apennines’ suitability is predicted to remain stable over time, preserving the vast diversity. When assessing the coverage that protected areas offer to the locations of suitable habitats for B. pachypus, the protected sites of the Central Apennines result in slightly less suitable conservation areas than those in the Northern and Southern Apennines. The overall protected areas coverage is currently low (∼20%) and predicted in the future to narrow towards medium suitability values, except in Southern Apennines, where an increase is inferred. In light of our spatially-explicit results, we suggest that a national-scale conservation strategy should consider different management options according to the sub-territories that our analyses highlighted. Our coupled “weighted modelling – spatialised genetic inference” approach permits us to support different conservation policies at all spatial scales, capitalising on relatively few input data. Also, in-depth spatial analyses should be performed to support effective protection strategies and management for the conservation stakeholders.

Environmental pollution, particularly in the marine environment, has become a significant concern due to the increasing presence of pollutants and their adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. This study focuses on the bioaccumulation of trace elements in the muscle tissue of the blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus) from different areas in the Mediterranean Sea. Trace elements are of interest due to their persistence, toxicity, and potential for bioaccumulation. This research aims to assess the distribution and accumulation of trace elements in the muscle tissue of G. melastomus and investigate their potential impact on the deep-sea environment of the Mediterranean. The focused areas include the Ligurian Sea, the northern and central Tyrrhenian Sea, the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, the Ionian Sea, the Pantelleria Waters, and the Gela Waters. Samples were collected following established protocols, and trace element analysis was conducted using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The study provides data on the concentrations of 17 trace elements, namely aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, zinc, selenium, strontium, lead, chromium, iron, barium, bismuth, and uranium. The findings contribute to a better understanding of trace element bioaccumulation patterns in elasmobranch species, specifically G. melastomus, and highlight the potential risks associated with chemical contamination in the Mediterranean Sea. This research emphasizes the importance of studying the impacts of pollutants on marine organisms, particularly those occupying key ecological roles, like sharks, to support effective conservation and management strategies.

The white shark Carcharodon carcharias has been present in the Mediterranean Sea since 3.2 million years ago. Nevertheless, the current population shows a low genetic variability suggesting an endangered small population, on which there is scarce information regarding ecotoxicology or trophic ecology. Given that white shark’s sightings are rare in the Mediterranean and the possibility of obtaining samples is highly limited, the aim of this research was to provide general information regarding the concentration of trace elements and stable isotopes (δ15N and δ13C). Laboratory analyses were performed on 18 and 12 subsamples from two different white sharks’ vertebrae obtained from two adult specimens caught in 1987, in Favignana Island, Italy. Perforations were made along the vertebrae to describe both trace elements and stable isotopes at different life stages. A total of 38 trace elements were analysed, in which the highest concentrations were found in Fe, Sr, U, Pb, and Zn. The fluctuations of these elements during the ontogeny of both individuals could have been related to changes in diet and environment, although the specific origin remains unknown. Regarding stable isotopes, the vertebrae from the male showed an isotopic range from 9.6‰ to 10.8‰ (δ15N) and from −16.5‰ to −13.0‰ (δ13C) with a mean ± SD value of 10.3 ± 0.4‰ for δ15N and −14.6 ± 1.3‰ for δ13C; whereas the female vertebrae had an isotopic range from 9.8‰ to 11.1‰ (δ15N) and from −16.9‰ to −15.0‰ (δ13C), with a mean ± SD value of 10.8 ± 0.6‰ for δ15N and −15.8 ± 0.8‰ for δ13C. There were no significant δ15N differences (U = 6, p = 0.07346) between the two individuals. However, there were just significant differences in δ13C (t = −1.8, p = 0.049256), which could suggest sexual segregation in terms of habitat use and feeding habits.

The epigenome orchestrates genome accessibility, functionality, and three-dimensional structure. Because epigenetic variation can impact transcription and thus phenotypes, it may contribute to adaptation. Here, we report 1,107 high-quality single-base resolution methylomes and 1,203 transcriptomes from the 1001 Genomes collection of Arabidopsis thaliana. Although the genetic basis of methylation variation is highly complex, geographic origin is a major predictor of genome-wide DNA methylation levels and of altered gene expression caused by epialleles. Comparison to cistrome and epicistrome datasets identifies associations between transcription factor binding sites, methylation, nucleotide variation, and co-expression modules. Physical maps for nine of the most diverse genomes reveal how transposons and other structural variants shape the epigenome, with dramatic effects on immunity genes. The 1001 Epigenomes Project provides a comprehensive resource for understanding how variation in DNA methylation contributes to molecular and non-molecular phenotypes in natural populations of the most studied model plant.

Abstract Background Endometrial carcinoma is one of the most common female cancers in developed countries. Disease stage is associated with the risk of disease relapse after radical treatment. Typically, the risk of disease relapse peaks at 3 years from local radical treatment and then diminishes over time, so that late relapses (i.e., from year 5 afterward) are extremely infrequent. Here, we report two cases of women with endometrial cancer who developed a disease relapse more than 15 years after radical treatment. A review of the literature revealed other seven reports of women with relapse from endometrial cancer occurring more than 10 years after radical treatment. Case presentation Case report 1 is a 56-year-old woman with an endometrioid cancer who underwent a hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in 1998. She relapsed in the lung in 2014, 16 years from radical surgery. Case report 2, a 75-year-old woman, with an endometrioid cancer, was treated by hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy. The disease relapse in the lung was detected in 2019, 22 years from radical treatment. Conclusion Although guidelines do not support oncological follow-up beyond 5 years from surgery, oncologists should consider late recurrence of endometrial carcinoma in the differential diagnosis of women presenting with metastases of uncertain origin and prior history of this disease.

Knowledge about the social behavior of sharks is a growing research field, but not many observations are available on the social interactions between pairs of sharks in the presence of passive surface bait and mainly related to aggregations. Between 2009 and 2018, in Gansbaai, South Africa, 415 white sharks were sighted, and 525 surface-generated social interactions were identified, exhibited by 169 different white sharks. The mean sighting rate was 0.91 (range 0.18–1.53) white sharks per hour. Eight patterns of social interaction were exhibited: swim by, parallel swim, follow/give way, follow, give way, stand back, splash fights, and piggyback. Non-random interactions occurred when pairs of specimens approached the passive surface bait, confirming that the white sharks made a real choice, showing a dominance hierarchy during the ten years of data collection. Evidence of non-random social interactions in the surface behavior of bait-attracted white sharks Carcharodon carcharias in Gansbaai’s transient population was the goal of this research.

Galeus melastomus is the most common Pentanchidae in the Mediterranean Sea. A scavenger and opportunistic feeder, and despite the wide distribution, little is known about its feeding habits in Italian waters. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the diet of the blackmouth catshark by analysing the stomach contents. The specimens analysed were obtained from five populations of the Tyrrhenian and of the Ionian Seas, collected from a depth between 40 and 700 m. A total of 259 stomachs were analysed. The stomach contents were grouped into macro-categories and identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Crustaceans such as Parapenaeus longirostris, the Cephalopods Heteroteuthis dispar and Onychoteuthis banksii, and Osteichthyes, mostly Myctophidae, were identified. Plastic debris was also found among the stomach contents and classified according to its colour and shape. Osteichthyes represent the most abundant item (44%), above all the Myctophidae family, except for the catshark population from Tuscany, in which the most frequent species were Cephalopods, such as Abralia veranyi and Heteroteuthis dispar. Differences in the plastic debris contents were also observed between the Tuscany population and other populations. These could be explained as a probable consequence of the different depths at which the blackmouth catshark populations were sampled.

Marine pollution, due to the regular discharge of contaminants by various anthropogenic sources, is a growing problem that imposes detrimental influences on natural species. Sharks, because of a diet based on smaller polluted animals, are exposed to the risk of water contamination and the subsequent bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Trace elements are very diffuse water pollutants and able to induce oxidative stress in a variety of marine organisms. However, to date, studies on sharks are rather scarce and often limited to mercury. In this context, the present study aimed to analyze the accumulation of trace elements and their putative correlation with the onset of an oxidative status in the muscle of the lesser spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula, from the Central Mediterranean Sea. Ecotoxicological analysis detected the presence of Pb, As, Cd, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Fe; no significant differences were observed between sexes, while a negative correlation was found between Pb and animal length. Analysis of oxidative stress markers showed either positive or negative correlation with respect to the presence of trace elements. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) positively correlated with Zn, Ni, and Fe; SOD enzyme activity negatively correlated with Cu and Ni; LDH was negatively correlated with Fe and positively correlated with Pb. Moreover, positive correlations between the leukocyte count and Mn and Zn, as well as with LDH activity, were also observed. The data suggested that, in sharks, trace elements accumulation may affect oxidant and antioxidant processes with important outcomes for their physiology and health.

Research on animal colouration has grown exponentially in the last decade thanks to multidisciplinary approaches. Most studies are focused on trade-offs between communication and mimicry, which represent the two main constraints and drivers of the evolution of body colourations. Reptiles are excellent model species for investigating this field of study and lizards in particular show great variability of body colourations and their functions. We studied the lizard Podarcis siculus, analysing the variations of dorsal colour of three populations and obtained clear patterns of seasonal and ontogenetical variation of dorsal colour. According to baseline colour, males were greener and brighter than females, although no difference in saturation was recorded. According to seasonal variations, analyses showed that both sexes significantly vary in colour over the year: males reached higher peaks of hue and saturation later than females during spring, while females showed higher peaks of brightness and reached earlier similarly to hue and saturation. Ontogenetic variations were recorded only in males, which become greener, less bright and saturated with growing size. Therefore, our results suggest the occurrence of two opposing strategies in colour expression between sexes: males’ dorsal colouration plays a major role in communication, while females are more crypsis-oriented.

The white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) is a charismatic species and, consequently, one of the most studied and protected sharks. This species can be found in a wide range of temperatures and depths, showing site fidelity and migrating across the oceans. This offers a challenge to understanding the processes influencing their lifecycle and, more importantly, assessing anthropogenic disturbances to their populations. These predators’ behaviour has been linked to diverse abiotic factors. Here, an ethological approach was used to understand the influence of environmental variables on white shark behaviour. A different environmental impact was found between the activity of females and males toward the bait. Females performed a higher number of behaviours under daylight, lower sea surface temperatures, short wavelets, clear and cloudy skies, under La Niña events, elevated moonlight and high tides. Males behaved with more complexity at dawn, medium sea surface temperatures, large wavelets, few clouds, high tides, and elevated moonlight. The world’s aquatic habitats are experiencing significant physiochemical shifts due to human-induced climate change. Knowledge about how white sharks respond to environmental factors is essential to guide management and conservation actions.

The influence of environmental factors on prey discrimination of bait-attracted white sharks was studied over a six-year period (2008–2013) at Dyer Island Nature Reserve (Gansbaai, South Africa). Across 240 bait-attracted feeding events observed in this period, both immature and mature white sharks were attracted by the seal-shaped decoy rather than the tuna bait, except for the years 2008 and 2011. Tide ranges, underwater visibility, water temperature, and sea conditions were, in decreasing order, the factors which drove white sharks to select the seal-shaped decoy. High tide lowered the minimum depth from which sharks could approach seals close to the shore, while extended visibility helped the sharks in making predatory choices towards the more energy-rich prey source, the odorless seal-shaped decoy. On the contrary, warmer water is associated with an increase in phytoplankton that reduces underwater visibility and increases the diversity of teleosts including tuna—a known prey of white sharks—driving the sharks to favor the tuna bait. Overall, sea conditions were almost always slightly rough, ensuring a good average underwater visibility. Recommendations for future research work at this site are presented.

Objective: The aim of this study is to present a series of 8 patients, describing their clinical picture and assessing their treatment using plantar approach. Methods: We retrospectively assessed 8 patients, all of which had a history of trauma. The clinical characteristics of these cases and postoperative results were investigated. Results: Seven men and 1 woman with a mean age of 29 years were included. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 28 months (mean 22 months). The deformity manifested from 5 to 24 months after the triggering injuries (mean 9.8 months). The hallux was the only digit affected in 1 patient, while the others presented with involvement of 1 or more small toes. There were no postoperative complications, and patients showed to be satisfied with functional outcomes. Conclusion: Post-traumatic digital flexion contracture is an infrequent disease of unknown etiology. Lengthening of the flexor hallucis longus using a plantar approach, whether at the level of the midfoot or the toe, represents an alternative with satisfactory outcomes. Level of Evidence IV; Therapeutic Study; Case Series.

We report the occurrence of the European Brook Lamprey, Lampetra planeri (Bloch, 1784), in the Lao river in the Calabria region (southern Italy). This record extends the species’ known distribution limit southwards. Information regarding some morphometric and ecological data are provided and discussed.

Parasitological, hematological, and ecotoxicological analyses were carried out on a population of lesser spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula from the central Mediterranean Sea. Parasitological analyses highlighted a poor helminthic community, highly dominated by a single taxon represented by the cestode Nybelinia sp. No differences in the parasitic load between females and males were observed. Hematological analyses showed that the number of leukocytes was significantly lower in the sharks that resulted in parasitism, and this could be due to the ability of some trace elements, such as arsenic, weakening the immune system and exposing animals to a higher risk of parasite infection, although further hematological and parasitological analyses are required on a larger number of samples. Trace elements analyses in the vertebrae, skin, and liver highlighted that the most abundant and potentially toxic elements were lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd). Other trace elements were also abundant, such as manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe). Pb, As, and Mn showed the highest concentrations in vertebrae, while Cd, Cu, and Zn were the highest in the liver, probably due to their concentration in the prey items of the sharks; Fe and Ni showed the highest concentrations in the skin, due to their presence in the water column, especially along the coast where animals were collected. The concentration of some trace elements analyzed in the vertebrae decreased with the growth of the sharks. These results confirm that elasmobranchs, being predators at the apex of the marine food chain, act as final receptors for a series of polluting elements regularly discharged into the sea.

Objective: To assess the involvement of the hallux interphalangeal (IP) joint after first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) arthrodesis and propose a treatment consisting of MTPJ resection arthroplasty associated with phalangeal osteotomy or IP joint arthrodesis. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 9 patients treated with MTPJ resection arthroplasty associated with phalangeal osteotomy or hallux IP joint arthrodesis from November 2006 to January 2017. Results: The main causes of MTPJ arthrodesis that subsequently evolved to IP involvement were severe hallux valgus and sequelae or complications of previous hallux valgus operations. Additionally, the reasons leading to rescue surgery were pain, deformity, and/or discomfort. Conclusion: This therapeutic modality is able to relieve symptoms by a simple procedure, with acceptable functional and esthetic results. Level of Evidence IV; Therapeutic Studies; Case Series.

Objective: To report our experience with intramedullary fixation and osteosynthesis of the tibia with suprapatellar approach and semiextended positioning. Methods: This study retrospectively assessed 6 patients with tibial fracture treated with suprapatellar intramedullary nail fixation and osteosynthesis from September 2015 to September 2018. Results: There was acceptable bone fixation. Mean healing time was 6 months (range: 4-10 months). Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analog scale, and the knee was divided into 9 quadrants to help locate the specific site of pain; all participants reported that pain was located at distal quadrants. Knee function was completely restored. Conclusion: Suprapatellar approach with the knee in the semiextended position is a good surgical technique for extra-articular proximal tibial fractures or those associated with soft tissue involvement at the conventional infrapatellar entry site. Thus, this analysis led us to believe that the technique should also be applicable to middle diaphyseal fractures or fractures in general, regardless of their location. Level of Evidence IV, Therapeutic Studies; Case Series.

Background: The world, and Italy on the front lines, has experienced a major medical emergency due to the novel coronavirus outbreak. Cancer patients are one of the potentially most vulnerable cohorts of people, but data about their management are still few.Patients and Methods: In this monocentric retrospective study we included all SARS-CoV-2 oncological patients accepted, between March 27th and April 19th 2020, at the Onco-COVID Unit at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, one of the few Italian oncological-COVID wards. Data were obtained from medical records.Results: Eighteen cancer patients with COVID-19 were included. The mean (±SD) age of patients was 67 ± 14 years, 89% were men. Seven (39%) developed infection in communities and 11 (61%) during hospitalization. Lung cancer was the most frequent type of cancer (10, 56%). Seven patients (39%) were symptomatic for COVID-19 at the time of diagnosis and symptoms began 2 (±2) days before. The most common were shortness of breath and diarrhea. Fever was present in 5 patients (28%). Among the 11 asymptomatic patients, 8 (73%) became symptomatic during the hospitalization (mean time of symptoms onset 4 days ±4). Six patients (33%) were on active anti-tumor treatment: 2 (33%) received anti-tumor therapy within 2 weeks before the infection diagnosis and 2 (33%) continued oncological treatment after SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Eight (44%) patients died within a mean of 12 days (±8) from the infection diagnosis.Conclusions: Our series confirms the high mortality among cancer patients with COVID-19. The presence of asymptomatic cases evidences that typical symptoms and fever are not the only parameters to suspect the infection. The Onco-Covid unit suggests the importance of a tailored and holistic approach, even in this difficult situation.

La displasia epifisaria hemimélica o enfermedad de Trevor es una deformidad osteocartilaginosa en la región epifisaria. Es poco frecuente y predomina en el sexo masculino. Se desarrolla en la infancia cuando los cartílagos de crecimiento están abiertos, y afecta principalmente el tobillo y la rodilla. Su origen es desconocido. Se presentan tres casos con distinto grado de compromiso y las alternativas terapéuticas. Un solo caso quirúrgico por equino irreductible. Se detallan la técnica quirúrgica, el manejo posoperatorio y el resultado de anatomía patológica. Se recomienda operar sólo a pacientes con alguna limitación funcional o severa deformidades por el alto índice de recidiva.

Background: Luteinized thecoma with sclerosing peritonitis (LTSP) is a very rare condition, and its clinical management is not evidence-based. Here we describe a case of long-term disease control achieved with leuprorelin and tamoxifen therapy. Case presentation: A 18-year-old woman with acute abdomen underwent surgical removal of an ovarian mass and received diagnosis of LTSP. Treatment plan consisted of leuprorelin and tamoxifen, followed by a good instrumental response. After 5 years, leuprorelin was stopped, and the patient continued tamoxifen alone. Ten years after diagnosis, she is still disease free. Conclusion: Even in the absence of solid evidence, the combination of leuprorelin and tamoxifen could be considered as a possible medical treatment of LTSP. Considering the limitations related to the rarity of disease, further studies are needed to improve its management. Keywords: Thecoma, Sclerosing, Peritonitis, Hormonal, Therapy, Ovary

Chondrichthyans are one of the most threatened marine taxa worldwide. This is also the case in the Mediterranean Sea, which is considered an extinction hotspot for rays and sharks. The central position of the Italian peninsula makes it an ideal location for studying the status and changes of this sea. There is a lack of biological, ecological and historical data when assessing shark populations, which is also highlighted in the Red List of Threatened Species compiled by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Historical data can provide important information to better understand how chondrichthyan populations have changed over time. This study aims to provide a clearer understanding of the changes in distribution and abundance of eight shark species in the Italian seas that are currently classified as at risk of extinction by the IUCN. In this respect, a bibliographic review was conducted on items from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, focusing on the selected species. The results show that all sharks were considered common until the beginning of the 20th century but have declined since, with a clear negative trend, mainly in the past 70 years. The strong local decline has been attributed to overexploitation, bycatch, habitat loss, depletion of prey items and environmental pollution. Furthermore, historical data also allow us to avoid the issue of a ‘shifting baseline’, in which contemporary abundances are assumed to be “normal”. Using historical data to further our knowledge of the marine environment is becoming increasingly common, and is fundamental in understanding human impact and evaluating mitigation measures to manage and conserve marine species and environments.

White sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, are often described as elusive, with little information available due to the logistical difficulties of studying large marine predators that make long-distance migrations across ocean basins. Increased understanding of aggregation patterns, combined with recent advances in technology have, however, facilitated a new breadth of studies revealing fresh insights into the biology and ecology of white sharks. Although we may no longer be able to refer to the white shark as a little-known, elusive species, there remain numerous key questions that warrant investigation and research focus. Although white sharks have separate populations, they seemingly share similar biological and ecological traits across their global distribution. Yet, white shark’s behavior and migratory patterns can widely differ, which makes formalizing similarities across its distribution challenging. Prioritization of research questions is important to maximize limited resources because white sharks are naturally low in abundance and play important regulatory roles in the ecosystem. Here, we consulted 43 white shark experts to identify these issues. The questions listed and developed here provide a global road map for future research on white sharks to advance progress toward key goals that are informed by the needs of the research community and resource managers.