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Phylloplane microflora – that included pathogenic fungi as well - changes with the age, variety and location of the crop. Application of fungicides affected the quantity and type of leaf exudates. Besides, fungicides also selectively eliminate the non-target microflora which might resulted in the disease pattern. Effect of fungicides viz., Ridomil MZ, Blitox-50 and Dithane M-45 on the phylloplane microflora of potato was studied. An initial drop of microflora population was observed in most fungicides’ treated plants. However, in all cases microbial population increased subsequently. The three fungicides affected microflora differently. Some of the resident fungal species were displaced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Maternal vitamin D status is important during pregnancy, as mother is the sole source of vitamin D substrate for her developing fetus. Maternal Vitamin D deficiency is associated with subtle fetal bone abnormalities, low birth weight and high risk of small gestational age. Material and Method: Upon ethical clearance, a randomized control study was conducted on 100 patients of 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy attending the Antenatal clinic of the department of Obs. and Gynaecology of RAMA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY Hospital, Kanpur. 5ml of centrifuged serum was used in COBAS E 411 under appropriate temperature for the detection of vitamin D by Chemiluminesence method. Result: A highly significant difference was obtained between II and III trimesters as well as I and III trimester . The levels of vitamin D were found to be highly decreased in 3rd trimester as compared to 1&2nd trimester of pregnancy. This can be explained by the fact that initially in the I trimester the vitamin D levels has to be synthesized more for the requirement in pregnancy. And as the pregnancy advances vitamin D level decreases, for the need of fetal growth. Conclusion: A statistically significant association was obtained between the Vitamin D levels of II vs III as well as III vs I trimester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

field experiment was carried out at Fertilizer Research Farm Uttari Pura, C. S. A. University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur during 2012 and 2013. The treatments consisted of three levels of nitrogen i. e. 60, 120 and 180 kg N/ha and S 20, 40 and 60 kg/ha along with two levels of Zn 5 and 10 kg/ha, respectively. Application of nitrogen, sulphur and zinc significantly increased grain and straw yield of rice up to 5 kg Zn, 40 kg S and 120 kg N/ha. The yield further increased with increasing levels of N, S and Zn but could not reach up to the level of significance. The maximum grain and straw yield of 61.38 and 86.58 q/ha was recorded at 180 kg N/ha. Application of 40 kg S/ha resulted in a substantial increase in grain and straw yield beyond this increase in yield was non-significant. Application of Zn substantially increased grain and straw yield and maximum grain and straw yield (56.55 and 79.16 q/ha) was recorded with 10 kg Zn/ha but significant increase was noted up to 5 kg Z/ha. The NPKS & Zn uptake increased significantly with the use of nitrogen, sulphur and zinc. Quality of rice like protein starch and amylose content increased with the use of sulphur and zinc and use of nitrogen increased protein and decreased amylose and starch content in rice grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LIPS (Library Information Processing System) which I have proposed during the study for my research. A library system contains books, authors, and users and many types of other materials. The Location in identified for books by a Class Number, authors by authors name, and user by a user name. To execute a query on any of these components the Management Software needs accumulated expression, formulae and rules. Therefore, semantics of an Object Oriented Database System schema greatly depends on the model theory of accumulated expression calculus. Moreover, an ODS schema involves recursive specification. Recursion arises with recursive rules as well as with recursive message definition. In order to uniquely define the semantics of such a schema the structure of models plays an important role. It has been shown during this discussion that for a restricted class of schema, the semantics can be uniquely specified. The intention of this article is to highlight the finding during our study on LIPS regarding the used expression, formulae and rules in the ODS schema. The approach used here is the least fixed-point approach of specification of semantics. In the following discussion we exclude formulae, which involves negation. Unless explicitly mentioned a formula is assumed to be free of negation. The utility of different features of algebra will be clear in subsequent sections when the tools developed here are used in describing the semantics for query processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A library system contains books, authors and users and many types of other material. For books, the location is identified by a Class Number, for author by an author' s name and for users by a users' name. Author and book is a one-to-many relationship whereas library and book is a many-to-many relationship. A library can hold many copies of a book, and a book can appear in many libraries. A book and a library enter into a relationship grouping by sharing a copy. This relationship instance has a cost attribute, which states how much the library paid for the book. Patron-library and user- to- book are many-to-many relationships. When a user borrows a book, the transaction creates an instance of the patron and book relationship and attaches a due date attribute to it. The intention of this article is to highlight the findings during our study on LIPS (Library Information Processing System) regarding the advancement of a conceptual framework for considering a fully integrated library automation system. Although due to the space we would limit the discussion to E-R model and Object Originated model, it is not asserted that what follows constitutes a complete framework, but rather an attempt to take a step towards the development of a framework. The motivation is both intellectual and pragmatic. At an intellectual level, there is curiosity about the nature of things and about how and why they work. At a pragmatic level, there is the incentive that a clearer theoretical understanding might bring about greater effectiveness in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serving library users requires a powerful, dependable information technology infrastructure. Its critical for all library operations. Open Industry-standard, Scalable, Modular, Web-enabled, Comprehensive - these are the hallmarks of an effective integrated library system. A Circulation Module deals with a library having the collection of materials which are primarily paper based. Libraries are very record- intensive: Not only is each title different but for many purposes, the records needed for library operations must necessarily be very concerned with individual copies of each title. A circulation system must know precisely which copy of which volume of which edition of which title has been borrowed by which borrower and when it is due. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a fairly rigorous analysis, a general characteristic equation for an annular step-index fiber with helical windings on the core-cladding boundaries was derived. We present the modal dispersion characteristics for some lower-order modes of this dielectric waveguide. We also use the variation of helix pitch angles of the windings and discuss their effect on the dispersion curves of the proposed waveguide. An important property, the presence of band gap, was found for some particular combinations of pitch angles. This may be attributed to the periodicity of the helical structure. We can say that pitch angle acts as a controlling factor for the propagation modes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 338–344, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10315 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first AlGaAsSb/InGaAsSb phototransistors with a cutoff wavelength (50% of peak responsivity) of 2.4 µm operating in a broad range of temperatures are reported. These devices are also the first AlGaAsSb/InGaAsSb heterojunction phototransistors (HPT) grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The new MBE-grown HPT exhibited both high responsivity R (up to 2334 A/W for λ=2.05 µm at-20°C) and specific detectivity D* (up to 2.1×1011 cmHz1/2/W for λ=2.05µm at -20°C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first AlGaAsSb/InGaAsSb phototransistors sensitive in the 2.0-2.1 mm spectral range are reported. These phototransistors exhibited both high gain and relatively low noise, and a record 2 μm detectivity of 3.9×1011 cmHz½/W was obtained at –20°C, which is equivalent to a noise-equivalent-power of 4.6×10-14 W/Hz½. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a diode-pumped, room-temperature Ho:Tm:YLF power oscillator with an optical-to-optical efficiency of 0.03. A Q -switched output energy of as much as 125 mJ at 6 Hz with a pulse width of 170 ns was obtained. Single-frequency, nearly transform-limited operation of the laser was achieved by injection seeding. Laser performance as a function of laser rod temperature and pump intensity was also investigated. The high power and high beam quality of this laser make it well suited for use as a coherent wind lidar transmitter on a space platform.

Glial cells in the brain are known to provide structural and functional supports to neurons. To sustain such a supportive role, they have developed cell-to-cell communicating gap junctional channels. The authors studied the effect of dbcAMP on gap junctional channels mediated communication in C6 cells, a rat glioma cell line. Quantitative assessment of coupled cells under microscope after microinjection of a fluorescent dye was taken as a measure of junctional permeability. An enhanced coupling between cells was observed following dbcAMP treatment and this elevated coupling was found to be dependent on the duration of exposure of cells to dbcAMP. The studies have focused on a subtle shift in the spatial organization of the functional channels to the processes of dbcAMP induced differentiated cells from the cell cytoplasms and membranes of dbcAMP untreated cells. Immunofluorescence study with affinity purified antibody against gap junction further confirmed the spatial distribution of gap junctional protein(s) in the processes and also showed an increase in the density of the protein at the intercellular spaces in dbcAMP induced differentiated C6 glioma cells.

The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center stratospheric ozone lidar system has the capability of collecting both Rayleigh -Mie and Raman backscatter data simultaneously at a number of wavelengths. Here we report on an improved method by which temperature can be derived from a combination of the Rayleigh -Mie return at 351-nm lidar channels and the Raman nitrogen return at 382-nm lidar channels. We also examine some common techniques by which temperatures are retrieved from lidar data. Finally, we show results obtained in 1995 during two Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change intercomparison campaigns at Lauder, New Zealand and Mauna Loa, Hawaii.

Assembly of polyribosomes is the ubiquitous manifestation of the activation of translational machinery in cells. This is accompanied by a concomitant appearance of mRNAs either from an activation of pre-existing ribo-nucleoprotein particles (RNP) or from newly synthesized transcripts. The size-distributions of polyribosomes as inferred from their sedimentation profiles are essentially defined by various kinetic parameters responsible for continuous flux of ribosomes due to their recycling between the "free" and the "bound" states. In the theoretical analysis presented here the time-evolution of polyribosomes and their sustenance in the steady state is considered as a Markovian process with the states of mRNAs defined as the number of ribosomes attached. Expressions for the elements of one-step transition matrix as a function of kinetic parameters related to the initiation, translocation and the release of ribosomes and the size of mRNA are derived. The latter is shown to be relevant only in so far as it sets an upper limit to the size of polyribosomes. Implications of transient arrest of ribosomes at the initiation site as envisaged in the signal hypothesis for the synthesis of secretory proteins and the putative role of receptor-mediated post-translational transport of proteins have been examined. Results of computer simulations on model systems have focussed attention on the diverse types of profiles that may appear under varying physiological conditions.

Improvements made to the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Stratospheric Ozone Lidar system have extended its atmospheric-aerosol-measuring capabilities. The methods by which aerosol-scattering ratio, aerosol backscatter, and aerosol extinction are simultaneously derived from lidar data are reported, and results obtained during several intercomparison campaigns at worldwide locations are shown. The results track the evolution of the Mt. Pinatubo aerosol cloud from 1991 to 1994 and report wavelength-dependence information for aerosol backscatter between 308 and 351 nm. Two analysis techniques, a more common inversion method and a combined elastic-Raman-backscatter approach, are also compared.

We examine the functioning of isolated rat liver gap junction protein after reconstituting into unilamellar liposomes with the help of fluorescence-efflux assay. Monitoring of the dequenching of a fluorescence marker 5, (6) CF due to its efflux from proteoliposomes into extra-liposomal space via its passage through reconstituted gap junctional channels has been performed. The efflux of dye from intra-liposomal to extra-liposomal compartment (both final release or Feq and initial rate or IR) was found dependent on gap junction concentrations. The opening and closing of reconstituted gap junctional channels were found influenced by pH and osmolarity of the extra-liposomal solution.

A device with a high degree of precision is described for the transplantation of single identified cells in specified regions of the host brain. It consists of two co-centric micropipettes where the inner pipette, functioning as a plunger, is used to drive the cells contained near the tip of the outer pipette into the host. The use of a pre-calibrated micrometer to control the movement of the inner pipette obviates the need of visual monitoring for successful transplantation.

We report water-vapor absorption line measurements that are made by using the first Stokes radiation (930-982 nm) with HWHM 0.015 cm(-1) generated by a narrow-linewidth, tunable dye laser. Forty-five absorption line strengths are measured with an uncertainty of 6% and among them are fourteen strong lines that are compared with previous measurements for the assessment of spectral purity of the light source. Thirty air-broadened linewidths are measured with 8% uncertainty at ambient atmospheric pressure with an average of 0.101 cm(-1). The lines are selected for the purpose of temperature-sensitive or temperature-insensitive lidar measurements. Results for these line strengths and linewidths are corrected for broadband radiation and finite laser linewidth (0.015 cm(-1) HWHM) broadening effects and compared with the high-resolution transmission molecular absorption.

Analyses of spectrophotometric measurements of shrinkage and swelling of liposomes under osmotic-diffusional stress tacitly assume an 'empirical' inverse relationship between the absorbance (A) and the liposomal volume (v). In this paper, we have proposed an alternate more explicit relationship: A = EcL e - alpha Lv/1-Lv where L is liposomal concentration, Ec the extinction coefficient and alpha a dimensionless parameter. The exponential term, in essence, defines the partitioning of aqueous volume into intra- and extra-liposomal compartments. Experimental data obtained with glycerol as model compound are used to test the validity and internal consistency of the proposed formalism.

We report experimental results of multiple Stokes generation of a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser in H(2), D(2), and CH(4) in a focusing geometry. The energies at four Stokes orders were measured as functions of pump energy and gas pressure. The characteristics of the Stokes radiation generated in these gases are compared for optical production of multiple wavelengths. The competition between Raman components is analyzed in terms of cascade Raman scattering and four-wave mixing. The results indicate the possibility of using these generation processes for atmospheric aerosol measurements by means of multiwavelength lidar systems. Also this study distinguishes between the gases, as regards the tendency to produce several wavelengths (H(2), D(2)) versus the preference to produce mainly first Stokes radiation (CH(4)).

We describe an efficient Raman shifted dye laser system that generates tunable radiation at 765 and 940 nm with a bandwidth of 0.03 cm(-1). Operating a Raman cell at hydrogen pressure below 14 atm, we recorded optimum first Stokes energy conversions of 45% and of 37% at 765 and 940 nm, respectively. Optical depth measurements made at the centers of twenty-five absorption lines in the P branch of the oxygen A band imply a high spectral purity for both the laser and the Raman shifted radiation, and thus indicate the feasibility of using the stimulated Raman scattered radiation for differential absorption lidar (DIAL) measurements.

For improved DIAL measurements of water vapor in the upper troposphere or lower stratosphere, we have generated narrowband (~0.03-cm(-1)) laser radiation at 720- and 940-nm wavelengths by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) using the narrow linewidth (~0.02-cm(-1)) output of a Nd:YAG-pumped dye laser. For a hydrogen pressure of 350 psi, the first Stokes conversion efficiencies to 940 nm were 20% and 35% when using a conventional and waveguide Raman cell, respectively. We measured the linewidth of the first Stokes line at high cell pressures and inferred collisional broadening coefficients that agree well with those previously measured in spontaneous Raman scattering.