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Although living in diverse communities can affect socio-political views, studies rarely--if ever--assess mediators of the relationship between macro-level diversity and individual-level intergroup attitudes. According to the Dual Process Model of Ideology and Prejudice, community-level diversity should correlate negatively with right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) by reducing dangerous and competitive worldviews, respectively. Study 1 examined these hypotheses using a nationwide random sample of New Zealand Europeans (N = 11,007) nested in 254 communities. As hypothesised, community-level diversity had specific negative indirect effects on between-level variability in RWA and SDO via reductions in dangerous and competitive worldviews, respectively. Study 2 pursued a longitudinal follow-up (N = 9,355) and showed that dangerous and competitive worldviews predicted increases in RWA and SDO (respectively) a year later. Collectively, these results demonstrate that living in diverse communities can improve intergroup attitudes by reducing perceptions that the world is a dangerous and competitive place. Keywords: Dual Process Model, Social Dominance, Authoritarianism, Diversity, Worldviews, Multilevel Modelling, INTRODUCTION 'When Mexico... sends its people... they're sending people that [sic] have lots of problems, and they're bringing those problems to us. They're bringing drugs. They're bringing crime. They're rapists. [...]

Longitudinal studies into the relationship between affect (positive or negative feelings) towards one's own ethnic group and wellbeing are rare, particularly for Indigenous peoples. In this paper, we test the longitudinal effects of in-group warmth (a measure of ethnic identity affect) and ethnic identity centrality on three wellbeing measures for New Zealand Maori: life satisfaction (LS), self-esteem (SE), and personal wellbeing (PW). Longitudinal panel data collected from Maori (N = 3803) aged 18 or over throughout seven annual assessments (2009-2015) in the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study were analyzed using latent trajectory models with structured residuals to examine cross-lagged within-person effects. Higher in-group warmth towards Maori predicted increases in all three wellbeing measures, even more strongly than ethnic identity centrality. Bi-directionally, PW and SE predicted increased in-group warmth, and SE predicted ethnic identification. Further, in sample-level (between-person) trends, LS and PW rose, but ethnic identity centrality interestingly declined over time. This is the first large-scale longitudinal study showing a strong relationship between positive affect towards one's Indigenous ethnic group and wellbeing. Efforts at cultural recovery and restoration have been a deliberate protective response to colonization, but among Maori, enculturation and access to traditional cultural knowledge varies widely. The data reported here underline the role of ethnic identity affect as an important dimension of wellbeing and call for continued research into the role of this dimension of ethnic identity for Indigenous peoples., Author(s): Carla Houkamau [sup.1] , Petar Milojev [sup.2] , Lara Greaves [sup.3] , Kiri Dell [sup.1] , Chris G Sibley [sup.2] , Jean Phinney [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.9654.e, 0000 [...]

In this study we decomposed New Zealanders' support for the National and Labour parties from 2011-2020 by examining the within-person trajectories of change in party support over (and annually within) three consecutive election cycles. To do so, we applied latent class growth curve modelling to nine waves of the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study, a large annual probability survey of New Zealand adults (N = 5,213). We identified a Core National class (50.5%), who tended to consistently support National but oppose Labour, and a Core Labour class (39.1%), who consistently supported Labour but opposed National. The Switcher class (10.4%), who initially preferred National over Labour, depolarized during each election cycle before reversing support for the parties completely from 2017-2020. Switchers had unique characteristics compared to the core supporter classes, including higher levels of openness to experience. These findings add to understandings of how party support changes and for whom. Keywords: Electoral volatility, New Zealand; Partisanship; Polarization; Elections, Introduction Partisanship and polarization are enduring topics in political research. Notably, these concepts emphasise stable and persistent party attachments paired with growing opposition to political out-parties (Iyengar et al. 2012). [...]

Research on area-level deprivation has yet to illuminate how the macro-level context affects individual-level measures of ideologies that justify inequality. The current study addressed this oversight by investigating the associations different forms of area-level deprivation have with system-justifying beliefs and whether these associations, in turn, predict support for (or opposition to) collective action. Using a nationwide random sample of New Zealand adults (N = 45,354), results reveal that area-level deprivation in Employment, Income and Housing correlated negatively, whereas area-level deprivation in Education and Access correlated positively, with individual-level measures of system justification. Moreover, these different domains of area-level deprivation had indirect effects on collective action support via system justification. The implications of these results for understanding how and when people respond to macro-level inequality are discussed. Keywords: Area-level deprivation, System justification, Collective action support, Responses to Inequality, INTRODUCTION In an age of rising inequality and poverty, the association between deprivation and poor health and social outcomes is unequivocal (Adams et al., 2009; Atkinson et al., 2014; Osborne [...]

: Objective: We investigated the characteristics of loneliness by identifying distinct ‘profiles’ of loneliness and investigating transitions between those loneliness profiles over two years. Method: We conducted Latent Transition Analyses on two years of data from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (N=15,820) and modelled how people's health and age were associated with changes in profile membership. Results: Four loneliness profiles emerged: ‘low‐loneliness’ (58% of the sample), ‘high‐loneliness’ (5%), ‘appreciated outsiders’ (28%; perceived acceptance from others but felt like social outsiders), and ‘superficially connected’ (9%; lacked acceptance from others but felt socially included). Profile membership was relatively stable over time and transitions were most likely from higher to lower loneliness. Younger people and people reporting poorer health were more likely to transition into profiles with greater loneliness indicators. Conclusions: Findings replicated a four‐profile pattern of loneliness, supported the theorised ‘trait‐like’ structure of loneliness and identified the possibility that moderate states of loneliness are transitional states into/from low and high loneliness. Implications for public health: The stability of loneliness across years reiterates the need for societal interventions, particularly interventions that are adaptive to whether people's loneliness forms as a lack of acceptance/value or a lack of social inclusion., Loneliness is the social pain or aversive feeling of longing that occurs when people's perceived relationship experiences fall short of their desires for relationships.[sup.1-4] Specifically, a person's felt loneliness is [...]

This study presents the Broad Inventory of Specific Life Events (BISLE), a comprehensive inventory and coding schedule that categorizes a far wider range of life events occurring in the past year than those covered in previous inventories. The BISLE uses a checklist of select probe events combined with a coding scheme for qualified responses to an open-ended question capturing the broad range of other events people perceive as being important to them in the past year. We demonstrate the utility of the BISLE using a large-scale national probability New Zealand sample (N = 47,951). Life events relating to health (29.65%), death (21.25%), work (13.78%), and relationships (9.61%) were the most frequently reported as having occurred in the past year. Further, women, younger people, and ethnic minority group members reported more overall annual events. Coding of open-ended responses from the BISLE demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability. Validation analyses indicated that the BISLE predicted key outcomes in expected directions, including life satisfaction and psychological distress. The BISLE was developed for large-scale panel studies with limited space that could benefit from capturing self-reports of diverse life events occurring in people's lives over a given timeframe. Keywords: Major life events, life events inventory, prevalence, demographic differences, validity, inter-rater reliability, Introduction Stressors--exposure to environmental demands that cause stress--play a critical role in people's health and well-being (Wethington, 2016). Research typically categorizes stressors by (a) daily hassles which require little adaptation [...]

Is it possible to predict COVID-19 vaccination status prior to the existence and availability of COVID-19 vaccines? Here, we present a logistic model by regressing decisions to vaccinate in late 2021 on lagged sociodemographic, health, social, and political indicators from 2019 in a sample of New Zealand adults aged between 18 and 94 (Mage = 52.92, SD = 14.10; 62.21% women; N = 5324). We explain 31% of the variance in decision making across New Zealand. Significant predictors of being unvaccinated were being younger, more deprived, reporting less satisfaction with general practitioners, lower levels of neuroticism, greater levels of subjective health and meaning in life, higher distrust in science and in the police, lower satisfaction in the government, as well as political conservatism. Additional cross-sectional models specified using the same, and additional COVID-19-specific factors are also presented. These findings reveal that vaccination decisions are neither artefacts of context nor chance, but rather can be predicted in advance of the availability of vaccines. Keywords: COVID-19, vaccination, Aotearoa New Zealand, Introduction At the time of writing in December 2021, Aotearoa New Zealand had just transitioned to a 'traffic light' system for managing COVID-19 in which freedoms were introduced for vaccinated [...]

Introduction: In this longitudinal study, we examine the potential costs and benefits of humility for well-being and civic trust among immigrants in a pluralistic democracy. Methods: With data from 14,864 immigrant participants from a nationwide random sample in New Zealand, we used multilevel modeling to examine the associations of general humility (i.e., honesty-humility modesty) with well-being (life satisfaction and meaning) and civic trust (trust in police) over time in contexts with varying levels of ethnic deprivation and perceived religious discrimination. We hypothesized that (a) humility would correlate positively with well-being and civic trust (Hypothesis 1), (b) these associations would be attenuated in the contexts where perceptions of ethnic deprivation and religious discrimination are high (Hypothesis 2), and (c) these interaction effects would become more pronounced when cultural identities are salient (Hypothesis 3). Results: Multilevel modeling revealed partial support for these hypotheses. Although humility correlated positively with well-being and trust in police over time, the twoway and three-way interactions did not yield substantial support for Hypotheses 2 and 3, respectively. The context of religious discrimination did, however, marginally attenuate the positive association between humility and trust in police. Discussion: Collectively, these results demonstrate that humility is associated with multiple benefits to well-being and civic trust and has few--if any--potential drawbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short empirically-supported scales or individual items are preferred in comprehensive surveys, brief screeners, and experience sampling studies. To that end, we examined the Short Almost Perfect Scale (SAPS) to evaluate empirical support for the interchangeability of items to measure perfectionistic strivings (Standards) and perfectionistic concerns (Discrepancy). Based on a large and diverse sample (N = 1,103) and tests of tau-equivalence (equal factor loadings) for each respective set of items, Study 1 advanced a subset of SAPS items to measure Standards (2 items) and Discrepancy (3 items). Cross-sectional gender and race/ethnicity invariance were supported, and in structural equations analyses, the SAPS5 factors were significantly associated with depression, state anxiety, life satisfaction, and gratitude. Study 2 cross-validated Study 1 measurement and structural findings with a new U.S. sample (N = 803). The three items representing the Discrepancy (perfectionistic concerns) factor also were supported in a cross-national comparison between the U.S. sample and a scale development sample in New Zealand (N = 3,921). For the most part, across both studies and all analyses, the three Discrepancy items were empirically interchangeable indicators of perfectionistic concerns and comparably strong predictors of psychological outcomes, supporting their use in studies or other contexts with space or time restrictions for measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific evidence unequivocally shows that human activities cause climate change, but some people still deny it. Using New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study data from 2018 and 2019 (N = 34,733), we examined segmentation profiles regarding beliefs and concern about climate change ('Climate change is real', 'Climate change is caused by humans', 'I am deeply concerned about climate change'), the probabilities of transitioning to and from profiles over time, and the characteristics of individuals in each profile. Five profiles were identified with varying levels of climate change beliefs and concern. The largest profile (60.4% of respondents) had the highest levels of climate change beliefs and concern, while the smallest profile (3.7% of respondents) had the lowest. Over time, more people moved from profiles of lower into profiles of higher levels of climate change beliefs and concern. The profile with the highest levels was the most stable, with members having an 82.7% chance of staying in this profile over time. Compared to this group, members of the profile with the lowest levels of climate change beliefs and concern were more likely to be male, New Zealand European, parents, religious, and to endorse conservative and system-justifying ideologies. We discuss the implications of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess whether frequent computer and video gaming necessarily leads to negative psychological outcomes, or if some people are at higher risk than others. Analysing a national probability adult sample (N=21,120), this study found that habitual gamers ([greater than or equal to]5.0 hours/week) experienced increased psychological distress, reduced self-esteem, and poorer body satisfaction than non-gamers and casual gamers (.1-5.0 hours/week). Critically, consistent with general personality-diathesis models, habitual gaming was more strongly linked with psychological distress and self-esteem among gamers with low Emotional Stability. Personality did not moderate the link between gaming and body satisfaction. These findings document a classic personality x situation interaction in a large-scale national probability sample and identify a personality characteristic that predicts who may be at greater risk of negative outcomes linked with habitual gaming. Keywords: Emotional Stability; Habitual Gaming; Psychological Outcomes, Introduction Psychological research has established that video gaming is linked with both positive (Brand & Todhunter, 2017; Przybylski, Ryan, & Rigby, 2009; Russoniello, O'Brien, & Parks, 2009; Snodgrass, Lacy, Dengah, [...]

Like in many multiparty contexts, questions remain about the nature of stability and change in New Zealanders' partisanship. Here, we add to the literature by systematically analysing the stability and change in party support and voting using a large longitudinal national probability sample of New Zealand adults (Ns = 5,449-9,845). Support (measured from strongly oppose to strongly support) for two major and two minor parties was generally stable over two-year (.58-.84) and five-year (.51-.77) test-retest periods. Political identity centrality moderated this association such that party support was more stable among those whose political beliefs were central to their sense of self. Markov models identified relatively stable voting patterns for major parties (National and Labour), with low probabilities of switching between these parties at elections in 2014 (.04-.07) and 2017 (.04 -.12). These results suggest support for political parties (measured via behaviour and attitudes) is generally stable in New Zealand. Keywords: Partisanship, Political Identity, Party Support, Voting Stability, Multiparty Systems, Introduction Political parties have long received attention for their role in shaping voters' political attitudes and voting behaviour. In their seminal work on the topic, Campbell, Converse, Miller, and Stokes [...]

Introduction: Demographic and health factors are known to predict vaping. Less is known about psychological predictors of vaping uptake, particularly among non‐smoking adults using longitudinal designs. We aimed to model how psychological factors related to personality and mental health predicted the likelihood of vaping uptake over time in non‐smoking adults ages 18+ using longitudinal data. Methods: Longitudinal regression models utilised data from the 2018–2020 waves of the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study to assess how the Big Five personality traits, mental distress and self‐control predicted who began vaping over time among non‐users (non‐vapers and non‐smokers), controlling for gender, age, ethnicity and economic deprivation. Results: Analyses included 36,309 adults overall (ages 18 to 99; M = 51.0). The number of non‐users who transitioned into current vaping was small (transitioned from 2018 to 2019, n = 147; 0.48%; 2019 to 2020, n = 189, 0.63%). Fully adjusted models showed that adults with higher mental distress (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–1.88), lower self‐control (aOR 0.79; 95% CI 0.69–0.89) and higher extraversion (aOR 1.09; 95% CI 1.06–1.13) were more likely to begin vaping at the next time point compared to adults who remained non‐users. Higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness also predicted vaping uptake in initial models, but inclusion of mental distress and self‐control superseded these traits. Discussion and Conclusions: Psychological factors related to mental distress, impulse control and sociability predicted who was more likely to begin vaping as non‐smoking adults. Harm prevention interventions could target these factors to reduce vaping uptake in non‐smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the subordinate male target hypothesis (SMTH), racism is based on an ethnicity‐by‐gender interaction, with a stronger link between experiencing racist discrimination and subordinate or dominant ethnic group status for men compared to women. This study reevaluates the SMTH, originally focused on objective discrimination, by applying it to self‐reported active harm as a theoretically derived measure of racist discrimination and by exploring interindividual differences in female ethnic minority members' discriminatory experiences. We proposed that social dominance orientation (SDO) among female ethnic minorities would influence SMTH predictions. We tested this using multiple linear regression analyses among a sample of New Zealand Europeans as the majority in New Zealand and non‐Europeans as the minority. As hypothesized, male non‐Europeans reported disproportionally more active harm than female non‐Europeans. Unexpectedly, not only female but also male, non‐Europeans high in SDO reported more active harm than non‐Europeans low in SDO. Therefore, applied to self‐reported racist experiences, oppression of ethnic minorities is driven by interindividual differences rather than by gender. Together, these findings provide evidence that the SMTH cannot be unreservedly extended to reports of racist discrimination and that other processes may underlie these subjective experiences of discrimination that need to be considered in more detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feelings of group-based relative deprivation (GRD) motivate collective responses to defend the ingroup. As such, there may be status-based asymmetries in the associations GRD has with ideologies that perpetuate inequality—namely, right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO). Study 1 examined this hypothesis using a national sample of adults (N = 41,007) and revealed that the correlations GRD had with RWA and SDO were positive among members of a high-status group but negative among members of low-status groups. Study 2 examined these associations longitudinally (N = 22,083) across eight annual assessments. Although a traditional cross-lagged panel analysis identified status-based asymmetries in the longitudinal associations between our variables of interest, analyses partitioning between-person stability from within-person change found no evidence that GRD leads to differences in RWA or SDO (or vice versa). The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the positive relationship between income and well‐being is well established, the psychological mechanisms underlying this process are less understood. One underexplored explanation is that objective wealth (or lack thereof) fosters relative comparisons, which, in turn, predicts well‐being. Extant work has, however, mostly focused on objective indicators of relative deprivation rather than on how people perceive their societal status. We address this oversight by examining the longitudinal indirect effects of income on well‐being via perceived individual‐based relative deprivation (IRD) using traditional and random intercept cross‐lagged panel models. Averaged across 10 annual assessments in a nationwide longitudinal panel sample of adults (N = 66,560), our results revealed reliable indirect effects of income on well‐being via IRD. Specifically, within‐person increases in income predicted within‐person decreases in IRD, which then predicted within‐person increases in personal well‐being over time. Our results replicated across robustness checks, including one using a general life satisfaction measure. We thus extend previous work by highlighting the need to consider one's perceptions of their relative societal position as a mechanism underlying the effects of income on well‐being over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the year 2030, 19–21 per cent of the population of New Zealand (NZ) is projected to be aged 65 and over. Like many countries, life expectancy in NZ differs by gender but also ethnicity: in 2019, life expectancy for Māori (indigenous) women was 77.1 years compared with 84.4 years for non-Māori women. If Māori and NZ European women are to flourish in later life, examining the factors associated with their wellbeing is paramount. The current study draws on the Life Course Perspective to explore how wellbeing is associated with age-related life events among mid- to later-life NZ women. The women in this study (N = 19,624) are participants in the 2018 wave of the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study, a national probabilistic 20-year longitudinal study (mean age = 55.62; Māori = 10.8%, NZ European = 89.2%). We found that stressful life events were negatively associated with life satisfaction but positively associated with meaning in life. Māori women exhibited lower levels of life satisfaction but there were no ethnic differences for meaning in life; however, Māori and NZ European women showed different patterns of significant correlates associated with meaning in life. Findings highlight the necessity of an intersectional approach to the study of mid- to later-life wellbeing and the utility of measuring wellbeing in more than one way within NZ's unique cultural-historical context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a spike in the reporting of hate crimes (Human Rights Watch, 2020). However, the extent to which the pandemic affected prejudice across a general population—not merely among those disposed to hate crimes—remains unclear. Also unclear is the extent to which prejudice was restricted to specific minority groups associated with the virus, or whether prejudice spilled over to other minority groups. To address these questions, we use panel data collected from participants in a large national longitudinal (panel) study of New Zealanders before and during the early COVID-19 pandemic and systematically quantified social warmth ratings across a broad range of minority-groups (The New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study, N = 30,327, years 2018–2020). We discover reduced warmth toward Chinese, Asians (broadly defined), immigrants, Muslims, refugees, Indians, and the mentally ill. In absolute terms, warmth towards Chinese decreased the most (0.11 SD). Notably, changes in warmth were not detected toward NZ Europeans, Māori, Pacific Islanders, the overweight, or the elderly. Overall, these findings suggest that in New Zealand, pandemic prejudice may spread beyond minority groups associated with the virus to other groups perceived as non-prototypical of national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]