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Abstract A data‐driven Buck converter model identification method is proposed to deal with missing (incomplete) outputs, which is robust to the data length and percentage of missing data. A nuclear norm based convex optimization problem instead of linear interpolation, to guarantee the recovered missing data satisfying the potential model structured low‐rank character, is constructed to estimate missing outputs. The alternating direction method of multiplier strategy is used to solve the nuclear norm based convex optimization problem. In this way, the high‐quality missing data can be estimated, even for short data length and high percentage of missing data. Based on the recovered data, the subspace identification method provides accurate estimates of the structure and parameter of the Buck converter synchronously. By applying the proposed method to a Buck converter, experimental results demonstrate its effectiveness.

Abstract Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), reduces wheat yields and grain quality, thus posing a significant threat to global food security. Wild relatives of wheat serve as valuable resources for resistance to powdery mildew. Here, the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm6Sl is cloned from the wild wheat species Aegilops longissima. It encodes a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein featuring a CC-BED module formed by a zinc finger BED (Znf-BED) domain integrated into the coiled-coil (CC) domain. The function of Pm6Sl is validated via mutagenesis, gene silencing, and transgenic assays. In addition, we develop a resistant germplasm harbouring Pm6Sl in a very small segment with no linkage drag along with the diagnostic gene marker pm6sl-1 to facilitate Pm6Sl deployment in wheat breeding programs. The cloning of Pm6Sl, a resistance gene with BED-NLR architecture, will increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying BED-NLR-mediated resistance to various pathogens.

Abstract Background Sterigmatocystin (STE) is a mycotoxin widely found in contaminated food and foodstuffs, and excessive long-term exposure to STE is associated with several health issues, including infertility. However, there is little information available regarding the effects of STE toxin on the female reproductive system, particularly concerning oocyte maturation. Methods In the present study, we investigated the toxic effects of STE on mouse oocyte maturation. We also used Western blot, immunofluorescence, and image quantification analyses to assess the impact of STE exposure on the oocyte maturation progression, mitochondrial distribution, oxidative stress, DNA damages, oocyte ferroptosis and asymmetric division defects. Results Our results revealed that STE exposure disrupted mouse oocyte maturation progression. When we examined the cellular changes following 100 µM STE treatment, we found that STE adversely affected polar body extrusion and induced asymmetric division defects in oocytes. RNA-sequencing data showed that STE exposure affects the expression of several pathway-correlated genes during oocyte meiosis in mice, suggesting its toxicity to oocytes. Based on the RNA-seq data, we showed that STE exposure induced oxidative stress and caused DNA damage in oocytes. Besides, ferroptosis and α-tubulin acetylation were also found in STE-exposed oocytes. Moreover, we determined that STE exposure resulted in reduced RAF1 protein expression in mouse oocytes, and inhibition of RAF1 activity also causes defects in asymmetric division of mouse oocytes. Conclusions Collectively, our research provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms whereby STE contributes to abnormal meiosis.

Abstract Objectives The roles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -based radiomics approach and deep learning approach in cervical adenocarcinoma (AC) have not been explored. Herein, we aim to develop prognosis-predictive models based on MRI-radiomics and clinical features for AC patients. Methods Clinical and pathological information from one hundred and ninety-seven patients with cervical AC was collected and analyzed. For each patient, 107 radiomics features were extracted from T2-weighted MRI images. Feature selection was performed using Spearman correlation and random forest (RF) algorithms, and predictive models were built using support vector machine (SVM) technique. Deep learning models were also trained with T2-weighted MRI images and clinicopathological features through Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Kaplan-Meier curve was analyzed using significant features. In addition, information from another group of 56 AC patients was used for the independent validation. Results A total of 107 radiomics features and 6 clinicopathological features (age, FIGO stage, differentiation, invasion depth, lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI), and lymph node metastasis (LNM) were included in the analysis. When predicting the 3-year, 4-year, and 5-year DFS, the model trained solely on radiomics features achieved AUC values of 0.659 (95%CI: 0.620–0.716), 0.791 (95%CI: 0.603–0.922), and 0.853 (95%CI: 0.745–0.912), respectively. However, the combined model, incorporating both radiomics and clinicopathological features, outperformed the radiomics model with AUC values of 0.934 (95%CI: 0.885–0.981), 0.937 (95%CI: 0.867–0.995), and 0.916 (95%CI: 0.857–0.970), respectively. For deep learning models, the MRI-based models achieved an AUC of 0.857, 0.777 and 0.828 for 3-year DFS, 4-year DFS and 5-year DFS prediction, respectively. And the combined deep learning models got a improved performance, the AUCs were 0.903. 0.862 and 0.969. In the independent test set, the combined model achieved an AUC of 0.873, 0.858 and 0.914 for 3-year DFS, 4-year DFS and 5-year DFS prediction, respectively. Conclusions We demonstrated the prognostic value of integrating MRI-based radiomics and clinicopathological features in cervical adenocarcinoma. Both radiomics and deep learning models showed improved predictive performance when combined with clinical data, emphasizing the importance of a multimodal approach in patient management.

Objective This study was conducted to investigate the effect of slaughter age on carcass traits, meat quality, and the relative mRNA levels of lipid metabolism-related genes in different muscles of Taihang black goats. Methods In this study, the triceps brachii (TB), longissimus dorsi (LD) and gluteus (GL) muscles of 15 grazing Taihang black goats slaughtered at the age of 2, 3, and 4 (designated as 2-year-old, 3-year-old, and 4-year-old, respectively) were collected. The differences in carcass shape, meat quality, amino acid composition and lipid metabolism gene expression among Taihang black goats of different ages and from different plant parts were compared. Results Compared with goats at other ages, goats slaughtered at the age of 4 had greater live and carcass weights, meat weights, bone weights and skin areas (p

Magnesium matrix composites have garnered significant attention in recent years owing to their exceptional lightweight properties and notable potential in various engineering applications. The interface generally acts as a “bridge” between the matrix and reinforcement, playing crucial roles in critical processes such as load transfer, failure behavior, and carrier transport. A deep understanding of the interfacial structures, properties, and effects holds paramount significance in the study of composites. This paper presents a comprehensive review of prior researches related to the interface of Mg matrix composites. Firstly, the different interfacial structures and interaction mechanisms encompassing mechanical, physical, and chemical bonding are introduced. Subsequently, the interfacial mechanical properties and their influence on the overall properties are discussed. Finally, the paper addresses diverse interface modification methods including matrix alloying and reinforcement surface treatment.

Abstract Klebsiella pneumoniae, a major clinical pathogen known for causing severe infections, is attracting heightened attention due to its escalating antibiotic resistance. Phages are emerging as a promising alternative to antibiotics; however, their specificity to particular hosts often restricts their use. In this study, a collection of 114 phages is obtained and subjected to analysis against 238 clinical K. pneumoniae strains, revealing a spectrum of lytic behaviors. A correlation between putative tail protein clusters and lysis patterns leads to the discovery of six receptor‐binding protein (RBP) clusters that determine host capsule tropism. Significantly, RBPs with cross‐capsular lysis capabilities are identified. The newly‐identified RBPs provide a toolbox for customizing phages to target diverse capsular types. Building on the toolbox, the engineered phages with altered RBPs successfully shifted and broadened their host capsule tropism, setting the stage for tunable phage that offer a precise and flexible solution to combat K. pneumoniae infections.

In the preparation of large-sized ceramics, the use of a green body with relatively high plasticity is crucial to minimize the risk of cracking during processing. To achieve this goal, glycerol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were utilized as plasticizers in the shaping of green bodies of oxide ceramics through spontaneous coagulation casting (SCC). This study investigated the effects of plasticizers and particle sizes ranging from the submicron to nanoscale on the slurry viscosity, drying shrinkage of wet gels, and mechanical properties of green bodies. The plasticity of the green bodies was assessed by measuring the impact toughness and flexural stress‒strain curves. By incorporating an appropriate plasticizer, the peak width of the flexural stress‒strain curve for dried green bodies from particles of different sizes was nearly twice that without plasticizers, and the impact toughness was enhanced by approximately 71%, 34%, and 41% when the particle size decreased from the submicron scale to the nanoscale (0.45 μm, 0.18 μm, and 50 nm, respectively). The drilling test revealed that there was nearly no cracking around the holes in the green bodies with plasticizers. The plasticity mechanism of the green bodies was examined based on ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was discovered that plasticizers might mitigate the brittleness of green bodies by adjusting the interactions between molecules and modifying the gel network properly.

Surface damage and fuel retention are one of the major threats to the performance of plasma-facing materials (PFMs) in ITER and future fusion reactors. This work aims to investigate the influence of suppressed blistering by heavy ion pre-damage on deuterium (D) retention in tungsten (W). Recrystallized W samples were irradiated with 3.5 MeV iron (Fe13+) ions at room temperature to create displacement damage with a peak damage level of 0.1 dpa. Afterwards, a series of low-energy (38 eV) D plasma exposures were performed at 500 K. Three exposure fluences below and above the blistering threshold (5 × 1024 ∼ 3 × 1025 D m−2) of the pre-damaged W are selected to decouple and couple the damage-induced defects and blistering-induced defects, respectively. Surface observations show that no blisters are formed in un-damaged W after low-fluence D exposure (5 × 1024 D m−2), whereas severe blistering (surface coverage ratio: 34.2 %) occurs in the high-fluence case (3 × 1025 D m−2). In contrast, only a small number of blisters (4.2 %) are formed in Fe-damaged W when D fluence reaches 3 × 1025 D m−2. Moreover, Fe pre-damage increases D retention by a factor of 3.33 and 1.20 at the low-fluence (5 × 1024 D m−2) and medium-fluence (1 × 1025 D m−2) D exposure, respectively. While in the high-fluence case (3 × 1025 D m−2), the enhancement effect of D retention in Fe-damaged W is significantly weakened, such that retention is lower for damaged W, probably due to the significant suppression effect on surface blistering and its accompanying defect formation. This work highlights the suppressed blistering-induced D retention by pre-existing damage in W.

Herein, a YAG/10 at% Yb:YAG/YAG transparent ceramic planar waveguide (PWG) gain medium has been molded via inkjet printing and dry pressing molding. The composition and rheological property of ink are optimized along with the printing process to enhance the printing accuracy and quality. The PWG has dimensions of 13.5 × 8.0 × 1.8 mm3, while the thickness of the core Yb:YAG layer is ≈190 μm. The in‐line transmittance of the PWG reaches 81.7% at 1030 nm, and the average grain size is ≈2.3 μm. The diffusion characteristics of Yb ions across the interface between the cladding YAG layer and the core Yb:YAG layer are investigated by calculating the diffusion coefficient and the mean diffusion distance of 172Yb ions. The Yb:YAG PWG oscillator, which is pumped from a single end by a 940 nm laser diode, produces continuous wave laser at a wavelength of 1030 nm and exhibits the highest power (3.8 W) and highest absorbed–output slope efficiency (64.6%).

Abstract Some plant sensor nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors detect pathogen effectors through their integrated domains (IDs). Rice RGA5 sensor NLR recognizes its corresponding effectors AVR-Pia and AVR1-CO39 from the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae through direct binding to its heavy metal-associated (HMA) ID to trigger the RGA4 helper NLR-dependent resistance in rice. Here, we report a mutant of RGA5 named RGA5HMA5 that confers complete resistance in transgenic rice plants to the M. oryzae strains expressing the noncorresponding effector AVR-PikD. RGA5HMA5 carries three engineered interfaces, two of which lie in the HMA ID and the other in the C-terminal Lys-rich stretch tailing the ID. However, RGA5 variants having one or two of the three interfaces, including replacing all the Lys residues with Glu residues in the Lys-rich stretch, failed to activate RGA4-dependent cell death of rice protoplasts. Altogether, this work demonstrates that sensor NLRs require a concerted action of multiple surfaces within and outside the IDs to both recognize effectors and activate helper NLR-mediated resistance, and has implications in structure-guided designing of sensor NLRs.

Video generation methods have important implications for the fields of visual control and decision-making. Current research often uses the Fréchet Video Distance (FVD) as an evaluation metric for machine-generated video. However, FVD has not been thoroughly verified on non-visible light sources, especially the widely used infrared light. Therefore, there is an urgent need to use real infrared video data to test the reliability and generalization ability of FVD. Toward that goal, we first collected mainstream infrared video datasets and added various types of noise to synthesize infrared videos of different quality levels. Experiments based on synthetic dataset demonstrate the feasibility of using FVD to assess the quality of infrared video. Next, we trained the Pix2PixGAN network using a dataset containing aligned visible and infrared image pairs. The trained model can generate videos of different quality levels in the infrared light domain. With the generated infrared videos, our experiments show that FVD is able to distinguish the quality differences of different infrared videos. In particular, we found that the lack of labeled infrared dataset and relatively small dataset size of infrared videos has a negative impact on calculating credible FVD values. This is because extracting effective infrared video features remains a difficult problem. Our experimental results suggest that infrared video features can be extracted using large-scale visible light video pre-trained I3D models, and their calculated FVD values are even better than those directly using infrared video pre-trained I3D models. Our study provides a basis for using FVD to evaluate the quality of machine-generated videos under multispectral conditions.

Abstract Background Neuroepithelial transforming gene 1 (NET1) is a RhoA subfamily guanine nucleotide exchange factor that governs a wide array of biological processes. However, its roles in meiotic oocyte remain unclear. We herein demonstrated that the NET1-HACE1-RAC1 pathway mediates meiotic defects in the progression of oocyte maturation. Methods NET1 was reduced using a specific small interfering RNA in mouse oocytes. Spindle assembly, chromosomal alignment, the actin cap, and chromosomal spreads were visualized by immunostaining and analyzed under confocal microscopy. We also applied mass spectroscopy, and western blot analysis for this investigation. Results Our results revealed that NET1 was localized to the nucleus at the GV stage, and that after GVBD, NET1 was localized to the cytoplasm and predominantly distributed around the chromosomes, commensurate with meiotic progression. NET1 resided in the cytoplasm and significantly accumulated on the spindle at the MI and MII stages. Mouse oocytes depleted of Net1 exhibited aberrant first polar body extrusion and asymmetric division defects. We also determined that Net1 depletion resulted in reduced RAC1 protein expression in mouse oocytes, and that NET1 protected RAC1 from degradation by HACE1, and it was essential for actin dynamics and meiotic spindle formation. Importantly, exogenous RAC1 expression in Net1-depleted oocytes significantly rescued these defects. Conclusions Our results suggest that NET1 exhibits multiple roles in spindle stability and actin dynamics during mouse oocyte meiosis.

A system for the detection of very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic waves has been developed by Wuhan University (WHU) with the Polar Research Institute of China (PRIC), and has been successfully deployed by PRIC at the Great Wall Station (GWS, 62.22°S, 58.96°W) in Antarctica, as part of the Phase II of Chinese Meridian Project. The system has a dynamic range of ~110 dB and a timing accuracy of ~100 ns, and hence can provide observational data at sufficient resolution to contribute to space physics and space weather research. This paper reports initial measurements of the WHU VLF (Meridian Project-Phase II ID：OCHCH_WHWM01) wave detection system at GWS, to demonstrate performance of the system. Data from nearly one year of routine operation indicate that the system is effective in recording the dynamic change of ground-based VLF transmitter signals from North America and Europe. The characteristics of VLF transmitter signals observed at GWS during X-class solar flares are consistent with results from previous studies. The VLF data exhibited a good correlation in space and time with measurements of magnetospheric electron deposition during geomagnetic storms, as detected in the south Atlantic anomaly (SAA) region. The WHU VLF system additionally provides data on the wide-band whistler waves as excited by lightning discharge, the spectrum of which exhibits a distinctive dispersion structure. The unique position of GWS in Antarctica provides the opportunity to obtain observational data on VLF waves which can be used to investigate multiple aspects of space physics, including the propagation of whistler waves in polar regions, lower ionosphere disturbance, lightning discharge, and radiation belt electron precipitation from the radiation belts. These measurements are of critical importance in monitoring near-Earth space weather.

This is an essay in the field of mineral processing engineering. Humic acid is an important part of Zhaotong lignite. In order to extract humic acid efficiently, the optimum flotation conditions of Zhaotong lignite were explored by using the process of direct flotation and reverse flotation. Orthogonal experiments were designed by using the method of oxygen decomposition and alkali solution-acid separation to extract humic acid from flotation cleaned coal, and the optimal conditions of humic acid extraction were explored. The results show that the positive flotation collector consumption is large, and under the condition of surface modification of Span 80, the flotation cleaned coal yield is the highest of 26.64% and ash content is the lowest of 20.08%; the optimum conditions of reverse flotation are laurylamine 5 kg/t, dextrin 3 kg/t and foaming agent 260 g/t, and the optimum flotation indexes are as follows: flotation cleaned coal yield 84.35% and ash 20.52%, flotation tailcoal yield 15.65% and ash 36.75%, and flotation perfection index 12.08; the optimum extraction conditions of oxygen decomposition are as follows: H2O2 concentration 0.7 mol/L, H2O2 activation time 35 min, NaOH concentration 0.3 mol/L, NaOH soaking time 30 min, and the extraction rate of humic acid 37.14%; the optimal extraction conditions of alkali-soluble acid chromatography are as follows: concentration of hydrochloric acid 10%, activation time of hydrochloric acid 30 min, NaOH concentration 0.7 moL/L, NaOH soaking time 30 min, and the extraction yield 43.80%. Reverse flotation can obtain higher yield of high ash flotation clean coal than normal flotation, and the extraction rate is higher when the humic acid of Zhaotong lignite is extracted by alkali solution-acid separation method.

This is an essay in the field of mining engineering. Recently, the application research of surfactants such as frother agents has become significantly important in mineral flotation, because it provides huge information on the characteristics of the gas-liquid interface before the bubble-particle collision or attachment. Moreover, it proposes important theories for the optimization of the flotation process. This article focuses on the potential measurement, tension test, and adsorption characteristics of the gas-liquid interface. The profile analysis tensiometry (PAT) test method for the adsorption characteristics of the gas-liquid interface is also introduced. Meanwhile, the research work on the characteristics of the gas-liquid interface has prospected.

Abstract Background Effective conservation and utilization of farm animals are fundamental for realizing sustainable increases in food production. In situ and ex situ conservation are the two main strategies that are currently used to protect the genetic integrity of Chinese domestic chicken breeds. However, genomic diversity and population structure have not been compared in these conserved populations. Results Three hundred and sixty-one individuals from three Chinese domestic chicken breeds were collected from populations conserved in situ and ex situ and genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). First, we used different parameters based on heterozygosity, genomic inbreeding, and linkage disequilibrium to estimate the genomic diversity of these populations, and applied principal component analysis (PCA), neighbor-joining tree, and ADMIXTURE to analyze population structure. We found that the small ex situ conserved populations, which have been maintained in controlled environments, retained less genetic diversity than the in situ conserved populations. In addition, genetic differentiation was detected between the in situ and ex situ conserved populations of the same breed. Next, we analyzed signatures of selection using three statistical methods (fixation index (FST), nucleotide diversity (Pi), and cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) to study the genetic footprints that underlie the differentiation between in situ and ex situ conserved populations. We concluded that, in these small populations, differentiation might be caused by genetic drift or by mutations from the original populations. The differentiation observed in the population of Beijing You chicken probably reflects adaptation to environmental changes in temperature and humidity that the animals faced when they were moved from their place of origin to the new site for ex situ conservation. Conclusions Conservation programs of three Chinese domestic chicken breeds have maintained their genomic diversity to a sustainable degree. The small ex situ conserved populations, which are maintained in controlled environments, retain less genetic diversity than populations conserved in situ. In addition, the transfer of populations from their place of origin to another site for conservation purposes results in genetic differentiation, which may be caused by genetic drift or adaptation. This study provides a basis for further optimization of in situ and ex situ conservation programs for domestic chicken breeds in China.

The global shift toward carbon neutrality, driven by growing concerns about climate change, requires collaborative efforts. While cleaner energy and carbon capture are crucial, addressing some high-carbon-emission industrial processes that significantly and disproportionally contribute to our carbon footprint is more important than ever. Analysis reveals that over 90% of total carbon emissions from human activities are attributed to a few super-emitting thermochemical processes. We urgently need breakthrough technologies and transformative alternatives to combat this excess of carbon dioxide emissions effectively. Engineering Thermochemistry is the scientific discipline that offers both scientifically sound and practical solutions to the pressing carbon neutrality challenges.

In vitro embryonic technology is crucial for improving farm animal reproduction but is hampered by the poor quality of oocytes and insufficient development potential. This study investigated the relationships among changes in the gut microbiota and metabolism, serum features, and the follicular fluid metabolome atlas. Correlation network maps were constructed to reveal how the metabolites affect follicular development by regulating gene expression in granulosa cells. The superovulation synchronization results showed that the number of follicle diameters from 4 to 8 mm, qualified oocyte number, cleavage, and blastocyst rates were improved in the dairy heifers (DH) compared with the non-lactating multiparous dairy cows (NDC) groups. The gut microbiota was decreased in Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Alistipes, and Bifidobacterium, but increased in Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Fibrobacterota, Desulfobacterota, and Verrucomicrobiota in the NDC group, which was highly associated with phospholipid-related metabolites of gut microbiota and serum. Metabolomic profiling of the gut microbiota, serum, and follicular fluid further demonstrated that the co-metabolites were phosphocholine and linoleic acid. Moreover, the expression of genes related to arachidonic acid metabolism in granulosa cells was significantly correlated with phosphocholine and linoleic acid. The results in granulosa cells showed that the levels of PLCB1 and COX2, participating in arachidonic acid metabolism, were increased in the DH group, which improved the concentrations of PGD2 and PGF2α in the follicular fluid. Finally, the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins, cytokines, and steroidogenesis-related genes in granulosa cells and the concentrations of steroid hormones in follicular fluid were determinants of follicular development. According to our results, gut microbiota-related phosphocholine and linoleic acid participate in arachidonic acid metabolism in granulosa cells through the gut–follicle axis, which regulates follicular development. These findings hold promise for enhancing follicular development and optimizing oocyte quality in subfertile dairy cows.

To improve the separation efficiency of raw coal and ensure clean use, the accurate calculation of the partition coefficients (PCs) in coal water medium sorting is required. Single models have been used to predict the partition coefficient (PC) for decades, but their accuracy remains constrained. This study proposes a multi-model (MM) calculation method based on the Gompertz model (GM), the Logistic model (LM), the Arctangent model (AM), and the Approximate formula (AFM) to improve the accuracy of the predicted coal water medium sorting PCs. Four groups of coal samples and two specific cases were used to verify the accuracy of the MM calculation method. The PCs of the MM method had a minimal Ef (0.91–8.84), a maximal R2 (0.9648–0.9994), a maximal F-value (199.17–11352.31), and the highest significance of all the models. The MM method was found to be the most suitable of all the models for predicting any coal water medium separation process. Further, when calculating the PC for cleaned coal ash, the separation density of MM is closer to the actual separation density than that of either the GM, LM, AM, or AFM models. The MM method, therefore, produces more accurate results compared to a single model. MM is expected to predict the PC based on the required cleaned coal ash, and then regulate the sorting density to improve the production efficiency.

Aluminum nitride (AlN) is considered one of the most desirable materials for integrated circuits and electronic packaging substrates. However, raw AlN powder reacts easily with water, forming Al(OH)3 or AlOOH on the surface and hindering the development of an aqueous tape-casting process for preparing AlN ceramic substrates. In this study, hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) was used to modify AlN powder, which has good water solubility and dispersibility. The AlN powder was modified with 5 wt% HPMA remained stable in water for at least 90 h under magnetic stirring condition and 24 h under ball milling condition, indicating that HPMA-modified AlN powder has good resistance to hydrolysis. The action mechanism of HPMA is revealed. Firstly, –COOH of the HPMA polymer and the oxide layer on the surface of the AlN powder underwent a dehydration condensation reaction to form a compound. Secondly, long chains of the polymer further coated the surface of the AlN powder, forming an anti-hydration layer with a thickness of about 7.0 nm on the surface of the AlN particles. In addition, AlN green sheets were successfully prepared by aqueous tape casting using the HPMA-modified AlN powder without additional dispersants. Subsequently, AlN ceramic substrates were obtained by sintering at 1750 ℃ for 4 h under an N2 atmosphere with a pressure of 0.2 MPa. The relative density and thermal conductivity were tested to be 97.3% and 122 W/(m·K), respectively.

Providing an exercise paddock may improve the behavior and health of cows in their dry period. We compared a control group of cows in a shed with no exercise paddock and an experimental group in the same shed but with access to an exercise paddock. Both groups had ad libitum total mixed ration (TMR) indoors combined with access to a paddock (Group EX). The other group was just offered TMR indoors (Group IN). Total lying time was longer for cows without the exercise paddock (859 min/d) than for those with the paddock (733 min/d) (p = 0.012). Lying bouts were shorter, there were more allogrooming bouts, and drinking time was longer if an exercise paddock was provided. Cows with the paddock spent on average 76 min/d in paddock activity. Non-esterified fatty acids in the blood were increased by providing the exercise paddock. No significant differences in postpartum milk yield and calf weight of dry cows with or without access to exercise paddock were observed. However, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber digestibility were increased by providing the exercise paddock. The results suggest that providing an exercise paddock for cows in their dry period increased activity, including allogrooming, reduced lying, and improved digestibility of some major nutrients in the feed.

Korla fragrant pear is a high-quality local pear variety native to Xinjiang, China. Currently, the low fruit-setting rate and low calyx shedding rate problems in Korla fragrant pears have been highlighted, which seriously affect the fruit yield and quality. It is of great significance to research the fruiting characteristics and molecular-assisted identification of Korla fragrant pear bud mutation materials for enriching the germplasm resources of Korla fragrant pear. In this research, a natural pollination group (YB) of Korla fragrant pear bud mutation materials and a natural pollination group (CK) of Korla fragrant pears were established. On the fruiting characteristics, the fruit-setting rate and calyx-removal rate of the two groups were investigated. In terms of fruit quality, the fruit shape index, fruit specific gravity, soluble solids content, sugar:acid ratio, soluble sugar content, and other indicators were measured. For the anatomical structure of the calyx tube, the detachment cells were observed. The formation time of the two groups of detached cells was compared. In the GBS simplified genome sequencing, a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the obtained SNP sites. A principal component analysis, population genetic structure analysis, and genetic diversity index analysis were carried out. In the aspect of SSR molecular marker identification, the SSR types were counted. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed. The results demonstrate the following: (1) the fruit-setting rate (30.87%) and calyx-removal rate (68.11%) in the YB group were significantly higher than those in the CK group (19.37%) and the calyx-removal rate (55.18%). (2) There was no significant difference in fruit quality indexes, such as average fruit weight (127.10–130.00 g) and soluble sugar content (9.47–9.56%) between the two groups. (3) Abscission-layer cells were observed at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h after calyx tube discoloration in the YB group and at 48, 72, and 96 h after calyx tube discoloration in the CK group. (4) The genetic background of the YB group and the CK group was similar at the GBS level, but there were differences at the DNA level. This research finally shows that Korla fragrant pear bud mutation material is a good germplasm resource. This germplasm resource can promote the structural optimization of Korla fragrant pear varieties and the healthy development of the industry.

Measurements of Very-Low-Frequency (VLF) transmitter signals have been widely used to investigate the effects of various space weather events on the D-region ionosphere, including nowcasting solar flares. Previous studies have established a method to nowcast solar flares using VLF measurements, but only using measurements from dayside propagation paths, and there remains limited focus on day–night mixed paths, which are important for method applicability. Between March and May of 2022, the Sun erupted a total of 56 M-class and 6 X-class solar flares, all of which were well captured by our VLF receiver in Antarctica. Using these VLF measurements, we reexamine the capability of the VLF technique to nowcast solar flares by including day–night mixed propagation paths and expanding the path coverage in longitude compared to that in previous studies. The amplitude and phase maximum changes are generally positively correlated with X-ray fluxes, whereas the time delay is negatively correlated. The curve-fitting parameters that we obtain for the X-ray fluxes and VLF signal maximum changes are consistent with those in previous studies for dayside paths, even though different instruments are used, supporting the flare-nowcasting method. Moreover, the present results show that, for day–night mixed paths, the amplitude and phase maximum changes also scale linearly with the logarithm of the flare X-ray fluxes, but the level of change is notably different from that for dayside paths. The coefficients used in the flare-nowcasting method need to be updated for mixed propagation paths.

Abstract The development of modern civil industry, energy and information technology is inseparable from the rapid explorations of new materials. However, only a small fraction of materials being experimentally/computationally studied in a vast chemical space. Artificial intelligence (AI) is promising to address this gap, but faces many challenges, such as data scarcity and inaccurate material descriptors. Here, we develop an AI platform, AlphaMat, that can complete data preprocessing and downstream AI models. With high efficiency and accuracy, AlphaMat exhibits strong powers to model typical 12 material attributes (formation energy, band gap, ionic conductivity, magnetism, bulk modulus, etc.). AlphaMat’s capabilities are further demonstrated to discover thousands of new materials for use in specific domains. AlphaMat does not require users to have strong programming experience, and its effective use will facilitate the development of materials informatics, which is of great significance for the implementation of AI for Science (AI4S).

In this paper, Si3N4 was used as a novel solid-state sintering additive to prepare AlON transparent ceramics with high transparency and flexural strength via the pressureless pre-sintering and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) method at a relatively low HIP temperature (1800 ℃). The effect of Si3N4 content on the phase, microstructure, optical property, and flexural strength was investigated. The experimental results showed that a Si element was homogenously distributed in both pre-sintered and HIPed AlON ceramics. The densification enhanced, the grain grew with the increasing Si3N4 content in the pre-sintered AlON ceramics, and all the samples became pore-free after HIP, which favor transparency. The AlON ceramics doped with 0.10 wt% Si3N4 had the highest transmittance of 83.8% at 600 nm and 85.6% at 2000 nm (4 mm in thickness), with flexural strength of 404 MPa, which were higher than those of the previous reports.

Abstract Background The psychological situation of high school students during adolescence is not promising, and the most obvious manifestation is the lack of subjective well-being (SWB). This network analysis presents a model of the interaction and correlation between different items of SWB, identifying the most central items for high school students. Methods Through offline and online surveys, 4,378 questionnaires were sent out and finally 4,282 Chinese high school students were available. The response rate was 97.807%. The study used the eLASSO method to estimate the network structure and centrality measures. This algorithm used the EBIC to select the best neighbor factor for each node. Results The average age for high school students was 16.320 years old and the average SWB score was 76.680. The distribution of SWB between male and female students was significant different (P

Abstract BackgroundWhen poly-p ObjectivesIn this study, the effect of PDO thread on adipose tissue was investigated in an animal model. MethodsIn the current study, PDO thread was implanted into subcutaneous adipose tissue of the back in a miniature pig. Implantation site tissue and control site tissue were taken 12 weeks after implantation for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and transcriptome sequencing. Gene ontology functional enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were performed to investigate the differential gene expression between PDO thread implantation and control site tissue. ResultsAn obvious decrease in the number, fusion, and denaturation of adipocytes can be seen by H&E staining. Sequencing analysis results showed that many of the genes identified, which were downregulated after PDO thread implantation, were involved in functions and pathways related to lipid metabolism, such as fatty acid metabolism, fatty acid degradation, and lipid cell lipolysis regulation. Some genes related to fatty acid metabolism were significantly downregulated in the PDO tissue at 12 weeks compared to the control tissue. ConclusionsOur results showed PDO thread implantation can cause a decrease in the number of adipocytes, as well as a significant alteration of the expression levels of some genes involved in lipid metabolism-related pathways. PDO thread might play an important role in promoting lipolysis. Level of Evidence: 5

The importance of community-based non-communicable disease (NCD) management has been internationally recognized. However, currently, no instrument is available to evaluate a community's ability to provide NCD management for its residents. This study defined such an ability as "Community Efficacy for NCD Management" (COEN), and aimed to conceptualize, develop and validate a scale to measure COEN. We first conducted literature review, expert interviews, and Delphi panels to conceptualize COEN and select scale items. Then, we conducted two rounds of community surveys and interviews to validate the COEN scale among local residents in three cities in China. We used Cronbach's alpha to test the scale's internal consistency, Kappa test for test-retest reliability, and exploratory factor analysis for structural validity. COEN was conceptualized as "the ability of a community to provide NCD management for its residents, reflected by its natural environment, social relationships, community resources, health services, and resident-engaging activities." The first community research among 345 residents yielded a 38-item COEN scale with high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86) and acceptable test-retest reliability (Kappa value >0.2). The second community research tested a shortened COEN scale among 657 residents, yielding a final COEN scale with 14 items from five factors: community management (n = 3), social relationships (n = 4), resource accessibility (n = 3), community health services (n = 2), and resident engagement (n = 2), with an overall Cronbach's alpha of 0.79. COEN is a meaningful concept in contextualizing and evaluating NCD management anchored in the community, and the COEN scale is a multi-domain reliable tool to quantify COEN, which can be used to guide future related research and practice in public health.

ObjectivesThe prevention of cognitive impairment in the elderly is one of the public health priority areas. However, the relationship between closed-eye unipedal standing and cognitive impairment remains unclear.MethodsThis study was conducted on a group of elderly individuals from a community, using a prospective cohort study design. Participants were monitored for 7 years and were diagnosed with new-onset cognitive impairment. Logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used to investigate the relationship between closed-eye unipedal standing and cognitive impairment. Stratified analysis by baseline characteristics were also performed.ResultsAt baseline, 1,652 people aged 65 years or older were enrolled. Ultimately, 880 participants completed the follow-up and 155 (17.61%) of them satisfied the diagnostic criteria for cognitive impairment at follow-up. Compared to the closed-eye unipedal standing low group as the reference, the middle (OR = 0.601, 95% CI: 0.396–0.911) and high (OR = 0.508, 95% CI: 0.329–0.785) groups had significantly lower cognitive impairment risks. RCS analysis indicated a linear relationship (Pnon − linear = 0.177), with a reduced risk of developing cognitive impairment when the duration of closed-eye unipedal standing was exceeded ~2.920 s. Stratified analysis showed that for female, aged 70 years or younger, with 3 or more years of education, without lack of exercise and without falls within 1 year subgroup, the elderly in the high group of closed-eye unipedal standing had significantly reduced cognitive impairment risks.ConclusionAmong the elderly population, closed-eye unipedal standing duration was linearly and negatively associated with the cognitive impairment risk. The closed-eye unipedal standing duration might be a predictive index for cognitive impairment in the elderly.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder, currently lacks effective clinical therapeutics. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) holds promising potential in AD treatment, exemplified by Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS), a TCM formulation. The precise therapeutic mechanisms of DSS in AD remain to be fully elucidated. This study aims to uncover the therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms of DSS in AD, employing an integrative approach encompassing gut microbiota and metabolomic analyses.Methods: Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were allocated into three groups: Blank Control (Con), AD Model (M), and Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS). AD models were established via bilateral intracerebroventricular injections of streptozotocin (STZ). DSS was orally administered at 24 g·kg−1·d−1 (weight of raw herbal materials) for 14 days. Cognitive functions were evaluated using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. Pathological alterations were assessed through hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Bloodstream metabolites were characterized, gut microbiota profiled through 16S rDNA sequencing, and cortical metabolomics analyzed. Hippocampal proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) were quantified using RT-qPCR, and oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, GSH-PX, MDA) in brain tissues were measured with biochemical assays.Results: DSS identified a total of 1,625 bloodstream metabolites, predominantly Benzene derivatives, Carboxylic acids, and Fatty Acyls. DSS significantly improved learning and spatial memory in AD rats and ameliorated cerebral tissue pathology. The formulation enriched the probiotic Ligilactobacillus, modulating metabolites like Ophthalmic acid (OA), Phosphocreatine (PCr), Azacridone A, Inosine, and NAD. DSS regulated Purine and Nicotinate-nicotinamide metabolism, restoring balance in the Candidatus Saccharibacteria-OA interplay and stabilizing gut microbiota-metabolite homeostasis. Additionally, DSS reduced hippocampal IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α expression, attenuating the inflammatory state. It elevated antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-PX) while reducing MDA levels, indicating diminished oxidative stress in AD rat brains.Conclusion: DSS addresses AD pathology through multifaceted mechanisms, encompassing gut microbiome regulation, specific metabolite modulation, and the mitigation of inflammation and oxidative stress within the brain. This holistic intervention through the Microbial-Gut-Brain Axis (MGBA) underscores DSS’s potential as an integrative therapeutic agent in combatting AD.

Hyperuricemia is an important metabolic disease of humans. Limited clinical drugs such as allopurinol can alleviate hyperuricemia. Wild-type Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) has been used for over a century to treat various gastrointestinal disorders. However, little is known about the impacts of EcN on hyperuricemic mice. In this study, we identified an anaerobic uric acid metabolism pathway in EcN. It degraded 65.6 % uric acid in 24 h under anaerobic condition in vitro. In addition, oral administration of EcN and allopurinol reduced serum uric acid in hyperuricemic mice by 46 % and 37 %, respectively, compared to the control group. Further analysis showed that allopurinol changed the gut microbiota of mice. However, the microbiota of the EcN and control groups was similar. Histological observations suggested that EcN also ameliorated the intestinal and renal tissue damage in hyperuricemic mice. These results suggested that wild-type EcN may be an alternative method for hyperuricemic treatment.

IntroductionMemory-related diseases (MDs) pose a significant healthcare challenge globally, and early detection is essential for effective intervention. This study investigates the potential of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) as a clinical diagnostic indicator for MDs. Utilizing data from the 2018 national baseline survey of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), encompassing 10,062 Chinese individuals aged 45 or older, we assessed ADL using the Barthel Index (BI) and correlated it with the presence of MDs. Statistical analysis, supplemented by machine learning algorithms (Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree, and Logistic Regression), was employed to elucidate the relationship between ADL and MDs.BackgroundMDs represent a significant public health concern, necessitating early detection and intervention to mitigate their impact on individuals and society. Identifying reliable clinical diagnostic signs for MDs is imperative. ADL have garnered attention as a potential marker. This study aims to rigorously analyze clinical data and validate machine learning algorithms to ascertain if ADL can serve as an indicator of MDs.MethodsData from the 2018 national baseline survey of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were employed, encompassing responses from 10,062 Chinese individuals aged 45 or older. ADL was assessed using the BI, while the presence of MDs was determined through health report questions. Statistical analysis was executed using SPSS 25.0, and machine learning algorithms, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree Learning (DT), and Logistic Regression (LR), were implemented using Python 3.10.2.ResultsPopulation characteristics analysis revealed that the average BI score for individuals with MDs was 70.88, significantly lower than the average score of 87.77 in the control group. Pearson’s correlation analysis demonstrated a robust negative association (r = −0.188, p

The utilization of an appropriate collector or surfactant is crucial for the beneficiation of low-rank coal. However, in previous studies, the selection of surfactants was primarily based on flotation procedures, which hinders the understanding of the interaction mechanism between surfactant groups and oxygen-containing functional groups at the surface of low-rank coal. In this study, we investigate the flotation of low-rank coal in the presence of a composite collector by using a combined theoretical and experimental approach. The maximum flotation mass recovery achieved was 82.89% using a 3:1 mixture of dodecane and castor oil acid. Fourier-transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analyses showed that castor oil acid was effectively adsorbed onto the surface of low-rank coal, enhancing the hydrophobicity of the coal. In addition, the diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the water-composite collector-coal system was greater than that in the dodecane system. Moreover, due to the presence of castor oil acid in the flotation process, the adsorption distance of dodecane and low-rank coal became shorter. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the diffusion and interaction of surfactant molecules at the interface of low-rank coal particles and water was enhanced because the adsorption of the dodecane-castor oil acid mixture is primarily controlled by hydrogen bonds and electrostatic attraction. Based on these results, a better surfactant for flotation of low-rank coal is also proposed.

Abstract Background BI-RADS 4 breast lesions are suspicious for malignancy with a range from 2 to 95%, indicating that numerous benign lesions are unnecessarily biopsied. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether high-temporal-resolution dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (H_DCE-MRI) would be superior to conventional low-temporal-resolution DCE-MRI (L_DCE-MRI) in the diagnosis of BI-RADS 4 breast lesions. Methods This single-center study was approved by the IRB. From April 2015 to June 2017, patients with breast lesions were prospectively included and randomly assigned to undergo either H_DCE-MRI, including 27 phases, or L_DCE-MRI, including 7 phases. Patients with BI-RADS 4 lesions were diagnosed by the senior radiologist in this study. Using a two-compartment extended Tofts model and a three-dimensional volume of interest, several pharmacokinetic parameters reflecting hemodynamics, including Ktrans, Kep, Ve, and Vp, were obtained from the intralesional, perilesional and background parenchymal enhancement areas, which were labeled the Lesion, Peri and BPE areas, respectively. Models were developed based on hemodynamic parameters, and the performance of these models in discriminating between benign and malignant lesions was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results A total of 140 patients were included in the study and underwent H_DCE-MRI (n = 62) or L_DCE-MRI (n = 78) scans; 56 of these 140 patients had BI-RADS 4 lesions. Some pharmacokinetic parameters from H_DCE-MRI (Lesion_Ktrans, Kep, and Vp; Peri_Ktrans, Kep, and Vp) and from L_DCE-MRI (Lesion_Kep, Peri_Vp, BPE_Ktrans and BPE_Vp) were significantly different between benign and malignant breast lesions (P

This study takes the fruit of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT) as a fermentation substrate and carries out a quantitative visual analysis of the domestic and foreign literature on screenings of five different lactic acid bacteria to obtain a fermentation broth. Systemic anti-photoaging effects are analyzed at the biochemical, cellular, and molecular biological levels. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities are used to verify the antioxidant capacity of the RRT fruit fermentation broth in vitro. Human embryonic skin fibroblasts (HESs) are used to establish a UVA damage model, and the antioxidant capacity of the RRT fruit fermentation broth is verified in terms of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzyme activity. RT-qPCR and ELISA are used to detect the expression of TGF-β/Smad, MMPs, and the MAPK/AP-1 and Nrf2/Keap-1 signaling pathways in order to explore the anti-oxidation and anti-photoaging effects of the RRT fruit fermentation broth by regulating different signaling pathways. The results show that an RRT fruit fermentation broth can effectively protect cells from oxidative stress caused by UVA and has significant anti-photoaging effects, with the co-cultured Lactobacillus Yogurt Starter LYS-20297 having the highest overall effect.

Ce-doped gadolinium gallium aluminum oxide (Ce: GGAG) precursors were first prepared by the microwave-assisted homogeneous precipitation method (MAHP). Thermal gravity-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area analysis (BET) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were employed to investigate the crystal structure, phase evolution and morphologies of the Ce: GGAG precursors and powders. The influence of Ga ion concentration in the salt solution on the properties of Ce: GGAG powders was investigated. All the precursors were transformed into single-phase GGAG after being calcined at 950 °C in a furnace for 3 h. Monodispersed Ce: GGAG powders were obtained as the Ga ion concentration was lower than 0.06 mol/L. Single-phase and dense Ce: GGAG ceramics were obtained after sintering at 1600 °C in a flowing oxygen atmosphere for 10 h. Specifically, the Ce: GGAG ceramic reached its maximum density of ~6.68 g/cm3, which was close to its theoretical density of 6.70 g/cm3, and exhibited the highest optical transmittance of 65.2% at 800 nm after hot isostatic pressing sintering (HIP) as the Ga ion concentration was 0.02 mol/L. The decay time and light yield of the GGAG ceramic were 35 ns and 35,000 ± 1250 ph/MeV, respectively, suggesting that Ce: GGAG ceramics prepared using MAHP-synthesized nanopowders are promising for scintillation applications.

Existing point-to-point registration methods often suffer from inaccuracies caused by erroneous matches and noisy correspondences, leading to significant decreases in registration accuracy and efficiency. To address these challenges, this paper presents a new coarse registration method based on a geometric constraint and a matrix evaluation. Compared to traditional registration methods that require a minimum of three correspondences to complete the registration, the proposed method only requires two correspondences to generate a transformation matrix. Additionally, by using geometric constraints to select out high-quality correspondences and evaluating the matrix, we greatly increase the likelihood of finding the optimal result. In the proposed method, we first employ a combination of descriptors and keypoint detection techniques to generate initial correspondences. Next, we utilize the nearest neighbor similarity ratio (NNSR) to select high-quality correspondences. Subsequently, we evaluate the quality of these correspondences using rigidity constraints and salient points’ distance constraints, favoring higher-scoring correspondences. For each selected correspondence pair, we compute the rotation and translation matrix based on their centroids and local reference frames. With the transformation matrices of the source and target point clouds known, we deduce the transformation matrix of the source point cloud in reverse. To identify the best-transformed point cloud, we propose an evaluation method based on the overlap ratio and inliers points. Through parameter experiments, we investigate the performance of the proposed method under various parameter settings. By conducting comparative experiments, we verified that the proposed method’s geometric constraints, evaluation methods, and transformation matrix computation consistently outperformed other methods in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) values. Additionally, we validated that our chosen combination for generating initial correspondences outperforms other descriptor and keypoint detection combinations in terms of the registration result accuracy. Furthermore, we compared our method with several feature-matching registration methods, and the results demonstrate the superior accuracy of our approach. Ultimately, by testing the proposed method on various types of point cloud datasets, we convincingly established its effectiveness. Based on the evaluation and selection of correspondences and the registration result’s quality, our proposed method offers a solution with fewer iterations and higher accuracy.

In this study, the texture evolutions of two Mg materials during tension are explored. In-situ X-ray synchrotron and Visco-Plastic Self-Consistent (VPSC) modeling are employed to investigate the different deformation modes between pure Mg and Mg–15Gd (wt.%) alloy. These two materials with a strong extrusion texture show large different slip/twinning activity behaviors during tensile deformation. The basal 〈a〉 slip has the highest contribution to the initial stage of plastic deformation for pure Mg. During the subsequent plastic deformation, the prismatic slip is dominant due to the strong ED // 〈100〉 fiber texture. In contrast, the deformation behavior of Mg–15Gd alloy is more complex. Twinning and basal slip are dominant at the early stage of plastic deformation, but further deformation results in the increased activation of prismatic and pyramidal slips. In comparison to pure Mg, the ratios of the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) between non-basal slip and basal slip of the Mg–15Gd alloy are much lower.

Abstract As a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase, p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) participates in diverse biologic events. However, its roles in mouse oocyte meiotic maturation remain unclear. The present study revealed that mouse oocytes depleted of Pak2 were unable to completely progress through meiosis and that a majority were arrested at metaphase I. Pak2 depletion thus prompted MI arrest and induced meiotic chromosome alignment defects in mouse oocytes, in part due to a reduction in polo-like kinase (PLK1). We demonstrated that PAK2’s interaction with PLK1 protected it from degradation by APC/CCdh1, and that it promoted meiotic progression and bipolar spindle formation. Our data collectively display critical functions for PAK2 in meiotic progression and chromosome alignment in mouse oocytes.

Correlation power analysis (CPA) is a classical method in side-channel attacks. Based on the power consumption model, the correlation between the power consumption of cryptographic devices and the assumed intermediate value is analyzed to recover the key. Theoretically, only a few power traces are required to recover the key when the noise hypothesis is known. However, in the high-frequency and high-noise environment, the completion of CPA requires more power traces, and the computational complexity also increases. Therefore, this paper proposes a fault probability correlation analysis method based on secondary filtering (2F-FPCA), which selects the fault probability traces according to the Hamming Weight of the intermediate value and reduces the number of sampling points by selecting points of interest. This method does not need to access ciphertext and is little affected by noise. Moreover, it can recover the key with fewer fault probability traces and lower computational complexity, improving the attack efficiency of CPA. In this paper, 2F-FPCAs are carried out based on the AES-128 algorithm of the Micro Controller Unit (MCU). The key can be recovered successfully using 10 fault probability traces, and the computational complexity is reduced by 104 times.

Template attack uses leaked information from various side channels and may break out the countermeasures embedded in the algorithm, which is considered a powerful side-channel attack method. However, the current template attack has the problems of a large amount of data required and poor portability. Aiming at the above problems, this paper proposes a fault template attack method based on fault probability. This method can recover the key with a small amount of data and without access to ciphertext. It applies to all cryptographic algorithms of the Substitution-Permutation Network (SPN) structure. In the template profiling stage, the search interval of points of interest is reduced by using the attack time window; the fault probability model of Hamming Weight is used to profile the highly discriminative template, and thus the key search space is reduced by 28 times. In the key recovery stage, the inverse operation is performed without traversing the key, significantly reducing the complexity of calculation. Finally, we carry out attacks based on the AES-128 algorithm of the Microcontroller Unit (MCU) and use 45 fault probability traces to profile 9 templates. The attacker can succeed in performing key recovery with only 10 attack traces obtained.

Emerging evidence suggests that due to the misuse of antibiotics, bacteriophage (phage) therapy has been recognized as one of the most promising strategies for treating human diseases infected by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Identification of phage-host interactions (PHIs) can help to explore the mechanisms of bacterial response to phages and provide new insights into effective therapeutic approaches. Compared to conventional wet-lab experiments, computational models for predicting PHIs can not only save time and cost, but also be more efficient and economical. In this study, we developed a deep learning predictive framework called GSPHI to identify potential phage and target bacterium pairs through DNA and protein sequence information. More specifically, GSPHI first initialized the node representations of phages and target bacterial hosts via a natural language processing algorithm. Then a graph embedding algorithm structural deep network embedding (SDNE) was utilized to extract local and global information from the interaction network, and finally, a deep neural network (DNN) was applied to accurately detect the interactions between phages and their bacterial hosts. In the drug-resistant bacteria dataset ESKAPE, GSPHI achieved a prediction accuracy of 86.65 % and AUC of 0.9208 under the 5-fold cross-validation technique, significantly better than other methods. In addition, case studies in Gram-positive and negative bacterial species demonstrated that GSPHI is competent in detecting potential Phage-host interactions. Taken together, these results indicate that GSPHI can provide reasonable candidate sensitive bacteria to phages for biological experiments. The webserver of the GSPHI predictor is freely available at http://120.77.11.78/GSPHI/.

For the typical magnetically coupled wireless power transmission system, power consumption is often caused by the impedance effect of the primary and secondary sides, the loss and heat generation of the actual semiconductor devices and the change of the coupling coefficient caused by distance. The uncertainty of frequency tracking efficiency caused by high enough coil transmission with low load receiving efficiency and load impedance changes makes it difficult to stabilize the output of the optimal efficiency point of the system. In order to solve this problem, a wireless power transmission system is proposed based on the traditional wireless power transmission system a wireless power transmission system is proposed to predict and stabilize the variable impedance, so as to stably track the efficiency of the system in the resonant frequency range. It is not affected by load jitter, actual circuit parameters and environmental disturbance. The test results show that the transmission efficiency of tracking frequency and predicting impedance can be realized at a certain distance, and the difference between the prediction error and the actual efficiency is about 1%–3%.

The gamma-ray burst (GRB) event GRB 221009A was the brightest event that has ever been detected to date. Owing to its unexpected brightness, the temporal and/or spectral information of the prompt emission cannot be accurately measured by many satellites (with the only exception of GECAM-C), since they suffered from significant pulse pileup and data saturation effects. Similarly, the X45 solar flare event occurring on 2003 November 4 saturated space-borne X-ray detectors, and it was through ground-based measurements of very low-frequency (VLF) signals that the magnitude of this event was determined, since VLF signals are particularly sensitive to the disturbance on the D -region ionosphere caused by low-energy photons. Therefore, in this study, we first report measurements of VLF signals from the JJI and VTX transmitter as recorded in Shiyan, China, when GRB 221009A occurred. The amplitude change was ∼1.25 and ∼2.31 dB for the JJI and VTX transmitter, respectively. Using a suite of well-validated models, we have further simulated the influence on the D -region ionosphere induced by low-energy photons (