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Face anti-spoofing (FAS), as an important means to protect face recognition models, can ensure that the system remains secure and reliable in the face of various presentation attacks. The current deep learning-based face anti-spoofing model has satisfactory results when the test data and training data obey the same distribution, but the accuracy of the model decreases considerably when the trained model infers in the scene outside the domain, such as cross-domain transfer and out-of-distribution scenarios. The problems that silent face anti-spoofing models will encounter in real scenarios, i.e., the models encounter unknown environments and unknown attack methods, are mainly described. The corresponding solutions are classified into four categories: methods based on domain adaptation, methods based on domain generalization, methods based on zero shot or few shot learning, and methods based on anomaly detection. Each solution and its deep learning model methods are summarized and compared. The mechanism, network structure, advantages, limitations and application scenarios of some major methods are summarized. After that, common public datasets, evaluation metrics, measurement protocols commonly used for face anti-spoofing in out of domain scenarios and test results of state-of-the-art methods under some protocols are introduced. Finally, the difficulties and challenges of face anti-spoofing in practical applications are discussed, and future research directions are summarized.

Have environmental regulations introduced by local governments in China promoted regional green development? This paper identifies the impact and spillover effect of environmental regulations on Green Total Factor Productivity by using provincial panel data over the period 2005-2018. We found that the intensity of ERs is positively correlated with regional GTFP growth and also benefits its neighbours. I have also identified green innovation and FDI transfer as two mechanisms of action leading to this phenomenon. Finally, the effects of environmental regulation also vary according to geographical location, the degree of dependence on polluting industries and the level of nationalisation.

To clarify the influence mechanism of initial defects on the internal crack evolution law and damage destruction of cement superfine tailings backfill(CSTB), uniaxial compression and simultaneous acoustic emission (AE) tests were carried out on CSTB with different degrees of internal initial defects constructed by doping with different contents of doping agent(DA), and the AE b-value, amplitude fractal dimensional time series characteristics and three-dimensional distribution law of AE events of CSTBs were analyzed in this paper. The research shows that the doping of DA caused the fluctuation and jump of the CSTB b-value to be significantly enhanced, and the b-value showed two jumps in the loading process. The fractal characteristics of CSTB with different DA doping are better, and the fractal dimension D-value and b-value both show a rapid decreasing trend in the preparation process of the specimen for the occurrence of overall unstable failure. The admixture of DA increases the number of initial defects and non-homogeneity within the CSTB, making the generation of 3D localization points of AE events somewhat random. The results of the study can help to better analyze the unstable failure process of the backfill in the mine hollow area and carry out the corresponding support work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the mechanical characteristics of hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS) contributes to the comprehensive understanding of the mechanical behavior in environments with natural gas hydrate (NGH) occurrences. Simultaneously, the distribution patterns of hydrates significantly influence the strength, deformation, and stability of HBS. Therefore, this paper employs particle flow code (PFC) to conduct biaxial discrete element simulations on specimens of HBS with different hydrate distribution patterns, revealing the macroscale–mesoscale mechanical properties, evolution patterns, and destructive mechanisms. The results indicate that the strain-softening behavior of HBS specimens strengthens with the increase in hydrate layer thickness, leading to higher peak strength and E50 values. During the gradual movement of the hydrate layer position (Ay) from both ends to the center of the specimen (Ay = 0.40 mm → Ay = 20 mm), the strain-softening behavior weakens. However, when Ay = 20 mm, the specimen exhibits evident strain-softening behavior again. Moreover, with an increase in the angle between the hydrate layer and the horizontal direction (α) greater than 20°, the peak strength of the specimen increases, while E50 shows an overall decreasing trend. The influence of axial loads on the hydrate layer in specimens varies with α, with larger contact forces and fewer cracks observed for higher α values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the construction of underground projects, different types of rock are often in a cyclic state of loading and unloading. Therefore, cyclic fracturing experiments have been carried out on metamorphic sandstone, slate and granite from one mine site. Based on the basic parameters of acoustic emission (AE), the damage processes and damage precursor patterns of different types of rock samples are analysed. The results of the study show that there is basically no AE signal generated during the unloading phase of the first two cycles of loading, and less acoustic emission signal is generated in the loading stage. In the experimental process on different types of rock samples, when the value of CV(r) (standard deviation of the ratio between rise time, amplitude and mean frequency of acoustic emission parameters) is larger, it can be considered as large-scale crack dominance, and as small-scale crack dominance when the value of CV(r) is small; also, CV(r) values are more accurate than AE b-values in determining the pattern of cracking within a rock sample. With different internal crack development during cyclic splitting, we can focus on the changes in the AE loading energy ratio and CV(r) values before damage destabilization occurs. The Felicity ratio, CV(r) value and loading energy ratio can be used in combination in practical engineering to improve the accuracy of determining rock stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the action of dynamic loadings such as earthquakes and volcanic activities, the mechanical properties of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments will deteriorate, leading to a decrease in the stability of hydrate reservoirs and even inducing geological disasters such as submarine landslides. In order to study the effect of dynamic loading on the mechanical properties of hydrate sediments, triaxial compression tests of numerical specimens were carried out by using particle flow code (PFC2D), and the macro-meso mechanical behaviors of specimens were investigated. The results show that the loading frequency has a small effect on the stiffness of the hydrate sediment, while it has a large effect on the peak strength. The peak strength increases and then decreases with the increase in loading frequency. Under the same loading frequency, the peak strength of the hydrate sediment increases with the increase in loading amplitude, and the stiffness of the specimen decreases with the increase in loading amplitude. The maximum shear expansion of the specimen changes with the movement of the phase change point and the rearrangement of the particles. The maximum shear expansion of the specimen changes with the movement of the phase change point and the change of the bearing capacity of the particles after the rearrangement, and the more forward the phase change point is, the stronger the bearing capacity of the specimen in the plastic stage. The shear dilatancy angle and the shear dilatancy amount both increase linearly with the increase in loading amplitude. The influence of loading frequency and amplitude on the contact force chain, displacement, crack expansion, and the number of cementation damage inside the sediment is mainly related to the average axial stress to which the specimen is subjected, and the number of cracks and cementation damage of the sediment specimen increases with the increase in the average axial stress to which the sediment specimen is subjected. As the rate of cementation damage increases, the distribution of shear zones becomes more obvious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Chromatin modifications play important roles in plant adaptation to abiotic stresses, but the precise function of histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) methylation in drought tolerance remains poorly evaluated.Here, we report that SDG708, a specific H3K36 methyltransferase, functions as a positive regulator of drought tolerance in rice. SDG708 promoted abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis by directly targeting and activating the crucial ABA biosynthesis genes NINE‐CIS‐EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 3 (OsNCED3) and NINE‐CIS‐EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 5 (OsNCED5).Additionally, SDG708 induced hydrogen peroxide accumulation in the guard cells and promoted stomatal closure to reduce water loss. Overexpression of SDG708 concomitantly enhanced rice drought tolerance and increased grain yield under normal and drought stress conditions.Thus, SDG708 is potentially useful as an epigenetic regulator in breeding for grain yield improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly; important risk factors are old age and inheritance of the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele. Changes in amyloid precursor protein (APP) binding, trafficking, and sorting may be important AD causative factors. Secretase-mediated APP cleavage produces neurotoxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, which form lethal deposits in the brain. In vivo and in vitro studies have implicated sortilin-related receptor (SORL1) as an important factor in APP trafficking and processing. Recent in vitro evidence has associated the APOE4 allele and alterations in the SORL1 pathway with AD development and progression. Here, we analyzed SORL1 expression in neural stem cells (NSCs) from AD patients carrying null, one, or two copies of the APOE4 allele. We show reduced SORL1 expression only in NSCs of a patient carrying two copies of APOE4 allele with increased Aβ/SORL1 localization along the degenerated neurites. Interestingly, SORL1 binding to APP was largely compromised; this could be almost completely reversed by γ-secretase (but not β-secretase) inhibitor treatment. These findings may yield new insights into the complex interplay of SORL1 and AD pathology and point to NSCs as a valuable tool to address unsolved AD-related questions in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to study the development and function of the human cerebral cortex in health and disease have been limited by the availability of model systems. Extrapolating from our understanding of rodent cortical development, we have developed a robust, multistep process for human cortical development from pluripotent stem cells: directed differentiation of human embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to cortical stem and progenitor cells, followed by an extended period of cortical neurogenesis, neuronal terminal differentiation to acquire mature electrophysiological properties, and functional excitatory synaptic network formation. We found that induction of cortical neuroepithelial stem cells from human ES cells and human iPS cells was dependent on retinoid signaling. Furthermore, human ES cell and iPS cell differentiation to cerebral cortex recapitulated in vivo development to generate all classes of cortical projection neurons in a fixed temporal order. This system enables functional studies of human cerebral cortex development and the generation of individual-specific cortical networks ex vivo for disease modeling and therapeutic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dual-Redundancy Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (DRPMSM) with weak thermal coupling and no electromagnetic coupling among phase windings has two sets of three-phase symmetrical windings. Under normal conditions, two sets of windings can operate simultaneously, and once one set has an inter-turn short circuit fault (ISCF), the other set will operate alone, so a DRPMSM can be applied in fields with high reliability requirements. According to the equivalent circuit principle, a simplified model of a DRPMSM when ISCF occurs is established in this paper, and mathematical equations for the equivalent resistance, inductance and induction electromotive force (EMF) are derived. Based on the simplified circuit principle and instantaneous power theory, combined with the analysis of the fundamental wave in the two sets, an online diagnosis method of the ISCF for DRPMSM is proposed based on the reactive power difference and the feasibility of the method is verified by experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient derivation of human cerebral neocortical neural stem cells (NSCs) and functional neurons from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) facilitates functional studies of human cerebral cortex development, disease modeling and drug discovery. Here we provide a detailed protocol for directing the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to all classes of cortical projection neurons. We demonstrate an 80-d, three-stage process that recapitulates cortical development, in which human PSCs (hPSCs) first differentiate to cortical stem and progenitor cells that then generate cortical projection neurons in a stereotypical temporal order before maturing to actively fire action potentials, undergo synaptogenesis and form neural circuits in vitro. Methods to characterize cortical neuron identity and synapse formation are described.

Human cellular models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis would enable the investigation of candidate pathogenic mechanisms in AD and the testing and developing of new therapeutic strategies. We report the development of AD pathologies in cortical neurons generated from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells derived from patients with Down syndrome. Adults with Down syndrome (caused by trisomy of chromosome 21) develop early-onset AD, probably due to increased expression of a gene on chromosome 21 that encodes the amyloid precursor protein (APP). We found that cortical neurons generated from iPS cells and embryonic stem cells from Down syndrome patients developed AD pathologies over months in culture, rather than years in vivo. These cortical neurons processed the transmembrane APP protein, resulting in secretion of the pathogenic peptide fragment amyloid-β42 (Aβ42), which formed insoluble intracellular and extracellular amyloid aggregates. Production of Aβ peptides was blocked by a γ-secretase inhibitor. Finally, hyperphosphorylated tau protein, a pathological hallmark of AD, was found to be localized to cell bodies and dendrites in iPS cell-derived cortical neurons from Down syndrome patients, recapitulating later stages of the AD pathogenic process.