141 results on '"Sharp, J. M."'
Search Results
2. The Cumulative Ecological Effects of Normal Offshore Petroleum Operations Contrasted With Those Resulting From Continental Shelf Oil Spills [and Discussion]
- Author
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Sharp, J. M., Appan, S. G., Southward, A. J., Gray, J. S., and Baker, J. M.
- Published
- 1982
3. The Assessment in Sheep of an Inactivated Vaccine of Parainfluenza 3 Virus Incorporating Double Stranded RNA (BRL 5907) as Adjuvant
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Wells, P. W., Sharp, J. M., Burrells, C., Rushton, B., and Smith, W. D.
- Published
- 1976
4. Enabling BPR in Maintenance Through a Performance Measurement System Framework
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Kutucuoglu, K. Y., Hamali, J., Sharp, J. M., and Irani, Z.
- Published
- 2002
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5. In vitro studies of endogenous noradrenaline and NPY overflow from the rat hypothalamus during maturation and ageing
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Hastings, J. A., McClure-Sharp, J. M., and Morris, M. J.
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- 1998
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6. Vaccination to protect against Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) infection and ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA)
- Author
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Summers, C., Van Der Molen, R., Norval, M., Griffith, D., and Sharp, J. M.
- Published
- 2003
7. Risk Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania
- Author
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Kazwala, R. R., Kambarage, D. M., Daborn, C. J., Nyange, J., Jiwa, S. F.H., and Sharp, J. M.
- Published
- 2001
8. THE INITIAL T-CELL AND CYTOKINE PROFILE OF LAMBS EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH MYCOBACTERIA.
- Author
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Sinclair, M. C., Wildblood, L. A., Stevenson, K., Beard, P., Sharp, J. M., Hopkins, J., and Jones, D. G.
- Published
- 1999
9. Isolation of Mycobacterium species from raw milk of pastoral cattle of the Southern Highlands of Tanzania
- Author
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Kazwala, R. R., Daborn, C. J., Kusiluka, L. J.M., Jiwa, S. F.H., Sharp, J. M., and Kambarage, D. M.
- Published
- 1998
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10. Infection of specific-pathogen free lambs with a herpesvirus isolated from pulmonary adenomatosis
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Scott, F. M. M., Sharp, J. M., Angus, K. W., and Gray, E. W.
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- 1984
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11. Rapid transmission of sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (jaagsiekte) in young lambs
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Sharp, J. M., Angus, K. W., Gray, E. W., and Scott, F. M. M.
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- 1983
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12. A spatially explicit population model of the effect of spatial scale of heterogeneity in grass–clover grazing systems.
- Author
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SHARP, J. M., EDWARDS, G. R., and JEGER, M. J.
- Abstract
The benefits of using white clover (Trifolium repens L.) as a source of nitrogen (N) and nutritious feed in pasture grazed by ruminant livestock have been widely recognized. However, clover is considered inadequate and unreliable as the main source of N input, since its abundance in pasture is patchy, low (typically <0·20) and shows great year-to-year variation. This is thought to be due to the metabolic costs of N fixation, competition with grass, the preference for clover by grazing animals and patchy dung and urine deposition. One solution suggested by a number of authors is to increase the heterogeneity within the pasture by spatially separating clover from grass. This method of pasture management, in order to sustain higher clover content in both the sward and diet of grazing animals, would remove inter-specific competition and equalize grazing pressure, allowing clover to grow unimpeded in greater abundance than previously observed. An existing spatially explicit grass–clover simulation model, developed to investigate the intrinsic spatial and temporal variability within mixed grass–clover swards, was modified and then used to examine the impact of spatial separation on the content, variability and patchiness of clover in pasture. The results show that spatial separation increases both the content and spatial aggregation of clover and reduces year-to-year variation compared with a mixed pasture that fluctuates around a lower mean. The same model was also used to examine the impact of spatial separation across a range of spatial scales, from narrow strips to complete separation, as a means of managing the concerns over disruption to the N cycle within the pasture. The present study shows the importance of the initial sowing arrangement of plant species in sustaining a high content of clover within a pasture in the short term, to at least 20 years depending on the scale of separation, and demonstrates that the spatial separation of clover from grass within a grazed pasture may overcome some of the limitations associated with the use of clover in conventional grass–clover pastures. Results are discussed in terms of benefits to both herbage dry matter production and animal performance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
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13. Impact of spatial heterogeneity of plant species on herbage productivity, herbage quality and ewe and lamb performance of continuously stocked, perennial ryegrass-white clover swards.
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Sharp, J. M., Edwards, G. R., and Jeger, M. J.
- Subjects
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PLANT species , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis , *GRASSES , *RYEGRASSES , *WHITE clover , *EXPERIMENTAL agriculture - Abstract
The benefits of white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) in pastures are widely recognized. However, white clover is perceived as being unreliable due to its typically low content and spatial and temporal variability in mixed (grass-legume) pastures. One solution to increase the clover proportion and quality of herbage available to grazing animals may be to spatially separate clover from grass within the same field. In a field experiment, perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) and white clover were sown as a mixture and compared with alternating strips of ryegrass and clover (at 1·5 and 3 m widths), or in adjacent monocultures (strips of 18 m width within a 36-m-wide field). Pastures were stocked by ewes and lambs for three 10-month grazing periods. Over the 3 years of the experiment, spatial separation of grass and clover, compared with a grass-clover mixture, increased clover herbage production, although its proportion in the sward declined through time (0·49-0·54 vs 0·34 in the mixture in the first year, 0·28-0·33 vs 0·15 in the second year and 0·03-0·18 vs 0·01 in the third year). Total herbage production in the growing season in the spatially separated treatments decreased from 11384 kg DM ha−1 in the first year to 8150 kg DM ha−1 in the third year. Crude protein concentration of clover and grass components in the 18-m adjacent monoculture treatment was greater than the mixture treatment for both clover (310 vs 280 g kg−1 DM) and grass (200 vs 180 g kg−1 DM). There was no clear benefit in liveweight gain beyond the first year in response to spatially separating grass and clover into monocultures within the same field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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14. Impact of the spatial scale of grass–legume mixtures on sheep grazing behaviour, preference and intake, and subsequent effects on pasture.
- Author
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Sharp, J. M., Edwards, G. R., and Jeger, M. J.
- Subjects
LEGUMES ,PASTURES ,SHEEP feeding ,GRAZING ,SHEEP behavior ,RYEGRASSES ,PLANT morphology - Abstract
The benefits of using white clover in pastures have been widely recognised for many years. However, clover is perceived as being unreliable because of its typically low content, which is spatially and temporally variable, in mixed pastures. One proposed solution to increase the proportion of clover in the diet of grazing animals and composition in the pasture is to spatially separate clover from grass within the same field. In a field experiment ryegrass and white clover were grown in fine mixtures, and in pure alternating strips of ryegrass and clover of 1.5 m, 3 m or 18 m width within a field. Pastures were grazed for two grazing periods of 9 and 12 weeks, and measurements of sward surface height (SSH), herbage mass and composition and clover morphology were taken. Grazing behaviour was also observed. Results showed that spatial separation in the long term, when compared with a fine mixture, increased clover availability (18% to 30% v. 9%, based on standing dry matter) and was not grazed to extinction. Ewes maintained their preference for clover throughout the experiment (selection coefficient 2 to 5), which resulted in a reduction in the SSH of clover in monocultures to <3 cm and significant changes to the morphology of clover (smaller leaves, shorter petioles and thicker stolon), at the expense of maximising their intake. Spatial separation in the short term may therefore allow grazing animals to select their preferred diet; however, in the long term in continuously grazed pasture, their preference for clover depletes its availability. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 2012
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15. Modes of free convection in fractured low-permeability media.
- Author
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Simmons, C. T., Sharp, J. M., and Nield, D. A.
- Abstract
Abundant data indicate significant fluid and solute fluxes across low-permeability shales in the Gulf of Mexico, the precise mechanisms of which are poorly understood. In this study, we analyze possible modes of intrafracture and interfracture free convection that may occur across fractured low-permeability layers, such as shales. Fracture spacing, fracture aperture, shale thickness, and the density gradient across the shale unit are shown to play key roles in the governing fluid and solute transport processes. All modes of free convection (parallel to the fracture plane, perpendicular to the fracture plane, and convection between fractures on the larger layer scale) are theoretically possible for reasonable hydrogeologic parameters. Free convection parallel to the fracture plane is shown to be the dominant (and most likely) mode of free convection, requiring only very modest salinity differences for onset to occur. Least likely is convection perpendicular to the fracture plane. The results presented here suggest that free convection may not be uncommon in thick shale sequences, such as in the Gulf of Mexico Basin. An important consequence of these findings is that analyses that do not consider both interfracture and intrafracture convection modes may significantly underestimate the likelihood of the occurrence of free convection. These findings have important implications for the study of free convection and solute transport processes in fractured low-permeability media and associated numerical modeling analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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16. Tumour Cell Phenotypes Diverge in Experimentally Induced Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma When Compared with Natural Disease
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Borobia, M., De Martino, A., Murgia, C., Ortín, A., González-Sáinz, J.-M., Palmarini, M., Sharp, J.-M., and De las Heras, M.
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- 2012
- Full Text
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17. Eradication of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma by motherless rearing of lambs.
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Voigt, K., Krämer, U., Brügmann, M., Dewar, P., Sharp, J. M., and Ganter, M.
- Subjects
SHEEP diseases ,LAMBS ,LUNG cancer ,ADENOCARCINOMA ,HISTOLOGY ,LUNG tumors ,VETERINARY oncology - Abstract
The principles of maedi-visna eradication programmes were applied to a field trial for the eradication of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). In two maternal flocks the prevalence of gross and histological lesions in slaughtered animals was 18.3 per cent and 29.8 per cent, respectively. The lambing period was supervised for three consecutive years from 1999 to 2001, during which the lambs were taken away from their mothers at birth, deprived of maternal colostrum, and hand-reared away from other sheep. Over the three-year period, 322 hand-reared animals, mainly male lambs between 10 and 14 months old, were slaughtered; their lungs were examined grossly, 52.5 per cent of them were examined histologically, and 105 samples of caudal mediastinal lymph nodes were examined by PCR. NO OPA tumours were detected in the slaughter specimens from the derived flock, but one lamb had histological lesions in one lung location; intrauterine transmission was ruled out in this case. No clinical OPA has subsequently been observed in the hand-reared flock. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples from the breeding stock were examined by PCR in order to rule out further subclinical cases of OPA. NO Jaagsiekte retrovirus was detected in any of the 488 samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
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18. Injuries to unborn children: Extracts from the report of the Law Commission.
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Cooke, Samuel, Bicknell, Claud, Diamond, Aubrey L., Hodgson, Derek, Marsh, Norman S., and Sharp, J M Cartwright
- Abstract
We are printing, by kind permission of the Law Commission, two sections of the report of the Law Commission on injuries to unborn children. This report was the result of a request to the Law Commission by the Lord Chancellor at the time (Lord Hailsham of Saint Marylebone) to advise on `what the nature and extent of civil liability for antenatal injury should be'. The Law Commission followed its usual practice in such circumstances of consulting various bodies and obtaining expert advice on the subject and then embodying the results in a working paper (Working Paper No. 47 - injuries to unborn children) published on 19 January 1973, which preceded their report (Cmnd 5709). Meanwhile a Royal Commission is considering much wider issues of civil liability for injury (including antenatal injury) but the terms of reference for the Law Commission were much narrower and confined to the position of children injured before birth. In the section relating to the present law the report makes it clear that it is probable that liability under the common law already exists. The Scottish Law Commission has also issued a report (Cmnd 5371). They were given different terms of reference and came to somewhat different conclusions. We are printing from this long report the paragraphs discussing the medical background and the summary of recommendations. As will be evident on reading the paragraphs on the medical background to injuries to the unborn child, events are moving very rapidly, particularly in the study of congenital defects and the effects of drugs but the problems of proof present great difficulty. Other causes of injury to the unborn child are better known to the general public: for example, those following the illness, infection and disease of the mother during pregnancy, injury caused in attempted termination of pregnancy and the risks resulting from the mother's condition. The summary of the recommendations sets out very clearly the legal position of the unborn child, as the Law Commission sees it, arising from injury before birth, the final conclusion being that `legislation is desirable'. These extracts from the report, apart from their intrinsic interest, lead on to the paper by Mr Kennedy and Dr Edwards in which they set out their criticisms of it, and provide quick references to the original document. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 1975
19. Pathology of ovine adenovirus type 4 infection in SPF lambs: Pulmonary and hepatic lesions.
- Author
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Rushton, B. and Sharp, J. M.
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- 1977
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20. Autoionizing transitions in neon studied by low-energy electron impact.
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Sharp, J M, Comer, J, and Hicks, P J
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- 1975
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21. Phenomena associated with near-threshold excitation of autoionizing levels of helium by electron impact.
- Author
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Smith, A J, Hicks, P J, Read, F H, Cvejanovic, S, King, G C M, Comer, J, and Sharp, J M
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- 1974
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22. Enzootic Intranasal Tumour of Goats in Italy.
- Author
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Vitellozzi, G., Mughetti, L., Palmarini, M., Mandara, M. T., Mechelli, L., Sharp, J. M., and Manocchio, I.
- Abstract
An outbreak of enzootic intranasal tumour (EIT) in a goat herd in Central Italy is described. From October 1990 to September 1992 41 tumors were diagnosed in goats ranging in age from 6 months to 6 years and of both the Alpine and Saanen breeds. Clinically the affected goats showed nasal discharge, facial swelling, sneezing and snoring respiration and weight loss. Post-mortem examinations revealed uni- or bilateral tumours of the olfactory mucous membrane. The neoplasms were classified as low grade adenocarcinomas. Ultrastructurally, retrovirus-like particles were observed in 10/10 tumours examined. Epidemiological and ultrastructural findings strongly suggest a viral aetiology for intranasal enzootic adenocarcinoma in the goats examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 1993
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23. Paratuberculosis in wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
- Author
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Greig, A., Stevenson, K., Perez, V., Pirie, A. A., Grant, J. M., and Sharp, J. M.
- Abstract
A survey of wild rabbits in Tayside, Scotland revealed that 67 per cent were infected with subspecies . In general, the infected rabbits had histopathological changes within the lymph nodes and intestines which were consistent with the changes due to paratuberculosis in ruminants. The survey raises the possibility that rabbits and other wildlife may be involved in the epidemiology of paratuberculosis, a possibility which has important implications for the control of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 1997
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24. Evidence of paratuberculosis in fox (Vulpes vulpes) and stoat (Mustela erminea).
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Beard, R M., Henderson, D., Daniels, M. J., Pirie, A., Buxton, D., Greig, A., Hutchings, M. R., McKendrick, I., Rhind, S., Stevenson, K., and Sharp, J. M.
- Published
- 1999
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25. Feline skin granuloma associated with Mycobacterium avium.
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Stevenson, K., Howie, F. E., Low, J. C., Cameron, M. E., Porter, J., and Sharp, J. M.
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- 1998
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26. Group-specific and type-specific gel diffusion precipitin tests for bluetongue virus serotype 20 and related viruses
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Littlejohns, I. R., St. George, T. D., and Sharp, J. M.
- Published
- 1988
27. Bluetongue and related viruses in New South Wales: isolations from, and serological tests on samples from sentinel cattle
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Burton, R. W., Littlejohns, I. R., and Sharp, J. M.
- Published
- 1988
28. Correspondence.
- Author
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Sharp, J. M. Cartwright
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- 1974
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29. Identifying origins of and pathways for spring waters in a semiarid basin using He, Sr, and C isotopes: Cuatrociénegas Basin, Mexico.
- Author
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Wolaver, B. D., Crossey, L. J., Karlstrom, K. E., Banner, J. L., Cardenas, M. B., Gutiérrez Ojeda, C., and Sharp, J. M.
- Subjects
- *
GEOLOGICAL basins , *FACIES , *WATER springs , *GEOCHEMISTRY , *GEOLOGIC faults , *ARID regions - Abstract
He, C, and Sr isotopes are used to infer spring sources in a water-stressed area. Spring-water origins and pathways in the Cuatrociénegas Basin are revealed by linking structure and geochemistry via regionally extensive fault networks. This study presents the fi rst dissolved noble gas and He isotopic data from northeastern Mexico. Basementinvolved faults with complex reactivation histories are important in northeastern Mexico tectonics and affect hydrogeologic systems. The importance of faults as conduits for northeastern Mexico volcanism is recognized, but connections between faulting and the hydrogeologic system have not been extensively investigated. This research tests the hypothesis that Cuatrociénegas Basin springs are divided into two general classes based upon discharge properties: (1) regional carbonate aquifer discharge (mesogenic) mixed with contributions from deeply sourced (endogenic) fluids containing 3He and CO2 from the mantle that ascend along basement-involved faults; and (2) carbonate aquifer discharge mixed with locally recharged (epigenic) mountain precipitation. Carbonate and/or evaporite dissolution is indicated by Ca-SO4 hydrochemical facies. He isotopes range from 0.89 to 1.85 RA (RA is the 3He/4He of air, 1.4 × 10-6) and have minimal 3H, from which it is inferred that basement- involved faults permit degassing of mantle-derived He (to 23% of the total He) and CO2 ( pCO2 10-1 atm). Mantle degassing is compatible with the thinned North American lithosphere, as shown in tomographic images. Sr isotopes in both Cuatrociénegas Basin springs and spring-deposited travertine (87Sr/86Sr = 0.707428-0.707468) indicate that carbonate rocks of the regional Cupido aquifer (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7072-0.7076) are the main source of Sr. Rock-water interactions with mafi c volcanic rocks (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70333-0.70359) are not inferred to be an important process. Groundwater-dissolved inorganic C origins are modeled using major elements and C isotopes. C isotope data show that ∼30% ± 22% of CO2 in spring water is derived from dissolution of aquifer carbonates (Ccarb = 30%), 24% ± 16% is from soil gas and other organic sources (Corg = 24%), and 46% ± 33% is from deep sources [Cendo (endogenic crust and mantle) = 46%]. This study demonstrates the presence of mantlederived 3He and deeply sourced CO2 that ascend along basement-penetrating faults and mix with Cupido aquifer groundwater before discharging in Cuatrociénegas Basin springs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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30. Uncertainty and urban water recharge for managing groundwater availability using decision support.
- Author
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Passarello MC, Pierce SA, and Sharp JM Jr
- Subjects
- Climate, Humans, Texas, Water Movements, Decision Support Techniques, Groundwater, Models, Theoretical, Uncertainty, Water Supply
- Abstract
Quantifying groundwater availability depends upon sound methods and the use of integrated models. To determine availability or sustainable yield, the influence of scientific uncertainty from key sources, such as anthropogenic recharge, must be considered. This study evaluates uncertainty in recharge interpretations on the modeled available water balance for an urban case in Texas, USA. Analyses are completed using the Groundwater Decision Support System, which is a research code-base for an integrated modeling. The case study develops spatially and temporally resolved recharge interpretations based on NEXRAD precipitation and detailed land use data. Results demonstrate the implications of scientific uncertainty as it influences recommendations for policy and urban water management decisions that are based on modeled outputs. Geospatial methods account for spatial and temporal components and can be replicated for other systems. These methods are also useful for resolving uncertainty in relation to the influence of urbanization on recharge through land use change.
- Published
- 2014
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31. The distribution of immune cells in the lungs of classical and atypical ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
- Author
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Summers C, Benito A, Ortin A, Garcia de Jalon JA, González L, Norval M, Sharp JM, and De las Heras M
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- Adenocarcinoma immunology, Adenocarcinoma pathology, Animals, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II analysis, Interferon-gamma biosynthesis, Lipopolysaccharide Receptors analysis, Lung pathology, Lung Neoplasms immunology, Lung Neoplasms pathology, Mice, Sheep, Sheep Diseases pathology, Adenocarcinoma veterinary, Lung immunology, Lung Neoplasms veterinary, Sheep Diseases immunology, T-Lymphocytes immunology
- Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a contagious tumour caused by infection of sheep with Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. Two forms of OPA have been identified, classical and atypical, which can be distinguished clinically and pathologically. Most notably classical OPA is progressive until death, while atypical OPA remains subclinical. In the present study the local immune responses in the lungs of cases of atypical OPA were compared with those from classical cases by immunohistochemistry using a panel of mouse anti-sheep mAbs. Distinct differences in the distribution of immune cell subsets in the two forms of OPA were observed. In particular there was an intratumoural influx of T cell subsets and MHC Class II expression on the tumour cells in atypical OPA, neither of which was seen in classical OPA. It is possible that these differences may contribute, at least in part, to determining the progressive course of classical OPA compared with the subclinical nature of atypical OPA., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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32. PCR examination of bronchoalveolar lavage samples is a useful tool in pre-clinical diagnosis of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte).
- Author
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Voigt K, Brügmann M, Huber K, Dewar P, Cousens C, Hall M, Sharp JM, and Ganter M
- Subjects
- Animals, Bronchoalveolar Lavage economics, Bronchoalveolar Lavage veterinary, Female, Macrophages, Alveolar virology, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine virology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sheep, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid virology, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus isolation & purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine diagnosis
- Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a contagious lung tumour of sheep caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). The disease is a particular problem in flocks in many parts of the world. The aim of the study was to assess screening methods for individual animals as a prelude to future eradication trials. Results of histological examination were used as the standard to evaluate the relative sensitivity and specificity of an established heminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for JSRV proviral DNA from blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. PCR results from tissue samples are included as control data. PCR testing of blood samples was found to have an estimated sensitivity of only 10% (95% confidence interval (CI) 3-20) while the sensitivity of the PCR test on BAL samples was 89% (CI 79-96) in comparison to the results of histological examination. We conclude that PCR testing of BAL samples is an effective confirmatory test for sheep with suspected clinical OPA. It is also a useful tool for the pre-clinical identification of individual infected sheep within an infected flock and therefore may prove beneficial in future control or eradication programmes.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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33. In-situ demonstration of mitogen-activated protein kinase Erk 1/2 signalling pathway in contagious respiratory tumours of sheep and goats.
- Author
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De Las Heras M, Ortín A, Benito A, Summers C, Ferrer LM, and Sharp JM
- Subjects
- Adenocarcinoma pathology, Adenocarcinoma virology, Animals, Goats, Immunohistochemistry veterinary, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus pathogenicity, Models, Biological, Neoplasms, Experimental enzymology, Neoplasms, Experimental pathology, Neoplasms, Experimental virology, Nose Neoplasms pathology, Nose Neoplasms virology, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine virology, Sheep, Transcription Factors genetics, Transcription Factors metabolism, Adenocarcinoma veterinary, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 metabolism, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 metabolism, Nose Neoplasms enzymology, Nose Neoplasms veterinary, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine enzymology, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine pathology, Signal Transduction
- Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) and enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) are two contagious neoplastic diseases of secretory epithelial cells in the respiratory system of sheep and goats. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the aetiological agent of OPA, and enzootic nasal tumour virus (ENTV) is associated with ENA. The genomes of these retroviruses do not contain known oncogenes but products of the env gene are important in the generation of transforming stimuli. However, the cell signalling pathways activated in vivo are not completely understood. This study was based on the use of activation stage antibodies specifically detecting proteins of the extracellular signal regulated kinase Erk 1/2 cell signalling pathway and transcription factors. Tissue sections were collected from four natural cases of OPA, four experimentally induced OPA tumours, four ENA tumours in sheep, four ENA tumours in goats, two normal sheep lungs and two lungs with chronic inflammation. Routine immunohistochemical procedures with phosphorylation stage-specific antibodies were carried out. Representative proteins of the Erk1/2 pathway (Raf-1, Mek1/2 and p44/42MAPK) were activated in natural cases of OPA and ENA in sheep and goats and also in experimentally induced OPA. Transcription factors 90Rsk and Elk-1 were activated in OPA and ENA tumours. However, c-Myc was activated only in OPA tumours. In contagious respiratory neoplasms of sheep and goats the Erk1/2 pathway appears to be important for the in-vivo generation of the transforming stimuli.
- Published
- 2006
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34. The molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections in Tanzania.
- Author
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Kazwala RR, Kusiluka LJ, Sinclair K, Sharp JM, and Daborn CJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacterial Typing Techniques methods, Cattle, DNA Fingerprinting methods, Demography, Genotype, Humans, Mycobacterium bovis genetics, Mycobacterium bovis isolation & purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Tanzania epidemiology, Tuberculosis, Bovine microbiology, Zoonoses, Genetic Variation, Mycobacterium bovis classification, Tuberculosis, Bovine epidemiology
- Abstract
A molecular epidemiological study to determine the zoonotic importance of bovine tuberculosis was carried out in Tanzania. Specimens from human cases of tuberculosis as well as from slaughtered cattle were collected from regions with a high proportion of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In order to determine the similarity of strains from the two sources, molecular typing techniques, namely RFLP and spoligotyping, were used to determine the genetic profile of the strains involved. The results of pTBN12 typing of M. bovis from cattle and man has shown a rather heterogeneous population of this species spread all over Tanzania, assuming that the present sample is representative. There were 13 different pTBN12 RFLP types encountered. The genetic relatedness between the pTBN12 RFLP patterns indicated a high degree of relatedness (86%) between the dominant pTBN12 genotypes existing in Tanzania. There were 13 different spoligotypes found in this study, whose genetic relatedness was also high (79%). DNA profiles were also confirmed by IS986 RFLP, which revealed that strains have 1-13 copies of IS986. Geographically, there was overlap between pTBN12 RFLP and spoligotypes amongst strains isolated from various parts of Tanzania. The diversity of the RFLP and spoligotype patterns observed in Tanzania probably reflects the extensive internal movements of cattle belonging to pastoralists. The evidence of overlap between DNA fingerprints of M. bovis from cattle and man has once more highlighted a need for synergy of veterinary and medical policies in the control of tuberculosis in Tanzania and probably in other developing countries.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. An influx of macrophages is the predominant local immune response in ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
- Author
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Summers C, Norval M, De Las Heras M, Gonzalez L, Sharp JM, and Woods GM
- Subjects
- Animals, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II metabolism, Immunohistochemistry, Interferon-gamma biosynthesis, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus pathogenicity, Lipopolysaccharide Receptors metabolism, Lung immunology, Lung pathology, Macrophages pathology, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine etiology, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine pathology, Sheep, Macrophages immunology, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine immunology
- Abstract
Infection with a retrovirus, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), causes ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). The excess production of surfactant proteins by alveolar tumour cells results in increased production of pulmonary fluid, which is characteristically expelled through the nostrils of affected sheep. The immune response to JSRV and the tumour is poorly understood: no JSRV-specific circulating antibodies or T cells have been detected to date. The aim of the present study was to obtain phenotypic evidence for a local immune response in OPA lungs. Specific-pathogen free lambs were infected intratracheally with JSRV. When clinical signs of OPA were apparent, the lungs were removed at necropsy and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on lung sections using a panel of mouse anti-sheep mAbs. No influx of dendritic cells, B cells, CD4, CD8 or gammadelta T cells was seen in the neoplastic nodules or in their periphery. MHC Class II-positive cells were found intratumourally, peritumourally and in the surrounding alveolar lumina. In the tumours, many of these cells were shown to be fibroblasts and the remainder were likely to be mature macrophages. In the alveolar lumen, the MHC Class II-positive cells were CD14-positive and expressed high levels of IFN-gamma. They appeared to be immature monocytes or macrophages which then differentiated to become CD14-negative as they reached the periphery of the tumours. A high level of MHC Class I expression was detected on a range of cells in the OPA lungs but the tumour nodules themselves contained no MHC Class I-positive cells. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that the lack of an effective immune response in OPA could result from a mechanism of peripheral tolerance in which the activity of the invading macrophages is suppressed by the local environment, possibly as a consequence of the inhibitory properties of the surfactant proteins.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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36. Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis isolates from goats detected by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
- Author
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de Juan L, Mateos A, Domínguez L, Sharp JM, and Stevenson K
- Subjects
- Animals, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field methods, Genotype, Goats, Molecular Epidemiology, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis classification, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolation & purification, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field veterinary, Genetic Variation, Goat Diseases microbiology, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis genetics, Paratuberculosis microbiology
- Abstract
Paratuberculosis in goats occurs worldwide causing considerable economic losses mainly due to reduced milk production. Nowadays, there is still relatively little knowledge about the epidemiology of this disease in goats, and only a few epidemiological studies have been carried out in goats naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. a. paratuberculosis). The objective of this study was to characterize forty four clinical caprine isolates of M. a. paratuberculosis by different molecular techniques (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE], restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis coupled with hybridization to IS900, and IS1311 polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme analysis) to determine the most useful technique for molecular typing of caprine isolates, as well as to disclose the genetic variation amongst caprine isolates and the relationship with strains isolated from other animal species. PFGE was found to be the most discriminative technique identifying a total of 13 'multiplex' PFGE profiles, ten of which were novel profiles found only in caprine isolates to date. All isolates were genotyped as Type II strains, except two isolates that resembled the intermediate group referred as Type III.
- Published
- 2005
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37. Coexistence of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma and jaagsiekte retrovirus infection in sheep.
- Author
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Ortín A, Pérez de Villarreal M, Minguijón E, Cousens C, Sharp JM, and De las Heras M
- Subjects
- Adenocarcinoma pathology, Adenocarcinoma virology, Animals, DNA, Viral analysis, Female, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus genetics, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus isolation & purification, Lymph Nodes pathology, Lymph Nodes virology, Neoplasms, Multiple Primary pathology, Neoplasms, Multiple Primary virology, Nose Neoplasms pathology, Nose Neoplasms virology, Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary, Sheep, Adenocarcinoma veterinary, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus physiology, Neoplasms, Multiple Primary veterinary, Nose Neoplasms veterinary, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine pathology
- Abstract
Ten sheep naturally affected with enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA), a disease associated with ovine enzootic nasal tumour virus (ENTV-1), were found also to be infected with jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), the causal agent of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). Only one of the sheep showed OPA lung lesions. The animals belonged to 10 flocks located in a geographical area in which OPA is frequently seen. ENTV-1 was found in all the ENA tumours but only occasionally in extra-tumoral sites, confirming the results of a previous study. In contrast, JSRV had a disseminated tissue distribution, similar to that previously reported for animals infected with JSRV. However, the occurrence of JSRV in lymphoid tissues was clearly greater than in sheep infected with JSRV but with no lesions of ENA. The data suggested a synergistic relationship between ENTV-1 and JSRV, resulting in increased proliferation of JSRV.
- Published
- 2004
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38. Analysis of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium bovis from three clinical samples from Scotland.
- Author
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Hughes VM, Skuce R, Doig C, Stevenson K, Sharp JM, and Watt B
- Subjects
- Animals, Cattle, DNA Fingerprinting methods, DNA, Bacterial analysis, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field methods, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Scotland, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tuberculosis, Bovine diagnosis, Antitubercular Agents pharmacology, Mycobacterium bovis isolation & purification, Tuberculosis diagnosis, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant diagnosis
- Abstract
Objective: To determine whether multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium bovis isolated from patients in Scotland were genotypically related., Design: Genotypes of MDR strains were determined using three molecular fingerprinting techniques: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spoligotyping and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). PFGE profiles were also obtained for all medical and veterinary isolates occurring in Scotland in 1997-1998., Results: MDR strains showed individual Dra I PFGE profiles. Case III/98 had a profile represented in both veterinary and medical populations, Case I/94 had a profile observed in medical but not veterinary isolates, and Case II/98 had a profile unique to this study. Afl II PFGE discriminated the resistant strains. Spoligotyping grouped Cases I/94 and II/98 (ST-134). Case III/98 had a spoligotype ST-140, which is commonly observed in veterinary isolates. Similarly, DRr-RFLP analysis grouped cases I/94 and II/98, whereas Case III/98 had a common veterinary profile. DRX(PGRS) RFLP gave three unique profiles., Conclusion: Three resistant strains were discriminated by PFGE and DRX(PGRS) RFLP, indicating that the three strains are not related in an epidemiologically relevant time scale. However, Cases I/94 and II/98 were more closely linked by spoligotyping and DRr-RFLP data. PFGE and DRr-RFLP linked Case III/98 profiles to the most common veterinary isolate.
- Published
- 2003
39. Tribal differences in perception of tuberculosis: a possible role in tuberculosis control in Arusha, Tanzania.
- Author
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Mfinanga SG, Mørkve O, Kazwala RR, Cleaveland S, Sharp JM, Shirima G, and Nilsen R
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Cattle, Cross-Sectional Studies, Culture, Feeding Behavior, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Housing, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Perception, Prevalence, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tanzania epidemiology, Tuberculosis, Bovine epidemiology, Tuberculosis epidemiology, Tuberculosis etiology, Tuberculosis veterinary
- Abstract
Setting: Arusha, Tanzania., Objective: To determine tribal differences in knowledge and practices that might influence tuberculosis control., Method: Twenty-seven villages were selected randomly out of 242 villages in four districts. In each village, a general and a livestock keeping group were selected at random. The households were home-visited and 426 family members were interviewed., Results: On average, 40% of respondents practised habits that might expose them to both bovine and human tuberculosis. The Barabaig tribe had a significantly higher number of respondents (50%, chi2(2) = 5.1, P = 0.024) who did not boil milk. Eating uncooked meat or meat products was practised by 17.9% of all respondents. The habit was practised more by Iraqw (21.1%, chi2(2) = 6.9, P = 0.008) and Barabaig (31.6%, chi2(2) = 5.6, P = 0.016) than other tribes. About 75% of the respondents had a poor knowledge of tuberculosis., Conclusion: All tribes had habits and beliefs that might expose them to both bovine and human tuberculosis. The Iraqw and Barabaig tribes practised such habits more than other tribes. Knowledge of tuberculosis was limited in all tribes.
- Published
- 2003
40. The role of livestock keeping in tuberculosis trends in Arusha, Tanzania.
- Author
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Mfinanga SG, Mørkve O, Kazwala RR, Cleaveland S, Sharp JM, Shirima G, and Nilsen R
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Cattle, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Housing, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Rural Health, Tanzania epidemiology, Tuberculosis transmission, Ventilation, Zoonoses, Animals, Domestic, Tuberculosis epidemiology
- Abstract
Setting: Arusha, Tanzania., Objective: To assess risk factors that might influence TB control in the general population and in livestock-keepers., Methods: Of 242 villages in four districts, 27 were selected randomly. In each village, a general and a livestock-keeping group were selected at random. The households were home-visited and 426 family members were interviewed., Results: On average, three-quarters of households practised at least one risk activity for transmission of zoonotic tuberculosis, and respondents had poor knowledge about tuberculosis. In the livestock-keeping group, the risks of having a tuberculosis patient in the family were determined by poor ventilation (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.5), confining livestock indoors with people (OR 2.3, 95%CI 1.1-5.0) and multiple determinants including poor ventilation (OR 13.5, 95% CI 2.5-71.7). Risk activities and the risks of having a tuberculosis patient in a family were significantly higher in the livestock-keeping group., Conclusions: The respondents had limited knowledge about tuberculosis, and the households had practices that posed potential risks for both human and bovine tuberculosis infection. Poor ventilation and confining livestock indoors were associated with tuberculosis spread in the households. These risks were observed more in the livestock-keeping group than in the general population group.
- Published
- 2003
41. Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma of sheep and goats.
- Author
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De las Heras M, Ortín A, Cousens C, Minguijón E, and Sharp JM
- Subjects
- Adenocarcinoma pathology, Adenocarcinoma virology, Animals, Base Sequence, Goats, Models, Animal, Molecular Sequence Data, Mucus metabolism, Nose Neoplasms pathology, Nose Neoplasms virology, Retroviridae classification, Retroviridae genetics, Sequence Alignment, Sheep, Adenocarcinoma veterinary, Goat Diseases virology, Nose Neoplasms veterinary, Retroviridae pathogenicity, Sheep Diseases virology
- Abstract
Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma is a contagious tumour of the mucosal nasal glands affecting young adult sheep or goats. The disease occurs naturally in all continents except Australia and New Zealand. Clinical signs include continuous nasal discharge, respiratory distress, exophthalmos and skull deformations. The tumour is classified histologically as a low-grade adenocarcinoma. Nasal glands of both respiratory and olfactory muosal glands seem to be the origin of the neoplasia. It has been experimentally transmitted in sheep and goats using either tumour extracts or concentrated nasal fluids. Two distinct retroviruses are implicated in the aetiology of the neoplasia one in sheep (ONAV) and one in goats (CNAV). We suggest that jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), ONAV, CNAV, and their endogenous counterparts represent a unique family of retroviruses. The similarities between these viruses suggests that any control strategies, including vaccination, may be appropriate to both diseases. The differences, however, represent a unique resource for delineating the function of individual regions of the virus. It is intriguing that whilst ONAV and CNAV appear to be as different to each other as they are to JSRV, that they have very similar disease pathologies, distinct from that of OPA. Additionally, all three exogenous viruses manage to avoid instigating any apparent immune response. Whether this is indeed a result of tolerance induced by the endogenous counterparts or whether the viruses themselves have unique immunosuppressive properties will be an important finding.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Natural history of JSRV in sheep.
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Sharp JM and DeMartini JC
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Animals, Inflammation virology, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus genetics, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus isolation & purification, Leukocytes immunology, Mice, Models, Animal, Prevalence, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine epidemiology, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine immunology, RNA, Viral genetics, Sheep, Viral Proteins analysis, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus pathogenicity, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine virology
- Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a contagious lung tumour of sheep and, rarely, goats that arises from two types of secretory epithelial cell that retain their luxury function of surfactant synthesis and secretion. It is classified as a low-grade adenocarcinoma and is viewed as a good model for epithelial neoplasia because of its morphological resemblance to the human lung tumour, bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma. OPA is present in most of the sheep rearing areas of the globe and, in affected flocks, tumours are present in a high proportion of sheep. OPA is associated with the ovine retrovirus, jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), and is transmissible only with inocula that contain JSRV. All sheep contain JSRV-related endogenous viruses, but JSRV is an exogenous virus that is associated exclusively with OPA. JSRV is detected consistently in the lung fluid, tumour and lymphoid tissues of sheep affected by both natural and experimental OPA or unaffected in-contact flockmates and never in sheep from unaffected flocks with no history of the tumour. JSRV replicates principally in the epithelial tumour cells, but also establishes a disseminated infection of several lymphoid cell types, including peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). Longitudinal studies in flocks with endemic OPA have revealed JSRV in PBLs before the onset of clinical OPA and even in the absence of discernible lung tumour. The prevalence of JSRV infection is 40%-80%, although only 30% of sheep appear to develop OPA lesions. A unique feature of OPA is the absence of a specific humoral immune response to JSRV, despite the highly productive infection in the lungs and the disseminated lymphoid infection. This feature is associated with reduced responsiveness to some mitogens, although the phenotypic profile of the peripheral blood remains unaltered. The reduced response is an early and sustained event during infection and may indicate that the failure of infected sheep to produce specific antibodies to JSRV is a direct consequence of infection.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Pathology of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
- Author
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De las Heras M, González L, and Sharp JM
- Subjects
- Animals, Goats, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus pathogenicity, Lung Diseases pathology, Lung Diseases virology, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine virology, Pulmonary Alveoli ultrastructure, Sheep, Sheep, Domestic, Virion isolation & purification, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine pathology
- Abstract
Clinical, gross pathology, histopathology and electron microscopy of the ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA, jaagsiekte) either natural or experimentally induced in sheep, goat and moufflon are described. OPA is caused by an oncogenic betaretrovirus,jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). Most natural cases of OPA appear in animals 1-4 years old. There is no evidence of sex or breed susceptibility. Sheep affected by OPA show an afebrile respiratory illness associated with loss of weight. A very characteristic clinical sign is moist rales caused by the accumulation of fluid in the respiratory airways which is discharged from the nostrils when the head is lowered. Gross lesions are confined to the lungs but occasionally thoracic or extrathoracic structures are also affected. Two pathologic forms of OPA are currently recognized, classical and atypical. In classical forms the neoplastic lesions occurs particularly in the cranioventral parts of all lung lobes. They are diffuse or nodular, light grey or light purple in colour. On the cut surface the tumour is moist, and frothy fluid may pour from the airways on slight pressure. Atypical forms tend to be more nodular in both early and advanced tumours. They are pearly white in colour, very hard in consistency, very well demarcated from the surrounding parenchyma and their surface is dry. Histology of the lung sections reveals the presence of several foci of epithelial cell neoplastic proliferation in both alveolar or bronchiolar regions. The tumours, derived from type II pneumocytes and Clara cells, proliferate into mostly papillary but also acinar or occasionally solid growths. The tumour generally shows a benign histological pattern but intra- and extrathoracic metastases have been detected in some cases. Several considerations suggest that the tumour should be classified as an adenocarcinoma of the lung. The histology of atypical OPA is similar to that of the classical disease, with an increase in the stromal reaction accompanying the epithelial proliferations. Pathological features of OPA induced experimentally in sheep, or of OPA in goats and moufflon are similar to those described in sheep. Detailed electron microscopy of tumour material confirms that type II pneumocytes and Clara bronchiolar epithelial cells are the origin of the neoplasia. Also included in this chapter is a description of the morphology of the viral particles associated with OPA.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Norwalk-like virus-associated gastroenteritis in a large, high-density encampment--Virginia, July 2001.
- Author
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Cheek JE, Young P, Branch L, Dupnik KM, Kelly ST, Sharp JM, Toney DM, Bresee JS, Monroe SS, Beard RS, Bulens S, and Leman R
- Subjects
- Caliciviridae Infections diagnosis, Camping, Gastroenteritis epidemiology, Humans, Virginia epidemiology, Caliciviridae Infections epidemiology, Gastroenteritis virology, Norovirus isolation & purification
- Published
- 2002
45. Strategies for enhancing monoclonal antibody accumulation in plant cell and organ cultures.
- Author
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Sharp JM and Doran PM
- Subjects
- Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Antibodies, Monoclonal genetics, Antibodies, Monoclonal isolation & purification, Blotting, Western, Brefeldin A pharmacology, Cells, Cultured, Culture Media, Conditioned, Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments metabolism, Indolizines pharmacology, Macrolides, Mice, Oxygen metabolism, Plant Roots metabolism, Plant Tumors, Plants, Genetically Modified genetics, Povidone pharmacology, Recombinant Proteins biosynthesis, Recombinant Proteins genetics, Recombinant Proteins immunology, Nicotiana genetics, Tunicamycin pharmacology, Antibodies, Monoclonal biosynthesis, Immunoglobulin G biosynthesis, Plants, Genetically Modified metabolism, Nicotiana metabolism
- Abstract
Various strategies aimed at improving IgG(1) antibody accumulation in transgenic tobacco cell and organ cultures were tested. The form of tissue had a significant effect on antibody levels; shooty teratomas were less productive than hairy roots or suspended cells. Although there were several disadvantages associated with hairy roots compared with suspensions, such as slower growth, slower antibody production, and formation of a greater number of antibody fragments, the roots exhibited superior long-term culture stability. Antibody accumulation in hairy root cultures was improved by increasing the dissolved oxygen tension to 150% air saturation, indicating the need for effective oxygen transfer in root reactors used for antibody production. Preventing N-linked glycosylation using tunicamycin or inhibition of subsequent glycan processing by castanospermine reduced antibody accumulation in the biomass and/or medium in cell suspensions. Loss of antibody from the cultures after its secretion and release into the medium was identified as a major problem. This effect was minimized by inhibiting protein transport in the secretory pathway using Brefeldin A, resulting in antibody accumulation levels up to 2.7 times those in untreated cells. Strategies for protecting secreted antibody, such as addition of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and periodic harvesting from the medium using hydroxyapatite resin, also increased antibody titers. The mechanisms responsible for the disappearance of antibody from plant culture media were not clearly identified; degradation by proteases and conformational modification of the antibody, such as formation of aggregates, provided an explanation for some but not all the phenomena observed. This work demonstrates that the manipulation and control of culture conditions and metabolic processes in plant tissue cultures can be used to improve the production of foreign proteins. However, loss of secreted antibody from plant culture medium is a significant problem that may limit the feasibility of using product recovery from the medium to reduce downstream processing costs relative to agricultural systems.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
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46. Variable-density groundwater flow and solute transport in heterogeneous porous media: approaches, resolutions and future challenges.
- Author
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Simmons CT, Fenstemaker TR, and Sharp JM Jr
- Subjects
- Chemical Phenomena, Chemistry, Physical, Colloids, Diffusion, Permeability, Pressure, Temperature, Models, Theoretical, Soil Pollutants analysis, Water Movements, Water Pollutants analysis
- Abstract
In certain hydrogeological situations, fluid density variations occur because of changes in the solute or colloidal concentration, temperature, and pressure of the groundwater. These include seawater intrusion, high-level radioactive waste disposal, groundwater contamination, and geothermal energy production. When the density of the invading fluid is greater than that of the ambient one, density-driven free convection can lead to transport of heat and solutes over larger spatial scales and significantly shorter time scales than compared with diffusion alone. Beginning with the work of Lord Rayleigh in 1916, thermal and solute instabilities in homogeneous media have been studied in detail for almost a century. Recently, these theoretical and experimental studies have been applied in the study of groundwater phenomena, where the assumptions of homogeneity and isotropy rarely, if ever, apply. The critical role that heterogeneity plays in the onset as well as the growth and/or decay of convective motion is discussed by way of a review of pertinent literature and numerical simulations performed using a variable-density flow and solute transport numerical code. Different styles of heterogeneity are considered and range from continuously "trending" heterogeneity (sinusoidal and stochastic permeability distributions) to discretely fractured geologic media. Results indicate that both the onset of instabilities and their subsequent growth and decay are intimately related to the structure and variance of the permeability field. While disordered heterogeneity tends to dissipate convection through dispersive mixing, an ordered heterogeneity (e.g., sets of vertical fractures) allows instabilities to propagate at modest combinations of fracture aperture and separation distances. Despite a clearer understanding of the processes that control the onset and propagation of instabilities, resultant plume patterns and their migration rates and pathways do not appear amenable to prediction at present. The classical Rayleigh number used to predict the occurrence of instabilities fails, in most cases, when heterogeneous conditions prevail. The incorporation of key characteristics of the heterogeneous permeability field into relevant stability criteria and numerical models remains a challenge for future research.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Experimental paratuberculosis in calves following inoculation with a rabbit isolate of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
- Author
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Beard PM, Stevenson K, Pirie A, Rudge K, Buxton D, Rhind SM, Sinclair MC, Wildblood LA, Jones DG, and Sharp JM
- Subjects
- Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases pathology, Cattle Diseases transmission, Disease Reservoirs, Male, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolation & purification, Paratuberculosis pathology, Virulence, Animals, Wild microbiology, Cattle Diseases microbiology, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis pathogenicity, Paratuberculosis microbiology, Paratuberculosis transmission, Rabbits microbiology
- Abstract
The role of wildlife species in the epidemiology of paratuberculosis has been the subject of increased research efforts following the discovery of natural paratuberculosis in free-living rabbits from farms in east Scotland. This paper describes the experimental inoculation of young calves with an isolate of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis recovered from a free-living rabbit. After a 6-month incubation period, all eight calves inoculated with the rabbit isolate had developed histopathological and/or microbiological evidence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Similar results were obtained from a group of calves infected with a bovine isolate of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The virulence of the rabbit isolate for calves demonstrated in this study suggests that rabbits are capable of passing paratuberculosis to domestic ruminants and that wildlife reservoirs of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis should therefore be considered when formulating control plans for the disease.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Association of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus with pulmonary carcinoma in Sardinian moufflon (Ovis musimon).
- Author
-
Sanna MP, Sanna E, De Las Heras M, Leoni A, Nieddu AM, Pirino S, Sharp JM, and Palmarini M
- Subjects
- Animals, DNA, Viral analysis, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Immunoenzyme Techniques veterinary, In Situ Hybridization veterinary, Italy, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus genetics, Lymph Nodes pathology, Lymph Nodes virology, Macrophages, Alveolar pathology, Macrophages, Alveolar virology, Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine epidemiology, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine pathology, Pulmonary Alveoli pathology, Pulmonary Alveoli virology, Rabbits, Sheep, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus isolation & purification, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine virology
- Abstract
Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma has been described in man and in several animal species, including cattle, dogs, opossums, goats and sheep. In sheep, a bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma, known as ovine pulmonary carcinoma (OPC), is caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), an exogenous type D retrovirus. In the mid-1980s, a severe outbreak of a disease resembling OPC was described in captive Sardinian moufflon (Ovis musimon). In the present study, the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of nucleic acids extracted from archival material established that JSRV was associated with OPC in affected moufflon. JSRV was detected in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes. Immunohistochemical and in-situ PCR demonstrated that in the lungs, JSRV proviral DNA was localized in transformed and untransformed type II pneumocytes and in the alveolar macrophages. In the mediastinal lymph nodes, JSRV DNA was mainly located in the cortical follicles and paracortex. These data suggest that JSRV is the cause of OPC in Sardinian moufflon, as it is in Sardinian sheep., (Copyright Harcourt Publishers Ltd.)
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Characterization of monoclonal antibody fragments produced by plant cells.
- Author
-
Sharp JM and Doran PM
- Subjects
- Benzylamines chemistry, Blotting, Western, Brefeldin A chemistry, Culture Media, Glycosylation, Immunoglobulin Fragments chemistry, Plant Cells, Plant Roots growth & development, Swainsonine chemistry, Tunicamycin chemistry, Antibodies, Monoclonal immunology, Plants immunology
- Abstract
Production of a murine IgG1 was investigated using hairy roots, shooty teratomas, and suspended cells of transgenic tobacco. In all cases, in addition to complete assembled antibody, two to four major antibody fragments accumulated in the biomass. A range of protease inhibitors, protein-stabilizing agents, inhibitors of N-glycosylation and protein secretion, glycan-reactive agents, and affinity probes was used to characterize these fragments and investigate their sites and mechanisms of formation. The fragments were not experimental artifacts caused by antibody degradation during tissue homogenization and sample preparation, nor did they represent glycosylation variants. All of the molecules were actively secreted into the culture media and some showed evidence of Golgi-associated glycan processing, indicating they were not assembly intermediates. Antibody fragments of 50 and 80 kDa were identified mainly as the products of extracellular degradation in the root and shoot apoplast; the 80-kDa fragment was also present in cell suspension medium, and in suspended cell biomass toward the end of the growth phase. Larger 120- and 135-kDa fragments were most likely produced by proteolytic degradation along the secretory pathway outside of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus; the carbohydrate residues of the 135-kDa antibody suggest formation between these organelles. Inhibition of protein secretion and retention of antibody in the ER and/or Golgi reduced fragmentation and increased antibody accumulation levels, probably by reducing exposure to the principal sites of protease activity. This work highlights the importance of foreign protein degradation in plant tissues as a mechanism for posttranslational product loss. Identifying the nature of these degradative processes is a first step toward alleviating their effects, improving protein yields, and enhancing the feasibility of plants as a commercial means for large-scale protein production., (Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus can be detected in the peripheral blood during the pre-clinical period of sheep pulmonary adenomatosis.
- Author
-
González L, García-Goti M, Cousens C, Dewar P, Cortabarría N, Extramiana AB, Ortín A, De Las Heras M, and Sharp JM
- Subjects
- Animals, DNA, Viral blood, Disease Progression, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus genetics, Lung Neoplasms pathology, Lung Neoplasms veterinary, Lung Neoplasms virology, Lymphoid Tissue virology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Proviruses genetics, Proviruses isolation & purification, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine pathology, Sheep blood, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus isolation & purification, Leukocytes virology, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine blood, Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine virology, Sheep virology
- Abstract
Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and tissue samples from 36 sheep were examined for jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) by hemi-nested PCR. Animals were classified according to the status of sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (SPA), which was confirmed by pathological examination, as follows: (i) sheep with classical SPA (cSPA, n=10), (ii) sheep with atypical SPA (aSPA, n=6), (iii) non-affected sheep from SPA-affected flocks (in-contact, n=10) and (iv) non-affected sheep from SPA-free flocks (control, n=10). JSRV proviral DNA was detected in the PBLs of 10/10 cSPA, 5/6 aSPA, 4/10 in-contact and 0/10 control sheep. Lung tumours and lymphoid organs were also found to be JSRV-positive. The number of positive PCR results was greater for sheep in the cSPA group than for those in the aSPA and in-contact groups. For the first time, it is concluded that JSRV can be detected in naturally infected sheep before the onset of clinical disease and even before the development of discernible tumours.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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