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"Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan", the Self-Reliant India campaign of2020, was a clarion call by Prime Minister Narendra Modi for the vision of a new India, kick-starting several independent initiatives across the five pillars, viz., Economy, Infrastructure, Systems, Demography and Demand1. The paper discusses one such technology-driven initiative called CollabFiles, envisaged and developed for use by government enterprises across the country. CollabFiles helps officials and staff of Government of India (GoI) to create and collaborate on documents and spreadsheets using web and mobile devices. Several innovative steps were taken to design this platform such as using principles of Enterprise Architecture (EA) to arrive at solution architecture, Single Sign-On (SSO) authentication ensuring secured access, interoperability with other government applications, secured storage at government cloud, a robust archival policy and a firm Disaster Recovery/Business Continuity (DR/BC) plan. It shares details of the pioneering approach to develop a sustainable platform, meeting the needs of government officials on a day-to-day basis. The paper gives the current status of implementation, defines critical success factors for effective roll-out, and also discusses how certain challenges were addressed. It also discusses more advanced features to be incorporated to enhance the user experience. CollabFiles is currently operational pan-India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WWW, one of the most pervasive technologies for information and service delivery over Internet with a potential to revise and preserve the web applications without dispensing and installing software on doubtlessly millions of client computers. As the web applications are increasingly used for crucial services, they have become a prominent and relevant target for any security outbreak. Software security is a methodology which guards against the malicious attacks and security failures along with an aim to increase system reliability. The prime objective of software security is to gain knowledge about the vulnerabilities in a system and foresee attacker’s motive and perception. This paper reviews the existing techniques of web application security, with the aim of standardizing them into a bigger picture to enable the future research areas. The scrutiny of a web application attack and the attack techniques are also enclosed in details. Lastly the parameters to provide a secure hosting surrounding to the applications are indexed. The paper summarizes the security of web application in a holistic manner and provides a range of ways to ensure that it’s as secure as it can be, as well as forever improving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reason about the meaning of an image, useful information should be provided with that image; however, images often contain little to no textual information about the objects they are depicting, which is the precise reason why there is a need for CBIR systems that exploit only the correlations present in the raw pixel data. In this paper, we proposed a new type of image feature, which consists of patterns of colors and intensities that capture the latent associations among images and primitive features in such a way that the noise and redundancy are eliminated. We introduced the synobin, a new term for content-based image retrieval literature, which is the equivalent of a synonym word from text retrieval, to name the bin that is synonymous with other bins of a color feature, in the sense that they are similarly used across the image database. In a formal definition, a group of synobins is given by the most important bins participating in forming of a useful pattern, that is, the bins having the highest coefficients in the linear combination defining that pattern. Incorporating our feature model into a CBIR system moves the research in image retrieval beyond simple matching of images based on their primitive features and creates a ground for learning image semantics from visual content. A system developed using our proposed feature model will have the capability of learning associations not only between semantic concepts and images, but also between semantic concepts and patterns. We evaluated the performance of our system based on the retrieval accuracy and on the perceptual similarity order among retrieved images. When compared to standard image retrieval methods, our preliminary results show that even if the feature space was reduced to only 3%–5% of the initial space, the accuracy and perceptual similarity for our system remain the same or better depending on the category of images.

Inflammasome activation is a robust innate immune mechanism that promotes inflammatory responses through the release of alarmins and leaderless cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-18. Various stimuli, including infectious agents and cellular stress, cause inflammasomes to assemble and activate caspase-1. Then, caspase-1 cleaves targets that lead to pore formation and leaderless cytokine activation and release. Toxoplasma gondii has been shown to promote inflammasome formation, but the cell types utilizing caspase-1 and the downstream effects on immunological outcomes during acute in vivo infection have not been explored. Here, using knockout mice, we examine the role of caspase-1 responses during acute T. gondii infection globally and in Cx3cr1-positive populations. We provide in vivo evidence that caspase-1 expression is critical for, IL-18 release, optimal interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production, monocyte and neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection, and parasite control. Specifically, we find that caspase-1 expression in Cx3cr1-positive cells drives IL-18 release, which potentiates CD4+ T cell IFN-γ production and parasite control. Notably, our Cx3cr1-Casp1 knockouts exhibited a selective T cell defect, mirroring the phenotype observed in Il18 knockouts. In further support of this finding, treatment of Cx3cr1-Casp1 knockout mice with recombinant IL-18 restored CD4+ T cell IFN-γ responses and parasite control. Additionally, we show that neutrophil recruitment is dependent on IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAP) signaling but is dispensable for parasite control. Overall, these experiments highlight the multifaceted role of caspase-1 in multiple cell populations contributing to specific pathways that collectively contribute to caspase-1 dependent immunity to T. gondii., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Babcock et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Introduction: Metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS) has demonstrated safety in its usage in the adolescent population and can aid in curbing the rising obesity epidemic. However, long-term data surrounding durability of MBS in this population is limited. This study aims to examine both short and long-term outcomes of MBS in adolescents, as well as identify patient characteristics and demographics that may impact operative safety and durability., Methods: The New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System was utilized to identify patients 12-19 y old who underwent a bariatric procedure from 2007 to 2018. Patients were followed for the need for revisional or conversion (RC) procedures. Safety was defined by 30-d readmission, length of stay (LOS), and in-hospital complications. Durability was characterized by the incidence of RC after the initial procedure. Variables that were significantly associated with each outcome on univariable analysis were selected for in multivariable regression models., Results: 2241 adolescents underwent MBS in the study time frame; 58.46% of them underwent sleeve gastrectomy (SG). The median LOS was 1.66 ± 1.04 d. The overall in-hospital complication rate was 3.44%; 30-d readmission rate was 3.17%. Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) patients were more likely to have a 30-d readmission than SG (OR = 1.75 95% CI 1.03-2.96). Factors associated with in hospital complications were preexisting hypertension (OR = 2.008 95% CI 1.141-3.535) and hypothyroidism (OR = 2.459 95% CI 1.132-5.341). Overall, the RC rate was 6.65%. RC rate following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), RYGB, and SG was 27.33%, 2.08%, and 1.22%, respectively. The incidence of RC was significantly different between patients undergoing different types of bariatric surgery (P-value<0.0001), and it was significantly higher after LAGB comparing to RYGB (HR = 16.16, 95% CI: 7.56-34.51) as well as comparing to SG (HR = 9.22, 95% CI: 5.07-16.78). Insurance status, race or ethnicity, and socioeconomic disadvantage were not significantly associated with 30-d readmissions, in-hospital complications, LOS, or RC., Conclusions: Adolescent patients experience a low rate of postoperative adverse events following MBS. These procedures remain durable over time for this patient cohort. These positive results are regardless of race, ethnicity, and insurance status. This study identifies that female patients and LAGB patients are at highest risk for need for eventual RC, suggesting the need for closer postoperative follow-up for these specific patient cohorts., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: While prior literature demonstrates gender-based differences in surgical residents' self-assessments, limited data exist examining these effects at the medical student level. This study aimed to understand how self-ratings of clinical performance differ across genders for clerkship students., Methods: This was a retrospective study examining the results of an institutional Clinical Performance Examination administered at the end of the clerkship year. Students were tasked with obtaining a history and physical examination and developing an assessment and plan based on standardized patient cases. After the examination, students were asked to estimate the percentile rating of their performance. Female and male students' true scores, self-rated percentiles, and differences between true and self-rated percentiles were compared., Results: One hundred twenty three male and 113 female medical students were included in the analysis. Female medical students performed statistically significantly better overall (79.65% versus 78.23%, P = 0.0039), in history skills (76.90% versus 75.19%, P = 0.012), and in communication skills (94.05% versus 92.58%, P = 0.0085). No statistically significant differences were seen between self-rated percentiles between male and female students. However, when comparing the difference between self-rated and true percentile scores (Δ = self-rated - true percentile), male students were more likely to rate themselves higher than their true percentile on history (male students Δ = 12.26 versus female students Δ = -1.24, P = 0.00076) and communication metrics (male students Δ = 14.12 versus female students Δ = 6.05, P = 0.037)., Conclusions: Despite higher performance, female students rate themselves similarly to male medical students, suggesting a pattern of underestimation. Faculty must recognize that gender-based differences in self-evaluations begin at the medical student level, potentially impacting future trainee development., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: The severe respiratory manifestations observed in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases are often associated with an excessive inflammatory response. Dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes and suppressing the activity of various immune cells. This mechanism has implications for mitigating the cytokine storm observed in severe COVID-19 cases. Early on in the pandemic, the Recovery Collaborative working group showed a mortality benefit of using dexamethasone in decreasing mortality in patients with COVID-19 requiring respiratory support. However, the optimal dosage of corticosteroids remains debatable. Several studies that compare different doses of dexamethasone in COVID-19 exist, but the results are conflicting., Aim: To review the latest evidence regarding dosage, safety, and efficacy of dexamethasone in severe COVID-19., Methods: We followed preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines. A detailed literature search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline to include publications up to March 2024. Our keywords included "COVID-19" "SARS-CoV-2" "dexamethasone" "corticosteroid" "steroid" and "glucocorticoid"-along with their combinations. We employed the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale to evaluate the integrity and potential of bias in the included studies. A meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model, assessing pooled odds ratios and mean differences, with heterogeneity gauged by the I 2 statistic and the χ 2 tests., Results: No statistical differences were found in 28-day all-cause mortality [pooled odds ratio (OR) = 1.109, 95%CI: 0.918-1.340], 60-day all-cause mortality (OR = 0.873, 95%CI: 0.744-1.024; I 2 = 47.29%), mean length of hospital stay (mean difference = -0.08 days, 95%CI: -0.001 to 0.161) and adverse events (OR = 0.877, 95%CI: 0.707-1.087)., Conclusion: Differing doses of corticosteroids have no clinical implications on mortality, mean length of hospital stay, and adverse events in COVID-19 patients. Additional research is required in patients requiring invasive or non-invasive ventilation., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Occult nodal disease (OND) during clinically-N0 salvage total laryngectomy (TL) can be detected with the Neck-Imaging-Reporting-and-Data-Systems (NI-RADS). However, some patients will still have OND revealed on final pathology., Methods: A retrospective study on all patients who had OND during salvage TL with elective neck dissection (END) between 2009 and 2021 was performed. Repeat CT and PET scan interpretation was performed to evaluate their preoperative imaging for suspicious features., Results: Among 81 salvage TL patients undergoing END, 12 (16%) had OND and a total of 26 occult nodes were identified. On pathology, the average node length [SD] was 0.6 cm [0.3]. On CT, 31% (8 of 26) had rounded morphology. On PET, most had SUV max below blood pool. One patient scored NI-RADS 2; the rest scored 1., Conclusions: On re-review of preoperative imaging, occult nodes were subtle and challenging to identify. Despite no clear impact on survival, performing an END may provide prognostic information., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background & Aims: The complex tumor microenvironment (TME) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has hindered the development of reliable predictive biomarkers for targeted therapy and immunomodulatory strategies. A comprehensive characterization of the TME is necessary to advance precision therapeutics in PDAC., Methods: A transcriptomic profiling platform for TME classification based on functional gene signatures was applied to 14 publicly available PDAC datasets (n = 1657) and validated in a clinically annotated independent cohort of patients with PDAC (n = 79). Four distinct subtypes were identified using unsupervised clustering and assessed to evaluate predictive and prognostic utility., Results: TME classification using transcriptomic profiling identified 4 biologically distinct subtypes based on their TME immune composition: immune enriched (IE); immune enriched, fibrotic (IE/F); fibrotic (F); and immune depleted (D). The IE and IE/F subtypes demonstrated a more favorable prognosis and potential for response to immunotherapy compared with the F and D subtypes. Most lung metastases and liver metastases were subtypes IE and D, respectively, indicating the role of clonal phenotype and immune milieu in developing personalized therapeutic strategies. In addition, distinct TMEs with potential therapeutic implications were identified in treatment-naive primary tumors compared with tumors that underwent neoadjuvant therapy., Conclusions: This novel approach defines a distinct subgroup of PADC patients that may benefit from immunotherapeutic strategies based on their TME subtype and provides a framework to select patients for prospective clinical trials investigating precision immunotherapy in PDAC. Further, the predictive utility and real-world clinical applicability espoused by this transcriptomic-based TME classification approach will accelerate the advancement of precision medicine in PDAC., (Copyright © 2024 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: Various pathologies could lead to occult gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Here we report the case of a 73-year-old woman who presented with hematochezia and syncope, and was found to have a large bleeding GI stromal tumor incidentally from 99m Tc-RBC scintigraphy. This study was done after negative workup with CT angiography, colonoscopy, and capsule endoscopy for the source of GI bleeding. Final pathology confirmed the mass being a low-grade GI stromal tumor after exploratory laparotomy., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest and sources of funding: none declared., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Postoperative constipation after bariatric surgery is a common complaint, decreasing patient quality of life. No literature exists examining the efficacy of a preoperative bowel regimen in reducing postoperative constipation in this cohort. This study aims explore the efficacy of a well-established bowel regimen, polyethylene glycol (PEG), in reducing constipation frequency and severity after bariatric surgery., Methods: This was a retrospective study of adult patients undergoing primary and revisional bariatric procedures. The use of PEG bowel prep for bariatric patients was introduced as an institutional quality improvement measure. Patients during the first 3 months after PEG implementation were surveyed for postoperative constipation. For the year after implementation, patients were followed for 30-day emergency room visits or hospitalization secondary to constipation. This cohort was compared to historical controls from the previous year. Student t-tests were used for statistical analysis., Results: During the 3-month exploratory phase, 28/49 (57.14%) patients fully completed the bowel regimen. In total, 0/56 (0%) patients reported preoperative constipation, and 5/28 (17.9%) patients reported constipation at the 3-week follow-up. In the 1 year post-implementation cohort, 2/234 (0.85%) patients had constipation-related occurrences at 30-day follow-up, compared to 8/219 patients (3.65%) in the historical cohort (p = 0.04)., Conclusions: The implementation of a PEG-based bowel regimen did not eliminate self-reported constipation. However, there were significant differences in rates of constipation-related ED visits and hospital readmissions, suggesting that the bowel regimen decreases rates of severe constipation. Finally, patient compliance was limited. Future work should aim towards increasing compliance., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Preliminary evidence demonstrates female surgeons have improved post-operative outcomes compared to male colleagues despite underrepresentation in surgery. This study explores the effect of patient-surgeon gender discordance on outcomes in three specialties with high female patient populations: bariatric, foregut, colorectal., Methods: This is a retrospective study using the New York State (NYS) SPARCS database and first study evaluating outcomes based on surgeon/patient concordance in NYS. Bariatric, foregut, and colorectal surgery cases from 2013 to 2017 were identified., Results: Bariatric: female patients (FP) with CC had lower 30-day readmissions but higher complications compared with DC. Male patients (MP) with CC trended towards higher 30-day readmissions but lower complications compared with DC. FP received significantly better influence from CC in 30-day readmission, but disadvantages in complications. There was no significant difference in LOS or ED visits between CC and DC groups for either FP or MP. Foregut: FP with CC had lower LOS, 30-day readmissions, and 30-day ED visits compared with DC. MP showed opposite trends between CC and DC, although non-significant. The benefit from concordance was pronounced in FP compared to MP in LOS, 30-day readmissions, and 30-day ED visit. Concordance vs discordance did not significantly affect complications within either FP or MP group. Colorectal: the difference between CC and DC was not significant within FP or MP groups in any outcomes. When comparing the difference of 30-day readmissions in CC vs DC between FP and MP, there is a significant difference., Conclusion(s): Overall, our results show DC between patient and surgeon has significant effect on patient outcomes. A negative effect is seen for female patients in certain specialties, most pronounced in foregut surgery. This emphasizes need for surgeons to be conscious of care provided to opposite gender patients and underscores increasing female surgeons in high FP fields., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Cancer is a complex disease displaying a variety of cell states and phenotypes. This diversity, known as cancer cell plasticity, confers cancer cells the ability to change in response to their environment, leading to increased tumor diversity and drug resistance. This review explores the intricate landscape of cancer cell plasticity, offering a deep dive into the cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon. Cancer cell plasticity is intertwined with processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the acquisition of stem cell-like features. These processes are pivotal in the development and progression of tumors, contributing to the multifaceted nature of cancer and the challenges associated with its treatment. Despite significant advancements in targeted therapies, cancer cell adaptability and subsequent therapy-induced resistance remain persistent obstacles in achieving consistent, successful cancer treatment outcomes. Our review delves into the array of mechanisms cancer cells exploit to maintain plasticity, including epigenetic modifications, alterations in signaling pathways, and environmental interactions. We discuss strategies to counteract cancer cell plasticity, such as targeting specific cellular pathways and employing combination therapies. These strategies promise to enhance the efficacy of cancer treatments and mitigate therapy resistance. In conclusion, this review offers a holistic, detailed exploration of cancer cell plasticity, aiming to bolster the understanding and approach toward tackling the challenges posed by tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance. As articulated in this review, the delineation of cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms underlying tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance seeks to contribute substantially to the progress in cancer therapeutics and the advancement of precision medicine, ultimately enhancing the prospects for effective cancer treatment and patient outcomes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Determining the need for surgical management of blunt bowel and mesenteric injury (BBMI) remains a clinical challenge. The Faget score and Bowel Injury Prediction Score (BIPS) have been suggested to address this issue. Their efficacy in determining the need for surgery was examined., Methods: A retrospective review of all adult blunt trauma patients hospitalized at a level 1 trauma center between January 2009 and August 2019 who had small bowel, colon, and/or mesenteric injury was conducted. We further analyzed those who underwent preoperative computed tomography (CT) scanning at our institution. Final index CT reports were retrospectively reviewed to calculate the Faget and BIPS CT scores. All images were also independently reviewed by an attending radiologist to determine the BIPS CT score., Results: During the study period, 14,897 blunt trauma patients were hospitalized, of which 91 had BBMI. Of these, 62 met inclusion criteria. Among patients previously identified as having BBMI in the registry, the retrospectively applied Faget score had a sensitivity of 39.1%, specificity of 81.2%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 85.7%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 31.7% in identifying patients with operative BBMI. The retrospectively applied BIPS score had a sensitivity of 47.8%, specificity of 87.5%, PPV of 91.7%, and NPV of 36.8% in this cohort. When CT images were reviewed by an attending radiologist using the BIPS criteria, sensitivity was 56.5%, specificity 93.7%, PPV 96.3%, and NPV 42.8%., Conclusions: Existing BBMI scoring systems had limited sensitivity but excellent PPV in predicting the need for operative intervention for BBMI. Attending radiologist review of CT images using the BIPS scoring system demonstrated improved accuracy as opposed to retrospective application of the BIPS score to radiology reports., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: The spatial anatomy of hematopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM) has been extensively studied in mice and other preclinical models, but technical challenges have precluded a commensurate exploration in humans. Institutional pathology archives contain thousands of paraffinized BM core biopsy tissue specimens, providing a rich resource for studying the intact human BM topography in a variety of physiologic states. Thus, we developed an end-to-end pipeline involving multiparameter whole tissue staining, in situ imaging at single-cell resolution, and artificial intelligence-based digital whole slide image analysis and then applied it to a cohort of disease-free samples to survey alterations in the hematopoietic topography associated with aging. Our data indicate heterogeneity in marrow adipose tissue (MAT) content within each age group and an inverse correlation between MAT content and proportions of early myeloid and erythroid precursors, irrespective of age. We identify consistent endosteal and perivascular positioning of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with medullary localization of more differentiated elements and, importantly, uncover new evidence of aging-associated changes in cellular and vascular morphologies, microarchitectural alterations suggestive of foci with increased lymphocytes, and diminution of a potentially active megakaryocytic niche. Overall, our findings suggest that there is topographic remodeling of human hematopoiesis associated with aging. More generally, we demonstrate the potential to deeply unravel the spatial biology of normal and pathologic human BM states using intact archival tissue specimens., (© 2023 by The American Society of Hematology.)

Objective: This study aims to explore how timing of interval of cholecystectomy (IC) after percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy tube (PTC) placement impacts post-operative outcomes., Methods: A retrospective database analysis of New York State SPARCs database of IC between 2005 and 2015. The timing for IC ranged between > 1 week and < 2 years. Patients undergoing this procedure were further divided into quartiles using 4-time intervals; 1-5 weeks (Q1), 5-8 weeks (Q2), 8-12 weeks(Q3), and > 12 weeks(Q4). The study's primary outcome was hospital length of stay (LOS). Secondary outcomes included discharge status, 30-day readmission, 30-day ED visit, and 90-day reoperation, surgery type, complication, and bile duct injury. Multivariable regression models were used to compare patients across the four-time intervals after adjusting for confounding factors., Results: A total of 1038 patients with a history of PTC followed by IC between > 1 week and < 2 years were included in the final analysis. The median time to IC was 7.7 weeks. Q2 and Q3 both had a significantly higher median LOS of 3 days versus Q1 and Q4 at median of 5 days (p < 0.0001). Patients from racial and ethnic minorities (e.g., African Americans and Hispanics) were more likely to get their IC after 12 weeks (p < 0.05). Further, Black patients had a significantly higher median LOS than White, non-Hispanic patients (8 days vs 4 days, p < 0.0001) and were more likely to have open procedure. Multivariable regression analysis identified shorter LOS during Q2 (Ratio, 0.76, 95%, 0.67-0.87, p < 0.0001), and Q3 (Ratio 0.75, 95% CI, 065-0.86, p < 0.0001) compared to those who got their IC in Q4. Similar findings exist when comparing Q2 and Q3 to those receiving treatment during Q1., Conclusion: A time interval of 5-12 weeks between PTC and IC was associated with a decreased LOS. This study also suggests the persistence of racial disparities among these patients., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences located at the ends of chromosomes, playing a vital role in maintaining chromosomal integrity and stability. Dysregulation of telomeres has been implicated in the development of various cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is the most common type of lung cancer. Genetic variations within telomere maintenance genes may influence the risk of developing NSCLC. The present study aimed to evaluate the genetic associations of select variants within telomere maintenance genes in a population from Jammu and Kashmir, North India, and to investigate the relationship between telomere length and NSCLC risk., Methods: We employed the cost-effective and high-throughput MassARRAY MALDI-TOF platform to assess the genetic associations of select variants within telomere maintenance genes in a population from Jammu and Kashmir, North India. Additionally, we used TaqMan genotyping to validate our results. Furthermore, we investigated telomere length variation and its relation to NSCLC risk in the same population using dual-labeled fluorescence-based qPCR., Results: Our findings revealed significant associations of TERT rs10069690 and POT1 rs10228682 with NSCLC risk (adjusted p-values = 0.019 and 0.002, respectively), while TERF2 rs251796 and rs2975843 showed no significant associations. The TaqMan genotyping validation further substantiated the associations of TERT rs10069690 and rs2242652 with NSCLC risk (adjusted p-values = 0.02 and 0.003, respectively). Our results also demonstrated significantly shorter telomere lengths in NSCLC patients compared to controls (p = 0.0004)., Conclusion: This study highlights the crucial interplay between genetic variation in telomere maintenance genes, telomere attrition, and NSCLC risk in the Jammu and Kashmir population of North India. Our findings suggest that TERT and POT1 gene variants, along with telomere length, may serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for NSCLC in this population. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to explore the potential clinical applications of these findings., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a possible side effect of sleeve gastrectomy (SG). However, procedure selection for patients with GERD and risk factors for morbidity after bypass surgeries is complex. For patients with a preoperative GERD diagnosis, literature related to worsening postoperative symptoms is discordant., Objective: This study evaluated the effects of SG on patients with pre-operative GERD confirmed through pH testing., Setting: University Hospital, United States., Methods: This was a single-center case-series. SG patients with preoperative pH testing were compared based on DeMeester scoring. Preoperative demographics, endoscopy results, need for conversion surgery, and changes in gastrointestinal quality of life (GIQLI) scores were compared. Two-sample independent t-tests assuming unequal variances were used for statistical analysis., Results: Twenty SG patients had preoperative pH testing. Nine patients were GERD positive; median DeMeester score 26.7 (22.1-31.15). Eleven patients were GERD negative, with a median DeMeester score of 9.0 (4.5-13.1). The two groups had similar median BMI, preoperative endoscopic findings and use of GERD medications. Concurrent hiatal hernia repair was performed in 22% of GERD positive vs. 36% of GERD negative patients, (p = 0.512). Two patients in the GERD positive cohort required conversion to gastric bypass (22%), while none in the GERD negative cohort did. No significant postoperative differences were noted in GIQLI, heartburn, or regurgitation symptoms., Conclusion: Objective pH testing may allow the differentiation of patients who would be higher risk for need for conversion to gastric bypass. For patients with mild symptoms, but negative pH testing, SG may represent a durable option., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Although numerous putative oncogenes have been associated with the etiology of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), the mechanisms by which these oncogenes and their downstream targets mediate tumor progression have not been fully elucidated. We performed an integrative analysis to identify a crucial set of targets of the oncogenic transcription factor p63 that are common across multiple transcriptomic datasets obtained from HNSCC patients, and representative cell line models. Notably, our analysis revealed FST which encodes follistatin, a secreted glycoprotein that inhibits the transforming growth factor TGFβ/activin signaling pathways, to be a direct transcriptional target of p63. In addition, we found that FST expression is also driven by epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR signaling, thus mediating a functional link between the TGF-β and EGFR pathways. We show through loss- and gain-of-function studies that FST predominantly imparts a tumor-growth and migratory phenotype in HNSCC cells. Furthermore, analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data from HNSCC patients unveiled cancer cells as the dominant source of FST within the tumor microenvironment and exposed a correlation between the expression of FST and its regulators with immune infiltrates. We propose FST as a prognostic biomarker for patient survival and a compelling candidate mediating the broad effects of p63 on the tumor and its associated microenvironment., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of NAR Cancer.)

Study Design: Systematic Review., Objectives: To synthesize previous studies evaluating racial disparities in spine surgery., Methods: We queried PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for literature on racial disparities in spine surgery. Our review was constructed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items and Meta-analyses guidelines and protocol. The main outcome measures were the occurrence of racial disparities in postoperative outcomes, mortality, surgical management, readmissions, and length of stay., Results: A total of 1753 publications were assessed. Twenty-two articles met inclusion criteria. Seventeen studies compared Whites (Ws) and African Americans (AAs) groups; 14 studies reported adverse outcomes for AAs. When compared with Ws, AA patients had higher odds of postoperative complications including mortality, cerebrospinal fluid leak, nervous system complications, bleeding, infection, in-hospital complications, adverse discharge disposition, and delay in diagnosis. Further, AAs were found to have increased odds of readmission and longer length of stay. Finally, AAs were found to have higher odds of nonoperative treatment for spinal cord injury, were more likely to undergo posterior approach in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy, and were less likely to receive cervical disk arthroplasty compared with Ws for similar indications., Conclusions: This systematic review of spine literature found that when compared with W patients, AA patients had worse health outcomes. Further investigation of root causes of these racial disparities in spine surgery is warranted., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cardiomyocyte differentiation continues throughout murine gestation and into the postnatal period, driven by temporally regulated expression changes in the transcriptome. The mechanisms that regulate these developmental changes remain incompletely defined. Here, we used cardiomyocyte-specific ChIP-seq of the activate enhancer marker P300 to identify 54,920 cardiomyocyte enhancers at seven stages of murine heart development. These data were matched to cardiomyocyte gene expression profiles at the same stages and to Hi-C and H3K27ac HiChIP chromatin conformation data at fetal, neonatal, and adult stages. Regions with dynamic P300 occupancy exhibited developmentally regulated enhancer activity, as measured by massively parallel reporter assays in cardiomyocytes in vivo, and identified key transcription factor-binding motifs. These dynamic enhancers interacted with temporal changes of the 3D genome architecture to specify developmentally regulated cardiomyocyte gene expressions. Our work provides a 3D genome-mediated enhancer activity landscape of murine cardiomyocyte development., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: There is an increasing body of evidence indicating Y90 dose thresholds for tumor response and treatment-related toxicity. These thresholds are poorly studied in resin Y90, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)., Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of prospective voxel-based dosimetry for predicting treatment response and adverse events (AEs) in patients with HCC undergoing resin-based Y90 radioembolization., Materials and Methods: This correlative study was based on a prospective single-arm clinical trial (NCT04172714), which evaluated the efficacy of low/scout (555 MBq) activity of resin-based Y90 for treatment planning. Partition model was used with goal of tumor dose (TD) > 200 Gy and non-tumoral liver dose (NTLD) < 70 Gy for non-segmental therapies. Single compartment dose of 200 Gy was used for segmentectomies. Prescribed Y90 activity minus scout activity was administered for therapeutic Y90 followed by Y90-PET/CT. Sureplan® (MIM Software, Cleveland, OH) was used for dosimetry analysis. Treatment response was evaluated at 3 and 6 months. Receiver operating characteristic curve determined TD response threshold for objective response (OR) and complete response (CR) as well as non-tumor liver dose (NTLD) threshold that predicted AEs., Results: N = 30 patients were treated with 33 tumors (19 segmental and 14 non-segmental). One patient died before the first imaging, and clinical follow-up was excluded from this analysis. Overall, 26 (81%) of the tumors had an OR and 23 (72%) had a CR. A mean TD of 253 Gy predicted an OR with 92% sensitivity and 83% specificity (area under the curve (AUC = 0.929, p < 0.001). A mean TD of 337 Gy predicted a CR with 83% sensitivity and 89% specificity (AUC = 0.845, p < 0.001). A mean NTLD of 81 and 87 Gy predicted grade 3 AEs with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity in the non-segmental cohort at 3- and 6-month post Y90, respectively., Conclusion: In patients with HCC undergoing resin-based Y90, there are dose response and dose toxicity thresholds directly affecting outcomes., Clinical Trial Number: NCT04172714., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The discovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels that drain the CNS has prompted new insights into how immune responses develop in the brain. In this study, we examined how T cell responses against CNS-derived antigen develop in the context of infection. We found that meningeal lymphatic drainage promotes CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses against the neurotropic parasite Toxoplasma gondii in mice, and we observed changes in the dendritic cell compartment of the dural meninges that may support this process. Indeed, we found that mice chronically, but not acutely, infected with T. gondii exhibited a significant expansion and activation of type 1 and type 2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC) in the dural meninges. cDC1s and cDC2s were both capable of sampling cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-derived protein and were found to harbor processed CSF-derived protein in the draining deep cervical lymph nodes. Disrupting meningeal lymphatic drainage via ligation surgery led to a reduction in CD103 + cDC1 and cDC2 number in the deep cervical lymph nodes and caused an impairment in cDC1 and cDC2 maturation. Concomitantly, lymphatic vessel ligation impaired CD4 + and CD8 + T cell activation, proliferation, and IFN-γ production at this site. Surprisingly, however, parasite-specific T cell responses in the brain remained intact following ligation, which may be due to concurrent activation of T cells at non-CNS-draining sites during chronic infection. Collectively, our work reveals that CNS lymphatic drainage supports the development of peripheral T cell responses against T. gondii but remains dispensable for immune protection of the brain., Competing Interests: MK, MC, IB, LS, KS, SB, SL, IS, TH No competing interests declared, (© 2022, Kovacs et al.)

Purpose: To compare the accuracy and safety of 0.56 GBq resin yttrium-90 ( 90 Y) (scout 90 Y) microspheres with those of technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin (MAA) in predicting the therapeutic 90 Y (Rx 90 Y) dose for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)., Materials and Methods: This prospective single-arm clinical trial (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04172714) recruited patients with HCC. Patients underwent same-day mapping with MAA and scout 90 Y. Rx 90 Y activity was administered 3 days after mapping. Using paired t test and Pearson correlation, the tumor-to-normal ratio (TNR), lung shunt fraction (LSF), predicted mean tumor dose (TD), and nontumoral liver dose (NTLD) by MAA and scout 90 Y were compared with those by Rx 90 Y. Bland-Altman plots compared the level of agreement between the TNR and LSF of scout 90 Y and MAA with that of Rx 90 Y. The safety of scout 90 Y was evaluated by examining the discrepancy in extrahepatic activity between MAA and scout 90 Y., Results: Thirty patients were treated using 19 segmental and 14 nonsegmental (ie, 2 contiguous segments or nonsegmental) therapies. MAA had weak LSF, moderate TNR, and moderate TD linear correlation with Rx 90 Y. Scout 90 Y had a moderate LSF, strong TNR, strong TD, and very strong NTLD in correlation with those of Rx 90 Y. Furthermore, the TNR and LSF of scout 90 Y had a stronger agreement with those of Rx 90 Y than with those of MAA. In the nonsegmental subgroup, MAA had no significant correlation with the TD and NTLD of Rx 90 Y, whereas scout 90 Y had a very strong correlation with both of these factors. In the segmental subgroup, both MAA and scout 90 Y had a strong linear correlation with the TD and NTLD of Rx 90 Y., Conclusions: Compared with MAA, scout 90 Y is a more accurate surrogate for Rx 90 Y biodistribution for nonsegmental therapies., (Copyright © 2022 SIR. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The pioneer transcription factor (TF) GATA4 (GATA Binding Protein 4) is expressed in multiple cardiovascular lineages and is essential for heart development. GATA4 lineage-specific occupancy in the developing heart underlies its lineage specific activities. Here, we characterized GATA4 chromatin occupancy in cardiomyocyte and endocardial lineages, dissected mechanisms that control lineage specific occupancy, and analyzed GATA4 regulation of endocardial gene expression., Methods: We mapped GATA4 chromatin occupancy in cardiomyocyte and endocardial cells of embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) mouse heart using lineage specific, Cre-activated biotinylation of GATA4. Regulation of GATA4 pioneering activity was studied in cell lines stably overexpressing GATA4. GATA4 regulation of endocardial gene expression was analyzed using single cell RNA sequencing and luciferase reporter assays., Results: Cardiomyocyte-selective and endothelial-selective GATA4 occupied genomic regions had features of lineage specific enhancers. Footprints within cardiomyocyte- and endothelial-selective GATA4 regions were enriched for NKX2-5 (NK2 homeobox 5) and ETS1 (ETS Proto-Oncogene 1) motifs, respectively, and both of these TFs interacted with GATA4 in co-immunoprecipitation assays. In stable NIH3T3 cell lines expressing GATA4 with or without NKX2-5 or ETS1, the partner TFs re-directed GATA4 pioneer binding and augmented its ability to open previously inaccessible regions, with ETS1 displaying greater potency as a pioneer partner than NKX2-5. Single-cell RNA sequencing of embryonic hearts with endothelial cell-specific Gata4 inactivation identified Gata4 -regulated endocardial genes, which were adjacent to GATA4-bound, endothelial regions enriched for both GATA4 and ETS1 motifs. In reporter assays, GATA4 and ETS1 cooperatively stimulated endothelial cell enhancer activity., Conclusions: Lineage selective non-pioneer TFs NKX2-5 and ETS1 guide the activity of pioneer TF GATA4 to bind and open chromatin and create active enhancers and mechanistically link ETS1 interaction to GATA4 regulation of endocardial development.

Purpose: The primary objective of the REMEMBR Y90 study is to evaluate the efficacy of Yttrium-90 (Y90) radioembolization in patients with breast cancer metastases to the liver as a 2nd or 3rd line treatment option with systemic therapy by assessing liver-specific and overall progression-free survival. Secondary objectives include quality of life, overall survival benefit, and toxicity in relation to patients' tumor biology., Materials and Methods: This trial is a multi-center, prospective, Phase 2, open-label, IRB-approved, randomized control trial in the final phases of activation. Eligible patients include those over 18 years of age with metastatic breast cancer to the liver with liver-only or liver-dominant disease, and history of tumor progression on 1-2 lines of chemotherapy. 60 patients will be randomized to radioembolization with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone. Permissible regimens include capecitabine, eribulin, vinorelbine, and gemcitabine within 2 weeks of enrollment for every patient. Patients receiving radioembolization will receive lobar or segmental treatment within 1-6 weeks of enrollment depending on their lesion. After final radioembolization, patients will receive clinical and imaging follow-up every 12-16 weeks for two years, including contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen and whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography., Discussion: This study seeks to elucidate the clinical benefit and toxicity of Y90 in patients with metastatic breast cancer to the liver who are receiving minimal chemotherapy. Given previous data, it is anticipated that the use of Y90 and chemotherapy earlier in the metastatic disease course would improve survival outcomes and reduce toxicity., Level of Evidence: Level 1b, Randomized Controlled Trial., Trial Registration Number: NCT05315687 on clinicaltrials.gov., (© 2022. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE).)

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous intracellular protozoan parasite that establishes a life-long chronic infection largely restricted to the central nervous system (CNS). Constant immune pressure, notably IFN-γ-STAT1 signaling, is required for preventing fatal pathology during T. gondii infection. Here, we report that abrogation of STAT1 signaling in microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, is sufficient to induce a loss of parasite control in the CNS and susceptibility to toxoplasmic encephalitis during the early stages of chronic infection. Using a microglia-specific genetic labeling and targeting system that discriminates microglia from blood-derived myeloid cells that infiltrate the brain during infection, we find that, contrary to previous in vitro reports, microglia do not express inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) during T. gondii infection in vivo. Instead, transcriptomic analyses of microglia reveal that STAT1 regulates both (i) a transcriptional shift from homeostatic to "disease-associated microglia" (DAM) phenotype conserved across several neuroinflammatory models, including T. gondii infection, and (ii) the expression of anti-parasitic cytosolic molecules that are required for eliminating T. gondii in a cell-intrinsic manner. Further, genetic deletion of Stat1 from microglia during T. gondii challenge leads to fatal pathology despite largely equivalent or enhanced immune effector functions displayed by brain-infiltrating immune populations. Finally, we show that microglial STAT1-deficiency results in the overrepresentation of the highly replicative, lytic tachyzoite form of T. gondii, relative to its quiescent, semi-dormant bradyzoite form typical of chronic CNS infection. Our data suggest an overall protective role of CNS-resident microglia against T. gondii infection, illuminating (i) general mechanisms of CNS-specific immunity to infection (ii) and a clear role for IFN-STAT1 signaling in regulating a microglial activation phenotype observed across diverse neuroinflammatory disease states., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Objectives: This practice parameter (PP) for Lutetium-177 (Lu-177) DOTATATE peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) aims to guide authorized users in selection of appropriate adult candidates with gastroeneropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) from foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The essential selection criteria include somatostatin receptor-positive GEP-NETs, which are usually inoperable and progressed despite standard therapy. Lu-177 DOTATATE is a radiopharmaceutical with high avidity for somatostatin receptors that are overexpressed by these tumors. This document ensures safe handling of Lu-177 DOTATATE by the authorized users and safe management of affected patients., Methods: The document was developed according to the systematic process developed by the American College of Radiology (ACR) and described on the ACR Web site (https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Practice-Parameters-and-Technical-Standards). The PP development was led by 2 ACR Committees on Practice Parameters (Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Radiation Oncology) collaboratively with the American College of Nuclear Medicine, American Society of Radiation Oncology, and Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging., Results: The Lu-177 DOTATATE PP reviewed pharmacology, indications, adverse effects, personnel qualifications, and required clinical evaluation before starting the treatment, as well as the recommended posttherapy monitoring, quality assurance, documentation, and appropriate radiation safety instructions provided in written form and explained to the patients., Conclusions: Lu-177 DOTATATE is available for therapy of inoperable and/or advanced GEP-NETs when conventional therapy had failed. It can reduce tumor size, improve symptoms, and increase the progression free survival. The PP document provides clinical guidance for authorized users to assure an appropriate, consistent, and safe practice of Lu-177 DOTATATE., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest and sources of funding: N.B.D. reports a grant from Boston Scientific, consulting fees from Boston Scientific, and honoraria from MedLearning. L.B. reports a grant from AAA Novartis, and participation on an advisory board for AAA Novartis. R.K.J.B. reports participation on an advisory board for Covera Health. E.C.G. reports consulting fees from Advanced Accelerator Applications. R.F.H. reports funding from National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute, and a leadership role as Chairman of the Radiopharmaceutical Therapy Subcommittee of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. T.A.H. reports grants or contracts from Philips and Clovis Oncology, consulting fees from Curium and ITM, and participation on advisory boards for Ipsen and Blue Earth Diagnostics. D.A.P. reports grants from Siemens, Nordic Nanovector, Progenics, and 511 Pharma, and consulting fees from Siemens, 511 Pharma, Progenics, Actinium, and Ipsen. B.S.-B. reports a grant from Blue Earth Diagnostics, honoraria from PETNET and Blue Earth Diagnostics, and a leadership role as Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI) co-chair of outreach committee secretary of American College of Nuclear Medicine, Central Chapter SNMMI, and Academic Council SNMMI. R.M.S. reports a grant from Endocyte Inc. For the remaining authors, none were declared., (Copyright © 2022 Clinical Nuclear Medicine and American Journal of Clinical Oncology.)

Bioinformatics is an amalgamation of biology, mathematics and computer science. It is a science which gathers the information from biology in terms of molecules and applies the informatic techniques to the gathered information for understanding and organizing the data in a useful manner. With the help of bioinformatics, the experimental data generated is stored in several databases available online like nucleotide database, protein databases, GENBANK and others. The data stored in these databases is used as reference for experimental evaluation and validation. Till now several online tools have been developed to analyze the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomics, epigenomics and metabolomics data. Some of them include Human Splicing Finder (HSF), Exonic Splicing Enhancer Mutation taster, and others. A number of SNPs are observed in the non-coding, intronic regions and play a role in the regulation of genes, which may or may not directly impose an effect on the protein expression. Many mutations are thought to influence the splicing mechanism by affecting the existing splice sites or creating a new sites. To predict the effect of mutation (SNP) on splicing mechanism/signal, HSF was developed. Thus, the tool is helpful in predicting the effect of mutations on splicing signals and can provide data even for better understanding of the intronic mutations that can be further validated experimentally. Additionally, rapid advancement in proteomics have steered researchers to organize the study of protein structure, function, relationships, and dynamics in space and time. Thus the effective integration of all of these technological interventions will eventually lead to steering up of next-generation systems biology, which will provide valuable biological insights in the field of research, diagnostic, therapeutic and development of personalized medicine., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Bhat, Sethi, Rah, Kumar and Afroze.)

A common outcome of androgen deprivation in prostate cancer therapy is disease relapse and progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) via multiple mechanisms. To gain insight into the recent clinical findings that highlighted genomic alterations leading to hyperactivation of PI3K, we examined the roles of the commonly expressed p110 catalytic isoforms of PI3K in a murine model of Pten-null invasive CRPC. While blocking p110α had negligible effects in the development of Pten-null invasive CRPC, either genetic or pharmacologic perturbation of p110β dramatically slowed CRPC initiation and progression. Once fully established, CRPC tumors became partially resistant to p110β inhibition, indicating the acquisition of new dependencies. Driven by our genomic analyses highlighting potential roles for the p110β/RAC/PAK1 and β-catenin pathways in CRPC, we found that combining p110β with RAC/PAK1 or tankyrase inhibitors significantly reduced the growth of murine and human CRPC organoids in vitro and in vivo. Because p110β activity is dispensable for most physiologic processes, our studies support novel therapeutic strategies both for preventing disease progression into CRPC and for treating CRPC., Implications: This work establishes p110β as a promising target for preventing the progression of primary PTEN-deficient prostate tumors to CRPC, and for treating established CRPC in combination with RAC/PAK1 or tankyrase inhibitors., (©2022 American Association for Cancer Research.)

Background: Accurate identification and discrimination of post treatment changes from recurrent disease remains a challenge for patients with intracranial malignancies despite advances in molecular and magnetic resonance imaging. We have explored the ability of readily available Rubidium-82 chloride ( 82 RbCl) positron emission tomography (PET) to identify and distinguish progressive intracranial disease from radiation necrosis in patients previously treated with radiation therapy., Methods: Six patients with a total of 9 lesions of either primary (N.=3) or metastatic (N.=6) intracranial malignancies previously treated with stereotactic radiation surgery (SRS) and persistent contrast enhancement on MRI underwent brain 82 RbCl PET imaging. Two patients with arteriovenous malformations previously treated with SRS, also had brain 82 RbCl PET imaging for a total of 11 lesions studied. Histological confirmation via stereotactic biopsy/excisional resection was obtained for 9 lesions with the remaining 2 classified as either recurrent tumor or radiation necrosis based on subsequent MRI examinations. 82 RbCl PET time activity curve analysis was performed which comprised lesion SUVmax, contralateral normal brain SUVmax, and tumor to background ratios (TBmax)., Results: 82 RbCl demonstrates uptake greater than normal brain parenchyma in all lesions studied. Time activity curves demonstrated progressive uptake of 82 RbCl in all lesions without evidence of washout. While recurrent disease demonstrated a greater mean SUVmax compared to radiation necrosis, no statistically significant difference between lesion SUVmax nor TBmax was found (P>0.05)., Conclusions: 82 RbCl PET produces high-contrast uptake of both recurrent disease and radiation necrosis compared to normal brain. However, no statistically significant difference was found between recurrent tumor and radiation necrosis.

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are poised to respond to neuropathology. Microglia play multiple roles in maintaining homeostasis and promoting inflammation in numerous disease states. The study of microglial innate immune programs has largely focused on exploring neurodegenerative disease states with the use of genetic targeting approaches. Our understanding of how microglia participate in immune responses against pathogens is just beginning to take shape. Here, we review existing animal models of CNS infection, with a focus on how microglial physiology and inflammatory processes control protozoan and viral infections of the brain. We further discuss how microglial participation in over-exuberant immune responses can drive immunopathology that is detrimental to CNS health and homeostasis., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: Systematic review., Objectives: Synthesize previous studies evaluating clinical utility of preoperative Hb/Hct and HbA1c in patients undergoing common spinal procedures: anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), posterior cervical fusion (PCF), posterior lumbar fusion (PLF), and lumbar decompression (LD)., Methods: We queried PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for literature on preoperative Hb/Hct and HbA1c and post-operative outcomes in adult patients undergoing ACDF, PCF, PLF, or LD surgeries., Results: Total of 4,307 publications were assessed. Twenty-one articles met inclusion criteria., Pcf and Acdf: Decreased preoperative Hb/Hct were significant predictors of increased postoperative morbidity, including return to operating room, pulmonary complications, transfusions, and increased length of stay (LOS). For increased HbA1c, there was significant increase in risk of postoperative infection and cost of hospital stay., Plf: Decreased Hb/Hct was reported to be associated with increased risk of postoperative cardiac events, blood transfusion, and increased LOS. Elevated HbA1c was associated with increased risk of infection as well as higher visual analogue scores (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores., Ld: LOS and total episode of care cost were increased in patients with preoperative HbA1c elevation., Conclusion: In adult patients undergoing spine surgery, preoperative Hb/Hct are clinically useful predictors for postoperative complications, transfusion rates, and LOS, and HbA1c is predictive for postoperative infection and functional outcomes. Using Hct values <35-38% and HbA1c >6.5%-6.9% for identifying patients at higher risk of postoperative complications is most supported by the literature. We recommend obtaining these labs as part of routine pre-operative risk stratification., Level of Evidence: III.