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This work provides a thorough examination of the biological impacts of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) via in vitro and in vivo investigations. In vitro tests demonstrated a concentration- dependent reduction in cell viability, decreasing from 90% at 5 µg/mL to 50% at 25 µg/mL, with a substantial rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS) from 20% to 80%. The data indicate that AgNPs may possess cytotoxic effects. Moreover, apoptosis rates escalated from 5% to 18% with increasing doses of AgNP. In vivo investigations revealed significant alterations in hematological parameters, including a decrease in hemoglobin concentrations (from 15 g/dL to 11 g/dL), an elevation in white blood cell counts (from 8 x10³/µL to 12 x10³/µL), and a drop in platelet counts (from 250 x10³/µL to 200 x10³/µL) corresponding to escalating AgNP dosages. Histological studies demonstrated dose-dependent changes in organ tissues, especially the liver, with scores escalating from two to six. Tumor size reductions of 20%, 40%, and 60% were seen with low, medium, and high dosages of AgNPs, respectively. These results underscore the promise of AgNPs for biological applications, especially in tumor therapy. Nonetheless, comprehensive safety evaluations and accurate dosage optimization are required prior to their clinical use. This work highlights the potential biological uses of AgNPs while stressing the need of meticulous evaluation to guarantee their safe and effective incorporation into medical procedures.

During the design phase of engineering networks, a critical issue remains the selection of pipe diameters that minimize capital investments for transporting the heat carrier from the heat source to the consumers. Object of study: a pressurized pipeline of circular cross-section with a moving heat carrier. Subject of study: total monetary costs for transporting the heat carrier as a function of the chosen pipeline diameter. Objective of study: to determine the pipe diameter that achieves maximum cost savings for transporting the heat carrier under given design conditions. Research methods: theory of hydraulic calculation for circular cross-section pipelines and theory of heat transfer through a single-layer cylindrical wall under steady-state conditions. Research results: using an example from a centralized heating system pipeline section, it was established that for a mass flow rate of the heat carrier equal to 32.9 t/h, the optimal pipe size would be 76×3 mm (nominal diameter 70 mm). Under current tariffs for thermal energy (24.82 USD/Gcal) and electrical energy (6.65 USD/(MW⋅h)), the total monetary costs for transporting the heat carrier over a heating season would be 56.28 USD per 1 running meter of pipeline. In comparison, with a nominal diameter of 50 mm, the total costs amounted to 90.37 USD; with a diameter of 80 mm, the costs were 63.29 USD. The developed method for hydraulic design calculations is universal and can be applied in the design of engineering networks where the working medium is a moving heat carrier (steam or hot water).

Heat pipe is used to extract heat generated from a surface and applicable to cooling of the many components. Some of the main applications of heat pipes are space crafts, computer systems, permafrost cooling, heat exchangers and thermal storage sub systems. In this work, an experiment will be carried out with an indirect heat composite pipe located with different orientation, heat input and mass flow. Thermal resistance, heat transfer coefficient and thermal efficiency are determined, which are applicable for laptop cooling and solar heating. Heat input 25 to 150 watts, with orientation angles 0, 30, 45, 90 degrees, mass flow rate are 0.01kg/sec, 0.02kg/sec and 0.03kg/sec are considered.

In the research work, AISI 431 grade stainless steel were chosen to investigate the effects of vacuum annealing processes on reducing hardness and enhancing ductility. Although stainless steel of martensitic type are well known for their high hardness, wear resistance and they have limited applications due to high hardness properties. Chosen for this research work, vacuum annealing were carried out to temperatures of 740°C, 840°C and 940°C. The samples were prepared cylindrically to a dimension of 40 mm length and 10 mm diameter. An untreated material was kept aside for comparison.Vacuum annealing involves heating the material in a controlled environment to eliminate impurities and relieve internal stresses, resulting in reduced hardness and improved ductility. To evaluate the effect of wear on annealed material, a pin-on-disc wear test apparatus were used. The wear behavior of the annealed specimens were compared to the untreated material. It includes both the treated and untreated samples, were examined by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to obtain images of microstructure. The results of this research work contribute to the understanding of the annealing effects on martensitic stainless steels and provide insights into optimizing their properties for specific applications.

Aim of current study is to utilize different sustainable artificial intelligence (AI) tools to check the influence of test factors on erosion wear. Bottom ash is taken as erodent at different solid concentration while brass is considered as base material. The parameters involved are rotational speed (N), solid concentration (CW), and testing time duration (T). According to experimental results and analysis based on different AI tools , it is abundantly found that erosion wear have a significant dependency on parameters such as N, CW, T and the order of maximum erosion was found as N > CW >T. The rate of rotation speed (N) has been identified as the factor that has the greatest impact on the degree to which erosion wear occur. 3D analysis has been conducted for the maximum and minimum erosion wear condition. In order to verify the accuracy, four distinct methods are utilized; nonetheless, the accuracy of the regression analysis has been found more promising when compared to that of the Ridge, lasso and neural network methodologies.

PMMA Composites have become the most popular materials due to its excellent strength-to-weight ratio, graphite reinforced for engineering applications. Researchers have used a variety of reinforcements to enhance the mechanical and tribological characteristics of various polymer matrixes, including carbon fiber, glass fiber, and carbon-based nanoparticles, graphite, alumina, silica, silicon carbide, titanium oxide, bacterial cellulose, Nano-cellulose, and zirconium oxide.This project focuses on the characteristics of composites made with graphite reinforcements that are based on polymethyl methacrylate. Die casting was used to manufacture this reinforced composite. To enhance the mechanical qualities (impact strength and hardness), tribological parameters (slide distance, normal load, and sliding velocity are employed for wear rate). Therefore, in this study, greater focus has been placed on on PMMA-based composites with graphite reinforcement.

When the two materials are in contact in motion, wear rate of the materials taken an important role. Aluminium alloys used in many applications like automobile components, aerospace components, home appliances, machine tool components. Advanced aluminium alloys are used in aerospace components. In this project wear studies of advanced aluminium alloys are carried using pin-on-disc machine three processing parameters considered are Load, Time and Speed. Twenty seven samples ae been tested to find wear rate of aluminium alloys. A Taguchi method is applied to find optimization process parameters which are having minimum wear rate. Aluminium alloy 6082 has a medium strength and good corrosion resistance. It is the strongest alloy

The growing demand for high performance engine technology in the two-wheeler market segment has pushed the average speed of the motorcycle to a higher limit, which has already raised the danger of motorcycle accidents leading to serious knee and lower tibia injuries. Vehicle designers, testers, and validators undergo rigorous design, testing, and validation processes based on the highest criteria for strength, weight reduction, enhanced fuel efficiency, etc., but with the fewest requirements for a vehicle’s safety in an accident. The design of a leg guard for the popular Indian Pulsar 150 motorcycle. By changing the shape and material, a thorough investigation of strength is performed. We select three different materials, such as SS202, SS347, and SS440C. The leg guard for the pulsar was built, and its stress and deformation were assessed. The optimal configuration is selected from a total of six variants using the least weight and stress deformation.

This paper presents an investigation into the minimum quantity lubrication mode with Nano fluid during turning of titanium (TI6AL4V) alloy. In heavy cutting conditions, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) has been observed, that, Nano-cutting fluids which have enrich thermal conductivity than base fluid, are begun to be used in MQL system. The addition of the required nano particle ratio to the base liquid is one of the most important issues that arise in this method. Therefore, this study aimed to find the optimum distribution rate of graphene nano particles having excellent properties and machining parameters. To do this, graphene nano particles were added to a vegetable-based cutting solution. Nano-cutting fluids were prepared in different volumetric concentrations. When turning of titanium (TI6AL4V) alloy, these Nano fluids were used in the MQL system. Three different parameters were added to the experimental design to study the performance of Nano fluids under several cutting conditions. i.e., speed, feed rate and depth off cut. Apart from this experimental design, three tests were carried out at each concentration ratio while keeping the machining parameters constant to clearly see the impact of concentration rates on surface roughness, flank wear. And crater wear. In addition, while chipping/fracture, were observed under all cutting conditions

Grade 630 martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel has a combination of high hardness and strength after suitable heat treatment. The great advantage of this grade is that they are usually supplied in the condition treated with the solution and then aged to achieve a sufficient high strength. Chosen for this research work, AISI 630 stainless steel samples were subjected to salt bath nitriding process. Three samples were chosen in the shape of tapered cylindrical shapes with diameter of 10 mm and length of 40 mm. The specimens were subjected to 60 Minutes, 120 Minutes, 180 Minutes and named as SBN1, SBN2, SBN3 respectively. One untreated specimen is kept aside for the comparison purpose with the treated specimens. After the heat treatment process wear test were conducted by pin on disc wear test machine. Then the hardness test is carried out using the Rockwell hardness test. The microscopic images were taken using Scanning electron microscope. The results were compared and the best wear resistant material is chosen for the required application.

In industries, components have to operate under extreme prerequisites such as high load, speed, temperature and at a chemical environment. The materials are selected by commercial availability, cost and by considering by their properties like strength, hardness etc. AISI 904L is a high alloy stainless steel with low carbon content material having poor hardness on the surface and negative wear properties. Many of the engineering failures are due to fatigue, corrosion and poor wear resistance which are initiated in its surface. This causes cracks in the surface which reduces the life of the material. Also the surfaces of the materials are caused by severe thermal, chemical and shock loads. Chosen for this work, AISI 904L materials were subjected to plasma or ion - nitriding process and were treated to 3 different timing parameters like 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs respectively, maintaining constant temperature of 650oC. Among the availability of other nitriding process like gas and liquid nitriding, plasma nitriding gives good dimensional stability, uniform treatment, less distortion, uniform case depth irrespective towards size and shape of the specimen. For analyzing the wear properties, a pin on disc machine is utilized making the pin to get weared on disc against a load of 100N at a speed of 1000 rpm. Finally the metallographic studies were done by Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis.

The conventional optimization process in Injection Moulding includes actual shop floor trials in which melt temperature, mould temperature, injection time, injection pressure, pattern, feeder size, shape and location cores, mould layout, gating etc. are changed in each iteration which involves high machining cost, tooling cost, modification cost, melting cost, and transportation cost as well as, materials, energy, time are wasted in each trial until and unless the required results are obtained. Water meter component (DN20 Vent) is designed in CREO 5.0, and then components are 3D printed to cross check the dimensions and also to confirm whether all the other components can be accommodated or not. Then the mould flow analysis will be performed on a water meter components using different materials and changing the processing parameters. The input processing parameters considered are melt temperature, mould temperature and injection time, whereas the responses are warpage, volumetric shrinkage, cycle time and quality prediction. Grey relational analysis is carried out to determine the optimum injection moulding processing parameters.. The effort has been made to minimize the warpage, volumetric shrinkage, cycle time and maximize the quality prediction mould cavity and core for the components are designed in CREO 5.0 and manufactured using P20 tool steel. Then the water meter components are manufactured by inputting the optimal processing parameters in injection moulding machine to achieve high productivity and quality.

The main goal of the power system is to congregate the power demand within the power grid while maintaining economical operation, system security and minimal environmental impact. Due to the increasing demand for electrical energy, many problems have arisen with the power systems. These problems include excessive load, uneven system performance, unsatisfactory voltage profile, and an increase in network power losses. To address these issues, more generation sources and improved transmission capacity are required. In order to meet increasing electricity demand, it is more efficient to integrate a sufficient number of smaller generation units. Utilities and consumers can get the significant benefit from installation of distributed generation (DG), which reduces power losses, progress voltage profile, increases power quality and reliability, delays system updates, supports local reactive power, standby generation and peak limiting. This article aims to enrich the performance of the entire network through the best possible placement and penetration of wind energy and solar photovoltaic (PV) dispersed generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To assess the ability of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) to predict inhaler technique and determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 98 participants, and we recorded age, education, locality, occupation, COPD stage, comorbidities, duration of inhaler use, and smoking history. Inhaler technique was assessed using an internationally accepted schedule (nine steps). RUDAS, a multicultural cognitive assessment scale, was used to assess cognitive function. Results: The study included 92 males and 6 females with the mean age of 63.9 years. At a cutoff of 24, RUDAS had 93.6% sensitivity and 88.2% specificity in screening incorrect inhaler technique. Those having a RUDAS score

It is not so common to aspirate foreign body in normal adults without any predisposing factors as compared to children and those with the altered neurological state. Endobronchial foreign bodies are one of the causes of obstructive pneumonia and difficult to diagnose as signs and symptoms are often nonspecific. However, once they are diagnosed, they can generally be removed, leading to rapid and drastic resolution of symptoms. Bronchoscopy is the gold standard in the identification and localization of an airway foreign body and also for better management of the ailment. However with the help of virtual bronchoscopy one can decide the location of the foreign body before any invasive intervention and being noninvasive it can be performed in follow-up easily to check the patency of airways. It is not possible to detect the exact size of foreign body with the virtual bronchoscopy. In this article, we report a case of unnoticed foreign body aspiration in a 49-year-old female patient who was initially treated for pneumonia. However, due to nonresolution of opacity contrast enhanced computed tomography thorax with virtual and flexible bronchoscopy were performed, which revealed a foreign body in the right lower lobe bronchus that was removed with biopsy forceps in piecemeal. In her follow-up visit, she underwent virtual broncoscopy that revealed clear airways. Thus, detailed history and high index of suspicion is required for nonresolving pneumonias that may occur due to unnoticed foreign body/ies in an adult.

AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel is accepted for its sensible corrosion resistance. Stainless steel is commercially available in the market at low cost. AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel has excellent hardness, strength, and wear resistance but it lacks in its ductility. Thus, to enhance the property of ductility, annealing and tempering processes were chosen to maintain a stable relationship with ductility and brittleness. The samples were chosen in the form of cylindrical shapes with diameter 10 mm and length 40 mm, respectively. The samples were subjected to tempering at three different temperatures of 250°C, 350°C, 450°C and to annealing at three different temperatures of 723°C, 823°C, 923°C. For comparison of the results, untreated sample is kept aside. To verify wear resistance of the material, wear test was performed using a pin on disc wear test apparatus for all the samples. Then, all the samples were subjected to Scanning Electron Microscope, and the results are compared. It was found that transformations of martensite phase to retained austenite were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheet metal forming a critical manufacturing process in automotive, aeronautic, and industrial sectors. Due to their attractive quality and light weight in comparison with all other alloys, aluminium-based alloy sheets have overtaken other alloys in some applications. Formability refers to the ability of sheet metals to be formed into various shapes without fracture. The formability of sheet is determined by the material's properties, forming variables, sheet width. The use of orthogonal arrays in Taguchi experiments allows the effects of multiple parameters to be studied efficiently. In this manuscript, the forming limit diagram for Al 8011 sheets of 1 mm and 1.2 mm thickness was evaluated using a Taguchi orthogonal array at 150°C and 450°C. These specimens are cut in two different directions (0° and 90°) to the rolling direction, and experiments are undertaken out at a strain rate of 0.001/s −1. It has been observed that specimens from the transverse direction is one of the strongest. The formability characteristics of Al 8011 alloy sheet have been observed to change with temperature and thickness using FLD. The fracture micrographs are studied using scanning electron microscopy. The comparative analysis of these data showed that the material's formability has dramatically increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution, especially particulate matter (PM) pollution, has a significant impact on India. PM pollution is due to roadside dust, fossil fuel use, vehicular population, and industrial emissions. PM10 forecasting model development is essential because it permits the experts and the citizens to take appropriate actions to restrict their exposure and execute protective measures to improve air quality. This study aimed to develop a specialized computational intelligence methodology that uses principal component (PC) based artificial neural networks (ANN). The model was used to forecast PM10 in ambient air using meteorological data. This application is demonstrated for monitoring data from the urban area of Belagavi city of Karnataka state, India. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to understand the interactions between PM10 concentration and meteorological data. The analysis found that the PCANN model is better than the principal component regression (PCR) model, based on using various performance indexes (MAE, MSE, MAPE, RMSE, R, and R2). The PM10 predictive model performance was satisfactory, with a MAPE of 0.069. The overall predictive capability of PM10 was 89.59% in terms of R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]