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This study sets out to analyze the negative effects of tokenism among a group of Portuguese female firefighters alongside the strategies they adopt to integrate into a male majority professional context and inherently associated with masculinity. Individual semi-structured interviews were carried out with nine men and nine women before their content was subject to thematic analysis. The results confirm how, in the context of the work performed by firefighters, there is a clear differentiation between the genders, with women both being more visible and leading to conformity to depicting stereotypical femininity. In order to fit in, female firefighters attempt to replicate the attitudes of their male colleagues, demonstrate high standards of performance, and tone down any expression of perceivably feminine characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this exploratory study is to analyze the negative effects associated with the phenomenon of tokenism for Portuguese women in non-playing football roles, as well as their strategies for integration into a context where they are a minority and the social functions are dominated by men. To this end, we carried out semi-structured individual interviews with eight men and eight women, undertaking functions in the fields of coaching, psychology, medical team, planning, refereeing, and management in football organizations, and with their contents then subject to thematic analysis. Our analysis confirms how the football context strongly demarcates gender differences with women being more visible and leads to the stereotypical roles being associated with traditional femininity. The findings also observe how, in order to integrate, women align with the norms imposed by the dominant group (men) and accept being circumscribed to the spaces that hegemonic gender ideologies and practices attribute to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second edition of the Special Issue "New Directions in Gender Research" features 13 articles from various disciplinary fields, showcasing the diversity and vitality of gender studies. The articles cover a wide range of topics, including the evolution of women's, gender, and feminist studies in Portugal, the impact of sex work on trans women's health, the unequal division of unpaid work between immigrant men and women, social representations of trans people in the workplace, and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender dynamics in academic work environments. The issue also explores themes such as gender and politics, intimate partner violence, domestic violence, and the construction of the International Feminist Strike in Portugal. These studies highlight the persistence of gender asymmetries in labor dynamics and the prevalence of gender-based violence in various spheres. [Extracted from the article]

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26694/reufpi.v2i4.1095 Objetivo: realizar uma reflexão acerca daimportância da utilização dos preceitos éticos e legais nas pesquisas qualitativasda enfermagem. Metodologia: abordagemreflexiva sobre a importância dos aspectos éticos e legais em pesquisasqualitativas da enfermagem, tendo por base as Resoluções 196/1996 do ConselhoNacional de Saúde e 311/2007 do Conselho Federal de Enfermagem. Resultados: a pesquisa qualitativa temuma visão idealista, subjetivista e interpretativa da realidade e os aspectoséticos devem está presentes em todo o seu contexto desde a escolha do objeto deestudo até no compartilhamento dos resultados com os participantes da pesquisa.A proximidade entre pesquisador e pesquisado é uma condição para as pesquisasque adotam a metodologia qualitativa, são mediadas pela empatia baseadas naconfiança e por isso é a que mais levanta questões éticas no que se refere àautonomia do sujeito, ao consentimento informado, a privacidade e ao anonimato. Conclusão: destaca-se a importância de ser trabalhado esse tema visto que as pesquisasqualitativas possuem algumas particularidades em sua construção edesenvolvimento.

This text introduces a special issue on gender research, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of the field and the complexity of social reality. The issue includes 19 articles covering a range of themes and geographical contexts, with diverse epistemological positions, conceptual frameworks, and methodological approaches. Some articles focus on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender inequalities, while others examine gender asymmetries in higher education institutions. The intersectional approach is also explored in several articles. The editorial concludes by emphasizing the need for more research in a changing world. [Extracted from the article]

This study investigates the division of household chores and caregiving tasks during the COVID-19 pandemic, considering the influence of participants' sex, work arrangement, and parental status. Additionally, it aims to understand the relationship of these variables with job satisfaction. Specifically, this study analyses the role of participants' sex and parental status in the increase and division of unpaid work and investigates the roles of sex, work arrangements (namely telework and on-site work), and the division of unpaid work in job satisfaction. These variables were measured and analyzed with a sample of 268 workers in Portugal (57.8% of whom were teleworking) during pandemic lockdowns. Taken together, the results suggest that despite prepandemic advances in gender equality and despite men and women perceiving an increase in their domestic workload during lockdowns, there were significant inequalities between men and women in the division of unpaid work. These were intensified for couples with young children and were not mitigated by changes in work arrangements such as telework. For women, the lack of sharing in caregiving tasks while teleworking decreased their job satisfaction. For them, the lack of sharing of caregiving tasks moderates the relationship between work arrangements and job satisfaction. The same was not true for men. Despite the optimistic view that telework might promote a more equal sharing of unpaid work, this study shows that unpaid work is still mostly performed by women, with important consequences for the paid work sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aimed to explore the perspectives and experiences of women and men at the stage in their lives following professional retirement, enriching the present and future of a continuously ageing Portuguese society. In order to better capture the diversity and complexity of each individual's experiences, a qualitative methodology was used. Semi-structured individual interviews were carried out with sixteen retired people, eight women and eight men, aged between 59 and 88 years old. A thematic analysis allowed us to identify five themes in the interviewees' discourses. We concluded that gender may be a source of heterogeneity at this stage of life, suggesting that these findings should be analysed in the scope of a life course perspective, and highlighting the impact that the different trajectories of women and men have, as well as the historical and social context in which they take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a descriptive and comparative analysis of the statutes of Brazilian and Portuguese political parties regarding women's political participation. The main objective was to evaluate if and in what way women are included in the statutory guidelines. By means of the document analysis technique, we analyzed the statutes of political parties represented in the Chamber of Deputies in the case of Brazil and the Assembly of the Republic in the case of Portugal. Our research hypothesis is that although the explanatory potential of party ideology has declined as political parties from different positions on the spectrum have started to adopt discourses in favor of women's political participation, left-wing parties remain more inclusive in their texts. We could observe that in both countries, leftist parties remain the main encouragers of women's political participation, at least in their statutory rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on cleaning services in Lisbon, Portugal, to understand the dynamics of operating in this feminine context, mostly employing women of African origin. From a qualitative and intersectional perspective, the study encompasses 17 semi-structured individual interviews with women working in these services, nine of African origin (Black) and eight of Portuguese origin (White) between 29 and 66 years of age. The thematic analysis returned five themes portraying the specificities associated with women carrying out their activities in a context of low social status, particularly for Black women. Although we verified some of the negative consequences associated with tokenism, the intersections of gender, class, and race/ethnicity generated dynamics that also contradict this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is the western liberal model of democracy adequate to analyze the new political regimes of the Third Wave of Democracy? After reviewing the recent literatures on democratization and economic reform, I refer to their signifying concepts, namely, governability, governance and democracy, as well as to their implicit normative biases. I give especial attention to the concept of democracy as used by those literatures, based on the so-called procedural minimum (Schumpeter/Dahl). Considered too minimum by leading authors, this definition has been expanded to include "precising" attributes. Rather than augmenting even further Dahl?s list, I here propose to include in the regime change investigation the characteristics of the decision-making process, as an analytical tool to characterize the new political systems on their own terms. I claim that this approach better exams the more or less democratic character of the building regimes in the period between elections, bringing to the fore the question of vertical accountability of the bureaucracies, issue unsatisfactorily treated by democracy theorists. The policy process approach allows as well for the identification of different types of democracy which differently combine characteristics of decision-making. Finally, with reference to the Brazilian case, I consider the type of political regime the emerging countries are able or willing to build, offering some working hypotheses to analyze them.

This article analyzes the experiences and strategies of white and black women in positions of some power, in which they are able to strive to reduce inequalities and promote social change. From a qualitative perspective, this seeks to open the discussions around the possible applications of intersectionality between gender and "race"/ethnicity for studying the "tokenism phenomenon". The results reveal six major themes that demonstrate how, while both white and black women share negative consequences of tokenism, the intersections of gender and "race"/ethnicity create dynamics that make black women's experiences unique. Overall, we may therefore conclude the interviewees represent "agents of change" and deploy their power to promote equality in a variety of ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender imbalances persist throughout the world, particularly at leadership level, and equally also visible in the case of trade unions. This article focuses on CGTP-IN, the largest Portuguese trade union confederation, and sets out analysis incorporating both figures from this organisation and accounts by female members of CGTP-IN unions. Results confirm the existence of gender asymmetries, especially at the highest leadership levels. Analysis of the discourses of these women leaders reveals some awareness of the influence of gender on professional relations, placing women at a disadvantage, especially where leadership is concerned. Furthermore, four reasons driving the persistence of these gender asymmetries in trade union leadership/decision-making roles were identified: family responsibilities, gendered professional segregation, masculine trade union cultures and traditional gender stereotypes. Nevertheless, the interviewees resist to means of affirmative action such as gender quotas, and instead prefer to prioritise education and raising awareness around gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Pesquisa is the property of Fundacao Carlos Chagas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates formal and informal patterns of the recruitment process and the features of types of elections to shed light on what affects the share of women across levels of government (European, national, and local). A single country and party – the Portuguese Socialist Party – was analysed to rule out intervening factors, and 19 in-depth interviews were conducted. Our findings highlight the specificities of each type of election, their interactions with the recruitment process, and the relevance of informal factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article first offers some considerations regarding the concepts governability and government as used in the recent literature and, for analytical purposes, suggests the term governing capacity. In a context of economic reforms and democratization, Executive-Legislative relations form one of the key elements of governing capacity. Contesting Brazilian literature on this topic, the article grounds itself in basic policies on the agendas of the Collor and Itamar Franco administrations to argue that if there is a deficit in the implementation of a good share of economic stabilization policies and policies to open up trade, produced within relatively insulated bureaucracies, at the same time the structural reform policies submitted to Congress (social welfare, privatization, administration, taxation) have fallen short not just in the realm of implementation but in the realm of formulation as well. Underscoring the complexity of the policy-making phase, the text cites some causes, such as problems the government encounters in building stable majorities within Congress. Given this difficulty, the Executive must often engage in tough negotiations to get governmental policies approved, and it ends up entering into a pattern of conflict in its interactions with the Legislative branch. As a consequence, government leaders are tempted to favor the relatively insulated arena of bureaucracies over the parliament, with foreseeable consequences for the process of democratization within Brazil. Based on this scenario, the article asks what type of democracy Brazil can or is willing to build

Trichinella spp. infection occurs when a host ingests muscle tissue containing infective larvae (L1 stage). Wild boar meat and its products represent the second largest source of human trichinellosis worldwide. For this reason, and since that in Portugal wild boar is the most hunted large game specie, the laboratory of Technology, Quality and Food Safety (TQFS) from the University of Trás‐os‐Montes e Alto Douro created a free service to test wild boar meat for Trichinella spp. From December 2015 to February 2020, and 857 samples were analysed. From those, the majority (719/857, 83.9%) were tested after October 2018 when a specific national legislation came into force, demanding that meat from wild boar hunted in a defined risk area should be tested for Trichinella spp. Under TQFS laboratory activity, in January 2020, a positive case was identified, being the first molecular confirmation of Trichinella britovi infection in wild boar in Portugal. Additionally to this activity, in 2019, a questionnaire was submitted to 100 hunters to acquire information about wild boar meat usage and consumption behaviours. From the total respondents, 86% declared they intended to use meat for private consumption. Of those, 93% also stated that have sold part of the meat and/or homemade sausages, the majority (80%) without prior testing for Trichinella spp., as required by EU Regulation. These results alert the hunters to a risk for human infection, which could be extended to outside the hunter's household. Given the actual epidemiological situation, it should be emphasized that testing for Trichinella spp. in wild boar meat should be maintained and reinforced, particularly in the risk area. The results presented in this report strongly support the importance of specific national legislation to mitigate the risk of trichinellosis due to consumption of non‐tested wild boar meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study that sought to identify the gender dynamics prevailing in a health-related context of tokenism – nursing – in which the members of a dominant group in society – men – are proportionally scarce. Specifically, this study aimed to consider how men experience their integration into a feminized profession. Furthermore, the individual experiences and professional dynamics were placed in perspective with the results of other studies focusing on male populations in high-status professions, in particular medicine, to analyse the intersectionality of status and power. This study involved individual, semi-structured interviews with twelve male nurses, aged between 40 and 58 years, from across the six existing nursing specialties in Portugal. Analysis of the results, obtained through the Alceste software and thematic study carried out according to the social constructionist perspective in gender studies, indicates that tokenism dynamics interweave a double power asymmetry: the professional asymmetry between male doctors and male nurses, and the gender symbolic asymmetry between men and women. In the nursing profession, this double asymmetry proves beneficial to male nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study that identifies the gender dynamics prevailing in a specific context of tokenism – elementary school teaching – in which the members of an otherwise socially dominant group are proportionally scarce – men. The results contradict Kanter's (1977) theory by showing that male elementary school teachers do not experience the tokenism dynamics. In line with Williams' gender perspective and Amâncio's gender symbolic asymmetry, the article finds that although men constitute a small minority in elementary education, they do not lose the social advantages they generally have: on the contrary, they seem rather to gain several privileges. Indeed, the results show strong links between the tokenism dynamics and gender asymmetry, putting the token men at an advantage. Thus, tokenism seems to be limited to maintaining the gender social order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Surgery & Clinical Research is the property of Master Editora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Societes is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims to deepen the discussion about the analysis of Brazilian foreign policy as a public policy. Without denying certain particularities of foreign policy, one can verify growing similarities between both areas since the inauguration of the Brazilian democratic regime in 1988. This new moment seems to be characterized by a progressive erosion of the proverbial "insulation" of Itamaraty as well as by an approximation of foreign policy to the interests of the Brazilian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas is the property of Centro de Investigacao e Estudos de Sociologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to investigate in the literature the advantages and benefits of the implementation of humanized care for newborns preterm low birth weight (PN / BP), the Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC). Held integrative literature review, through the Virtual Library databases for articles published between the years of 2005 and 2015. Were used the descriptors: "Kangaroo Care", "Newborn" and "perinatal care" in Portuguese. 294 articles were found and selected 21. The KMC is divided into three steps, promoting the humanization of care, welcoming family, promoting the bond and breastfeeding, with numerous advantages and benefits to PN / BP, and reduction in costs compared to the NICU, with significant savings in SUS. It should to be noted that KMC does not replace incubators and technology but complete humanization in care, waved as a "saving methodology for low cost." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, conventional restorative glass ionomer cement (GIC) was modified by embedding it with mechanically processed cellulose fibers. Two concentrations of fibers were weighed and agglutinated into the GIC during manipulation, yielding Experimental Groups 2 (G2; 3.62 wt% of fibers) and 3 (G3; 7.24 wt% of fibers), which were compared against a control group containing no fibers (G1). The compressive strengths and elastic modulus of the three groups, and their diametral tensile strengths and stiffness, were evaluated on a universal test machine. The compressive and diametral tensile strengths were significantly higher in G3 than in G1. Statistically significant differences in elastic modulus were also found between G2 and G1 and between G2 and G3, whereas the stiffness significantly differed between G1 and G2. The materials were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Heterogeneously shaped particles were found on the G2 and G3 surfaces, and the cement matrices were randomly interspersed with long intermingled fibers. The EDS spectra of the composites revealed the elemental compositions of the precursor materials. The physically processed cellulosic fibers (especially at the higher concentration) increased the compressive and diametral tensile strengths of the GIC, and demonstrated acceptable elastic modulus and stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief notes are provided on how the grammarians Celso Cunha and Lindley Cintra define and implement the operational concept of 'syntax' and the methodologically inherent operational instruments of 'sentence' and 'clause', with which they associate the notion of 'statement', within a descriptive-normative study of the Portuguese language, namely in the third edition of the Nova gramática do português contemporâneo. The operationality of the above instruments by the aforementioned authors is analyzed as from certain impairments inherent to the inherited perspective of language. The original links to Greek and Latin models, coupled to a greater or smaller permeability to epistemological paradigm inflows through history are also taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This theoretical paper examined the intergroup dynamics and the social change, particularly in the case of the categories of sex and gender relations, in order to understand the persistence of discrimination and highlight the conditions that contribute to this. The article articulated different levels of analysis, especially at intergroup and ideological level, to ascertain the perspective of those involved, particularly members of dominated groups, to understand the conditions that lead them to adopt (or not) actions to improve the situation. It shows that this groups live a state of ambiguity regarding the consequences of prejudice and discrimination that they are subjected to and, for that, they do not always realize that they are being discriminated. This sentiment, also understood as a strategy of coping, does not contribute to social change, because it limits people's involvement in actions that lead to change of the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the discussion that takes place on the revitalization of Rio de Janeiro port in two moments: the construction of the port at the time of Pereira Passos Reform and Porto Maravilha Project, the latter as the highlight of this article. To do so, by analysing the media coverage and the advertisement (newspaper O Globo) and the corporate narrative of the project, the article aims to 1) know the process of the imaginary construction of downtown Rio de Janeiro; 2) study how these urban orders influenced/have been influencing the representation of the of Rio de Janeiro city and the impact on its image; 3) make an outline on how the print and ad texts create/recreate a point of view about Porto Maravilha Project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Everyone knows that democracy played a role in the Bush Doctrine. What not everyone knows is that this role was essential for the doctrine to be put into operation under which the Iraq invasion was prepared and launched. We argue moreover that, even if aggressive, the Bush doctrine is compatible with the American Liberal Tradition. To demonstrate these arguments we analyze the links between democracy, security, and the US national interests as expressed in the pillars of the American foreign policy since the end of Cold War. The consequential belief of the Bush Administration on the positive effect of exporting democracy by the use of force to Afghanistan and Iraq to fight terrorism will be remarked. It will be shown, however, that in the first years of the Bush Administration, among the justifications for the military interventions in the two countries, security reasons prevailed over democratic concerns, although the latter was significantly present since the early hours after September 11. It was only when it became clear that WMDs did not exist in Iraq that the exporting of democracy as the ultimate weapon to fight terrorism grew remarkably and prevailed over security reasons to invade those rogue states. The paper uses quantitative and qualitative content analysis of the speeches of President Bush and his Secretaries of State and Defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Societes is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drawing on the conceptualization of meritocracy as an illusion, we argue that perceptions of merit and fairness of sex quotas in politics are influenced by gender ideology, specifically gender symbolical asymmetry, which equates men with individuals and the universal reference of 'person', and women with a sexed category. A total of 311 Portuguese participants read one of eight scenarios manipulating the sex and political competence of two candidates for an electoral list where only one would be selected. According to the experimental condition, either the female or the male candidate was presented as more competent or both candidates were presented as equally competent. In the control condition no such information was provided. Participants rated the merit of the selected candidate and the fairness of quotas. Results show that men take mostly only the candidates' competence information into consideration. Reflecting gender symbolic asymmetry women were also influenced by the fact that the selected candidate was male or female. Results are discussed in the light of the gender symbolic asymmetry model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]