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The hand-held power sander is a frequently used tool in woodworking, and it is a significant source of risk in terms of dust, vibration, and, notably, noise. The purpose of a hand-held power sander manufacturer’s noise emission statement is to provide information that is useful for assessing the risks associated with noise exposure and should assist users in selecting a hand-held power sander with reduced noise emissions. The stated levels of emitted noise obtained in accordance with a harmonized test procedure may not, in all circumstances, give a reliable indication of the actual risk of noise exposure during the typical use of a hand-held power sander. The aim of this work was to investigate the difference between the values declared by the manufacturers of hand-held power sanders and the measured noise values during actual use. The measurements of the equivalent sound pressure levels were carried out using an integrating–averaging sound level meter (B&K, model 2245) during the sanding of beech and spruce wood with different types of hand-held electric sanders (belt, random orbital, and orbital) with abrasives of coarse, medium, or fine grit. Upon comparing the measured and declared noise values, differences ranging from −6.3 dB to 19 dB(A) were identified for distinct sander types. The results of this study show that the use of declared noise emission values during risk assessments underestimates the magnitude of operator noise exposure.

The hand-held power sander is a frequently used tool in woodworking, and it is a significant source of risk in terms of dust, vibration, and, notably, noise. The purpose of a hand-held power sander manufacturer's noise emission statement is to provide information that is useful for assessing the risks associated with noise exposure and should assist users in selecting a hand-held power sander with reduced noise emissions. The stated levels of emitted noise obtained in accordance with a harmonized test procedure may not, in all circumstances, give a reliable indication of the actual risk of noise exposure during the typical use of a hand-held power sander. The aim of this work was to investigate the difference between the values declared by the manufacturers of hand-held power sanders and the measured noise values during actual use. The measurements of the equivalent sound pressure levels were carried out using an integrating–averaging sound level meter (B&K, model 2245) during the sanding of beech and spruce wood with different types of hand-held electric sanders (belt, random orbital, and orbital) with abrasives of coarse, medium, or fine grit. Upon comparing the measured and declared noise values, differences ranging from −6.3 dB to 19 dB(A) were identified for distinct sander types. The results of this study show that the use of declared noise emission values during risk assessments underestimates the magnitude of operator noise exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study was designed to determine the influence of the thermal level and duration of chilling period on the initiation and progress of gonadogenesis and gametogenesis under controlled conditions in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca). A set of 120 fish was distributed into eight tanks (15 fish per tank). The effects of two temperatures (6 or 12°C) in combination with two durations of chilling period, either short (S; 75 days at 6°C and 125 days at 12°C) or long (L; 135 days at 6°C and 185 days at 12°C), were investigated for the effect on growth, gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), gamete developmental stage and sex‐steroid levels (17 beta‐estradiol‐E2 and testosterone‐T). These zootechnical and physiological parameters were selected as they reflect the progressive advancement of gametogenesis in percids including pikeperch. The results show that the temperature did not affect the reproductive parameters but down‐regulated the HSI and the condition factor in females. In addition, the exposure to a longer chilling period, whatever the temperature, allowed for (1) further advancement of gonadogenesis in females (GSI = 6.5% vs. 11%), (2) further advancement of gametogenesis (0% vs. 60% of oocytes at late vitellogenesis, 15% vs. 80% of spermatozoa in males) and (3) the maintenance or increase of plasma sex steroids in both sexes (e.g. 10 ng/mL vs. 27 ng/mL of T in females). Together with already published data, these results suggest that, depending on the features of fish populations and photothermal programmes, the maintenance of temperature at either 6 or 12°C does not necessarily impact pikeperch gonad maturation. However, the duration of the chilling period is an important factor for the optimization of gonadogenesis and gametogenesis achievement before reproduction.

Background and Objectives: In recent years, anthropogenic and natural activities have caused high levels of metal contamination into the aquatic ecosystem. These pollutants can accumulate in the food chain. The present study examined the amount of metals such as nickel, zinc, and vanadium in the muscle tissue of Sander and Alosa because of their importance in the southeast of the Caspian Sea. Method and materials: After bioassay, the samples of Sander and Alosa were prepared through acid digestion method and the amount of metals was measured using atomic absorption device (Scientific Equipment GBS). Results: Statistical tests showed that there was no significant difference between the amount of zinc in two species of the Sander and Alosa (p>0.05) while the amount of nickel and vanadium in Alosa was significantly higher than Sander (P> 0.05). Statistical analysis of differences in the accumulation of metals in Sander was: Zn>Ni ~ V and of Alosa was Zn>Ni ~ V. There was a correlation between nickel and vanadium of Sander and between zinc and vanadium of Alosa (p>0.05). The amount of nickel metal in both species and vanadium in Alosa were higher than the WHO guideline. The maximum and minimum THQ for Alosa were vanadium (0.059) and zinc (0.017) respectively. Whereas, for Sander, these values were zinc (0.016) and vanadium (0.004) respectively. In general, the TQM measured in this study was

The photographic opus of August Sander (1896–1964) is probably the first collection to have developed a systematic sociological and historical perspective of an entire population. Among all the social categories and professions to draw the photographer’s attention in volumes such as Hommes du XXe siècle (“People in the 20th century”), peasant farmers hold a special place. Three photographs from the collection Le paysan. Portfolio archétypal serve here to foster reflection on Sander’s work, sociological qualities and methodological lessons when selecting and interpreting photographic images.

Antoin Sevruguin was the most prominent and prolific professional photographer in Iran at the end of 19th century. He embarked on documentation of people in Qajar era and recordingvarious portraits of Iran. In addition to documentation, his portraitures of people during Qajar era have aesthetic values as well. AugustSander, a German social documentary photographer and member of new objectivity group, pictured dif-ferent classes of people of his time in Germany precisely and explicitly with socio- logical and purposeful view. Meanwhile, the typographic works of Sevruguin are very similarto the typographic works of AugustSander who lived somehow after Sevru- guin. Sevruguin and Sander’s works are similar to each other in terms of arrangement, structure and even aesthetics. The aim of the present study is to get familiar with the typographic expression of the two well-known photographers in the field of documen- tary and typography and after that comparative study of their works and specify their similarities and differences. The methodology of the study is descriptive-analytic, a type of qualitative study, and the texts, pictures and primary information are collected from two reference books of both artists using library documentations. From among the similarities of the typographic works of both photographers, that are more in terms of structure, are using rectangular framework, vertical and triangular structures, angle and depth of view etc. However,the aim, mindset and attitude of both photographers are different from each other; Sander looked for identity record of people of his time and Sevruguin wanted to register different portraits of Iran. The difference in both artists’ view and aim developed differences in their mode of expression such as in setting, lighting, gestures and postures of models. Sevruguin manipulated the setting, posture and gesture of his models and gave them an aesthetic value but Sander, with- .out any manipulation, recorded his models in an explicit and precise way

Carotenoids are determinants of reproductive fitness and egg quality. Here we studied the accumulation of astaxanthin (AX), canthaxanthin (CA) zeaxanthin (ZX), lutein (LU), retinol (RX) and dehydroretinol (DR) during vitellogenesis comparing previtellogenic and vitellogenic pikeperch ( Sander lucioperca ) eggs (n = 5 each), as well as selected tissues (liver, fat and muscles) in first süawning females (1176-1450 g). Futhermore, we compared egg batches with high (88-99% hatching rate, n = 5) or low (40-67% hatching rate, n= 5) egg quality. Vitellogenic follicles revealed higher concentrations of DR, RX, ZX and LU compared to previtellogenic follicles. Neither CA nor AX was detectable. In parallel, DR and RX were mobilized in the liver. In adipose and muscle tissue, comparing previtellogenic and vitellogenic females, no significant differences in carotenoid/retinoid content were observed. In high quality egg batches, both DR and RX were increased. LU was lower in high quality than in low quality eggs. In a conclusion, the amount of retinoids seems suboptimal in low quality egg batches and increased DR and RX are desirable in pikeperch. Since hypervitaminosis of retinoids can be problematic though, supplementation of the food with carotenoids, which can serve as precursors for retinoids, has to be carried out carefully., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Background and Objectives: In recent years, anthropogenic and natural activities have caused high levels of metal contamination into the aquatic ecosystem. These pollutants can accumulate in the food chain. The present study examined the amount of metals such as nickel, zinc, and vanadium in the muscle tissue of Sander and Alosa because of their importance in the southeast of the Caspian Sea. Method and materials: After bioassay, the samples of Sander and Alosa were prepared through acid digestion method and the amount of metals was measured using atomic absorption device (Scientific Equipment GBS). Results: Statistical tests showed that there was no significant difference between the amount of zinc in two species of the Sander and Alosa (p>0.05) while the amount of nickel and vanadium in Alosa was significantly higher than Sander (P> 0.05). Statistical analysis of differences in the accumulation of metals in Sander was: Zn>Ni ~ V and of Alosa was Zn>Ni ~ V. There was a correlation between nickel and vanadium of Sander and between zinc and vanadium of Alosa (p>0.05). The amount of nickel metal in both species and vanadium in Alosa were higher than the WHO guideline. The maximum and minimum THQ for Alosa were vanadium (0.059) and zinc (0.017) respectively. Whereas, for Sander, these values were zinc (0.016) and vanadium (0.004) respectively. In general, the TQM measured in this study was <1, indicating no food risk in present consumption rate (21 g/day) of these fish. Conclusion: Food risk assessment of case study species indicates that the consumption of Sander and Alosa with the current consumption rate causes no danger to consumers from the viewpoint of zinc, nickle, and vanadium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nestor John Sander (December 5, 1914 - February 11, 2012), "Sandy" for his friends, was a living history book, describing himself as a positivist.Nestor was born and grew up in Oakland, California. In 1932, after graduating from high school, he moved on to the University of California at Berkeley where he earned a Bachelor degree in 1936, followed by a Masters degree in Paleontology in 1938. That same year he joined the California Arabian Standard Oil Company (CASOC), an affiliate of the Standard Oil of California (SOCAL, today's Chevron Corporation), which later (in 1944) became the Arabian American Oil Company, that is ARAMCO. Nestor was sent as a junior geologist for his first assignment to Saudi Arabia. That was before World War II started and much before the country became known as the major worldwide oil producer. There he probably gained his nickname and entered into the history of petroleum exploration, for he was given responsibility for the delineation of the Abqaiq field, which led to Ghawar, that was to become the world's largest oilfield: Sander's name will remain associated with those of pioneering explorationists in the Middle East, including "Dick" Bramkamp (Sander, 1959), Robert G.S. Hudson, "Mike" Morton (Dunnington et al., 1959; Q.M. Morton, 2006), R.W. Powers (1968), Max Steineke (Steineke et al., 1958), W. Sugden (Sugden & Stranding, 1975), René Wetzel (Dunnington et al., 1959), ... They are now almost forgotten for -with few notable exceptions- most of their work remains unpublished, being proprietary reports archived at their employers' headquarters.In 1941 Nestor joined the American army and was assigned to intelligence services in Northern Africa and Europe because he could speak and read French (as well as German, Italian and Spanish). In Paris, he met Georgette Cordin, and they were married in 1946. Later the same year, Nestor was back in Saudi Arabia, followed by "Georgia" a few months later. They lived in Dhahran until late 1951 when he was given new responsibilities which led them to move to New York. On their way back to America, they stopped in Paris for a three-month long leave. During this short entr'acte Nestor completed the writing and editing of the manuscript of his D.Sc. thesis and defended it publicly in front of a jury presided by Professor Jean Cuvillier in Sorbonne University in early 1952 (an abridged version in French was published in 1962: an unpublished English version of this early work will be available soon in Carnets de Géologie). In 1955 Nestor resigned from ARAMCO and joined CONORADA Petroleum Corporation, a consortium created by Amerada Petroleum Corporation (today's Amerada Hess Corporation), Continental Oil Company (today's ConocoPhillips) and Ohio Oil Company (today's Marathon Oil Corporation), in charge of petroleum exploration outside the United States and Canada. In order to evaluate open acreage and screen farm-out offers, he travelled a lot (Europe, Central and South America, Africa, India, the Middle East). In 1963 he joined the American International Oil Company, a subsidiary of Standard Oil Company [Indiana] (later merged with BP). Still in charge of evaluation, he was sharing information with William E. Humphrey, the Vice-President Exploration at AIOC (Sander & Humphrey, 1965; Sander et al., 1975) and Colin Campbell, who became a prominent "Peak Oil" man (and the editor of a book with a chapter dedicated to Nestor: see Sander, 2011).In 1967 Nestor published a practical classification of carbonate rocks which he first implemented while working in Saudi Arabia (and an early version of which was first exposed by Bramkamp & Powers, 1962): unfortunately his classification came up too late after those of Folk (1959) and Dunham (1962).In 1977 the couple moved to Spain to enjoy retirement in the neighborhood of Madrid until Georgia's death in early 1992. To occupy his mind Nestor left Spain, travelled in Western Europe and started writing a manuscript entitled "Ibn Saud - King by conquest" (published in 2002). In 1994, he returned to California and decided to settle in Modesto.Thanks to the development of the internet, he managed to keep abreast of modern developments in geology: we first met on the World Wide Web, but he was 87 years old when I met him in person in Paris. He then started a new "career" as a scientific writer when I invited him to contribute to some projects (Granier et al., 2006, 2009; Grosheny et al., 2011; Granier & Sander, 2012). On YouTube™, the "rednasrotsen's channel" (his name spelt right to left) includes a number of didactic videos he edited (17 of them are dedicated to stratigraphy and paleontology): his last months were dedicated to mounting a video dealing with the world of the Gastropods.Last but not least, Nestor Sander was one of the founders of Carnets de Géologie: many non-native English speakers will remember him as a very kind and generous person who, for instance, helped them polish their manuscripts. We shall miss him!

A new species of pikeperch from the Upper Miocene strata of Ukraine (Egorovka 2 locality, MN 12) is described in the paper. Extinct species Sander svetovidovi sp. n. differs from the Miocene and recent taxa of the genus Sander by the configuration of the quadrate bone, form and sizes of the lateral condyle and also presence of additional double crista on the anterior inferior edge of quadratum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Conserving genetic diversity and local adaptations are management priorities for wild populations of exploited species, which increasingly are subject to climate change, habitat loss, and pollution. These constitute growing concerns for the walleye Sander vitreus, an ecologically and economically valuable North American temperate fish with large Laurentian Great Lakes' fisheries. This study compares genetic diversity and divergence patterns across its widespread native range using mitochondrial (mt) DNA control region sequences and nine nuclear DNA microsatellite (μsat) loci, examining historic and contemporary influences. We analyze the genetic and morphological characters of a putative endemic variant- "blue pike" S. v. "glaucus" -described from Lakes Erie and Ontario, which became extinct. Walleye with turquoise-colored mucus also are evaluated, since some have questioned whether these are related to the "blue pike". Results Walleye populations are distinguished by considerable genetic divergence (mean FST mtDNA = 0.32 ± 0.01, μsat = 0.13 ± 0.00) and substantial diversity across their range (mean heterozygosity mtDNA = 0.53 ± 0.02, μsat = 0.68 ± 0.03). Southern populations markedly differ, possessing unique haplotypes and alleles, especially the Ohio/New River population that houses the oldest haplotype and has the most pronounced divergence. Northern formerly glaciated populations have greatest diversity in Lake Erie (mean heterozygosity mtDNA = 0.79 ± 0.00, μsat = 0.72 ± 0.01). Genetic diversity was much less in the historic Lake Erie samples from 1923-1949 (mean heterozygosity mtDNA = 0.05 ± 0.01, μsat = 0.47 ± 0.06) than today. The historic "blue pike" had no unique haplotypes/alleles and there is no evidence that it comprised a separate taxon from walleye. Turquoise mucus walleye also show no genetic differentiation from other sympatric walleye and no correspondence to the "blue pike". Conclusions Contemporary walleye populations possess high levels of genetic diversity and divergence, despite habitat degradation and exploitation. Genetic and previously published tagging data indicate that natal homing and spawning site philopatry led to population structure. Population patterns were shaped by climate change and drainage connections, with northern ones tracing to post-glacial recolonization. Southerly populations possess unique alleles and may provide an important genetic reservoir. Allelic frequencies of Lake Erie walleye from ∼70-90 years ago significantly differed from those today, suggesting population recovery after extensive habitat loss, pollution, and exploitation. The historic "blue pike" is indistinguishable from walleye, indicating that taxonomic designation is not warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collection of fish milt by stripping risks contamination with urine, which may negatively influence milt characteristics and quality. Urine contamination of milt may be avoided by using a catheter for sperm collection. The objective of this study was to compare basic pikeperch milt parameters, i.e., sperm concentration (SC), pH, osmolality of seminal plasma (OSM), and motility parameters of spermatozoa analyzed with a CASA system (Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis), collected either with a syringe (as the standard method of sperm collection) or with a catheter. Every parameter of pikeperch milt collected with a catheter was significantly higher (P < 0.05; SC = 12.31 ± 3.81 × 10 9 ml − 1 , pH = 9.04 ± 0.07, OSM = 311 ± 16 mOsm kg − 1 ) than that collected with a syringe (SC = 8.05 ± 3.04 × 10 9 ml − 1 , pH = 8.93 ± 0.09, OSM = 228 ± 51 mOsm kg − 1 ), which clearly suggests urine contamination of milt collected with the standard procedure. Moreover, milt collected with catheter was characterized by higher spermatozoa motility parameters, e.g., motility rate of sperm collected with a catheter was 73% whereas the motility rate of sperm collected with a syringe did not exceed 35%. The results obtained in this work indicate that the milt collected with the standard procedure is likely to be exposed to contamination with urine, which may cause a significant reduction of quality parameters. Collection of sperm with a catheter was proven to effectively reduce the contamination of sperm with urine. Therefore, it is recommended to collect pikeperch sperm using a catheter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The similarity of the AMBER force field's energy functional form with that of the CHARMM force field, gives the potential for direct translation of common bonding and nonbonding terms, along with their parameters, present in CHARMM topology and parameter files, with the intent of evaluation within the AMBER software; specifically the SANDER and PMEMD dynamics engines. To this extent, we have created a tool, CHAMBER, which can take a CHARMM protein structure file (PSF), coordinate file (COR) and associated forcefield files, and convert these to an AMBER topology file (prmtop) and associated coordinate file (inpcrd). CHAMBER opens a conversion route which enables the simulation of CHARMM parameterized models using AMBER's PMEMD engine; thus providing improved serial efficiency as well as parallel efficiency over large numbers of CPUs. Significant effort has been expended in ensuring a true representation of the CHARMM force field in AMBER providing energies and forces that are the same to the limits of machine precision. This software will be released in the upcoming version 1.3 of the free AMBERTools suite.1 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximizing young-of-year (YOY) fish production in an aquaculture setting depends on matching predatory demand with prey availability. With a size-selective YOY fish species (saugeye: Sander vitreus Mitchell females × S. canadense Griffith & Smith males) supplied with natural zooplankton prey ( Bosmina sp. Baird), selective removal of larger individuals may decrease prey fecundity. However, increased nutrient fertilization may also ameliorate the top-down effects of fish predation. We tested these interactions in outdoor earthen production ponds (ca. 4000 m2; n=12) by measuring Bosmina sp. size at first reproduction (SFR), maximum size (MAX) and neonate size (NEO) in ponds that varied in YOY saugeye densities (18–50 saugeye m−3) and also differed in phosphorus maintenance levels (either 20 or 30 μg PO4-P L−1). We found that SFR decreased by 8% [from 0.298 mm±0.007 (mean±1 SE) to 0.275 mm±0.005], MAX decreased by 11% (from 0.367 mm±0.009 to 0.328 mm±0.009) and NEO decreased by 5% (0.198 mm±0.004 to 0.189 mm±0.003) over the range of saugeye densities, and that SFR increased by 4% (from 0.279 mm±0.004 to 0.290 mm±0.003) and MAX increased by 3% (from 0.336 mm±0.004 to 0.347±0.004) with increased fertilization. Further, prey offspring lengths strongly related to mother lengths and lengths differed from early to late in the production season. These results indicate that multiple factors affect prey sizes and emphasize that the removal of large prey individuals by size-selective YOY predators may decrease trophic efficiency, ultimately decreasing fish production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condition indices are often used as surrogates of fish health, growth, and feeding and to compare ecological well-being among fish populations. In an effort to identify easily measured indices, growth and food consumption were compared with gonadal-somatic index, liver-somatic index (LSI), fat-somatic index and relative weight ( Wr) for ages 1–3 walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill), in Lake Erie from 1986 to 1988. The LSI and Wr were significantly correlated with growth rate or food consumption, but correlations were too small to be considered biologically meaningful. Furthermore, no consistent relationships between condition indices and growth or consumption were found among combinations of fish age and season. None of the indices are considered reliable surrogates for more laborious estimates of growth and food consumption for Lake Erie walleye. Significant relationships between Wr and relative abundance of key prey species warrant further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a functional response model that primarily evaluates effects of satiation in piscivore prey-size selection. The model also includes other passive processes, such as prey-size-dependent encounter rate and prey-size-dependent capture success, where capture success decreases and encounter rate increases with prey size. The model generates a wide variety of outcomes, where small, intermediate or large prey is positively selected for. These very different selectivity patterns are generated without any active prey choice included in the model. The results stress the importance of controlling for satiation and other passive processes in empirical studies on prey-size selection, especially if the aim is to test active prey choice in piscivores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pond-nursed pike-perch ( Sander lucioperca) fry were trained to artificial diet and reared under controlled conditions maintained in aquaria using three stocking densities (1.25, 1.66 and 2.08 g/l). Two replicates per treatment were applied. The survival during the 4-week period of the experiment ranged from 44.2 to 49.6%. The majority of the losses were caused by cannibalism; only 8–14% could be attributed to natural mortality. Both cannibalism and natural mortality occurred in the first 2–3 weeks of rearing. The differences in the rate of cannibalism were independent of the stocking density. Natural mortality decreased with increasing density, consequently the highest survival was observed under the highest stocking density. Stocking density did not significantly influence growth, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio of the pike-perch fingerlings ( p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-four volunteers worked four times in a laboratory under realistic conditions for 80 min with a relatively intensely vibrating planesander and a less intensely vibrating band-sander (each sander twice). Immediately before and after exposure, the left and right third finger was measured for vibratory sense with a 100 Hz rod-vibrameter and for width-und depth-sense by means of an apparatus modified after Carlson. The reproducibility of the parameters was poor: coefficients of intra-individual variation were 20 to 60%. After using the plane-sander the threshold of the width-sense in the right hand increased relative to the effect of the band-sander by 17% of the pre-exposure value; in the left hand no increase was found. The thresholds of the depth-sense and vibratory sense showed no change. The study suggests that brief vibration exposure below the ISO-guideline may cause some reduction of sensibility. One should be cautious in applying these tests. An exposure-free interval of at least several hours is recommended when studying chronic effects of vibration exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A suite of tri- and tetra-nucleotide microsatellite loci were developed for walleye ( Sander vitreus) from 454 pyrosequencing data. Eighteen of the 50 primer sets tested amplified consistently in 35 walleye from two lakes on Isle Royale, Lake Superior: Chickenbone Lake and Whittlesey Lake. The loci displayed moderate levels of allelic diversity (average 5.5 alleles/locus) and heterozygosity (average 35.8 %). Levels of genetic diversity were sufficient to produce unique multi-locus genotypes and detect phylogeographic structuring as individuals assigned back to their population of origin. Cross-species amplification within S. canadensis (sauger) was successful for 15 loci, and 11 loci were diagnostic to species. The loci characterized here will be useful for detecting fine-scale spatial structuring, resolving the taxonomic status of Sander species and sub-species, and detecting walleye/sauger hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three Farmers on their Way to a Dance is both the title of Richard Powers’ novel and of August Sander’s 1914 photograph whose haunting influence the book explores. The photograph itself was part of a larger project, “Man of the Twentieth Century,” in which Sander attempted to document the people of his native Westerwald. By photographing men and women from all walks of life, Sander thus created a typological catalogue of more than 600 photos of the German people, a part of which was later published in his book Face of our Time. Powers’ novel traces the motif of the series through the figures of August Sander and Henry Ford, as their series of photographs and series of cars serve to metaphorise both the advent of modernism and the fictions the two characters build about history. This article intends to show how Powers’ novel uncovers the stories about history that underlie Ford’s and Sander’s series. Yet the paradigm of the series maintains a linearity Powers’ prose foregoes: the historical event, just like the artifact, is to be perceived in terms of solid geometry and intersection of planes, a cross between “essayistic firmness” and “the invitation of fiction” that result in a three-dimensional object which the series fails to create.