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In Finland, the indoor air conditions of 171 single-family buildings and 49 apartments in multi-family buildings have been studied in large research projects in collaboration with Tampere University of Technology and Helsinki University of Technology. This article deals with the results of moisture excess studied in these single-family buildings and apartments. Continuous field measurements up to 28 months enable to include two consecutive heating seasons in the analysis of the internal moisture excess. The higher 10% critical level during the cold period (Te ≤ 5°C) was between 3.4 and 4.9 g/m3 in Finnish heavyweight and lightweight single-family buildings and between 2.4 and 3.6 g/m3 in apartments of multi-family buildings. During the warm period (Te ≥ 15°C), the corresponding values were between 0.3 and 2.6 g/m3 for single-family buildings and 0.5 and 1.5 g/m3 for apartments. The number of occupants and the airtightness of different groups of external wall did not have influence on the average values of moisture excess. Slightly better ventilation air change rates were measured in apartments of multi-family buildings, where also the air change rates from supply–exhaust ventilation systems generally fulfilled the Finnish guideline value. The design values of moisture classes in EN ISO 13788:2012 were found difficult to apply for Finnish residential buildings. The upper limit value of humidity class 2 of EN ISO 13788:2012 is suitable for apartments in Finnish multi-family buildings, but too low for Finnish lightweight and heavyweight single-family buildings. Applying the design values of Finnish guidelines would be justified for the studied buildings almost at the full range of outdoor temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-family buildings and apartments in multi-family apartment buildings have been studied in Finland in two large-scale studies between the years 2002 and 2009. This paper is based on the measurements of airtightness of 170 single-family detached houses and 56 apartments by fan pressurisation method at 50 Pa. The mean air change rate of 10 autoclaved aerated concrete block, 10 shuttering concrete block, 10 concrete element, 10 brick masonry, 10 lightweight aggregate concrete block, 100 timber-framed, and 20 log single-family houses was 1.5 h −1 , 1.6 h −1 , 2.6 h −1 , 2.8 h −1 , 3.2 h −1 , 3.9 h −1 and 6.0 h −1 , respectively. In concrete-built multi-storey houses, in which the intermediate floor was cast on site, the mean n 50 -value of 23 apartments was 0.7 h −1 . The mean n 50 -value of 20 apartments in multi-storey houses built from concrete elements was 1.6 h −1 . 16 apartments in timber-framed multi-storey houses had a mean n 50 -value 2.9 h −1 . Factors like construction method and insulation material (polyurethane insulation) in timber-framed houses, seam insulation material in log houses and ceiling structure in heavyweight buildings among others were found to have an effect on the average values of air change rates. The mean values of airtightness do not satisfy the recommended level of airtightness in Finland. Most important result, however, is that good airtightness of individual houses was reached within all house groups regardless of the choice of structure, storeys, ventilation system or technology of construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several biological processes causing aging and damage to buildings. This is partly due to natural aging of materials and excessive moisture. The demands on durability, energy balance, and health of houses are continually rising. For mold development, the minimum (critical) ambient humidity requirement is shown to be between RH 80% and 95% depending on other factors like ambient temperature, exposure time, and the type and surface conditions of building materials. For decay development, the critical humidity is above RH 95%. Mold typically affects the quality of the adjacent air space with volatile compounds and spores. The next stage of moisture-induced damage, the decay development, forms a serious risk for structural strength depending on moisture content, materials, temperature, and time. The worst decay damage cases in North Europe are found in the floors and lower parts of walls, where water accumulates due to different reasons. Modeling of mold growth and decay development based on humidity, temperature, exposure time, and material will give new tools for the evaluation of durability of different building materials and structures. The models make it possible to evaluate the risk and development of mold growth and to analyze the critical conditions needed for the start of biological growth. The model is also a tool to simulate the progress of mold and decay development under different conditions on the structure surfaces. This requires that the moisture capacity and moisture transport properties in the material and at the surface layer be taken into account in the simulations. In practice there are even more parameters affecting mold growth, e.g., thickness of the material layers combined with the local surface heat and mass transfer coefficients. Therefore, the outcome of the simulations and in situ observations of biological deterioration may not agree. In the present article, results on mold growth in different materials and wall assemblies will be shown and existing models on the risk of mold growth development will be evaluated. One of the results of a newly finished large Finnish research project 'modeling of mold growth' is an improved and extended mathematical model for mold growth. This model and more detailed research results will be published in other papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]