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Polyalphaolefins (PAOs) have potential applications as synthetic lubricants in automotive, industrial, and aviation equipment, including motor oils, hydraulic, and transmission fluids. During the present work, the linear higher alpha olefins (LHAOs) ranging from [C.sub.8] to [C.sub.12] present in the refinery stream (RS) are polymerized using Lewis acid catalyst combination of transition metal halide of Group 4, that is, Ti[Cl.sub.4] and Group 13 metal halide, that is, Al[Cl.sub.3]. The influence of Ti:Al (1:1, 1.5:1, 1:2, and 2:1) molar ratios, polymerization time (2-8 h), and polymerization temperature (100-170[degrees]C) on the polymerization behavior of LHAOs were also investigated. The synthesized PAOs were characterized using different analytical techniques, including [sup.1]H-[sup.13]C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The performance evaluation of PAOs was evaluated in terms of density, pour point, oxidation stability, thermal stability, kinematic viscosity (KV), viscosity index (VI), friction, and corrosion studies. The synthesized PAOs exhibit low pour point ( KEYWORDS cationic polymerization, linear higher alpha olefins, polyalphaolefins, synthetic lubricants, 1 | INTRODUCTION Polyalphaolefins (PAOs) are saturated hydrocarbons widely used in the production of high-performance synthetic lubricants. They are mainly synthesized from linear higher alpha olefins (LHAOs) ranging from [C.sub.8] [...]

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in the causation of numerous benign, premalignant and malignant lesions of Gastrointestinal Tract. Material and methods: The present prospective study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala during the duration of October 2019 to November 2021. 100 antral gastric biopsy were studied. The results of H&E, modified Giemsa (MG) and toluidine blue (TB) stain were compared to those of Immunohistochemistry which was considered as the gold standard method. Results : The results of the staining methods (H&E, MG, TB) in reference to that of IHC were considered false negative for any of the three tested staining methods (H&E, MG, TB), when the method gave negative result while the gold standard (IHC) gave positive result, on other hand, the false positive results were considered when the staining method gave positive result while the gold standard (IHC) gave negative result. Sensitivity of Modified Giemsa (73.81%) was found out to be better than Toluidine blue (71.43%) and H & E (57.14%). p value was <0.001 for each stain and was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion : IHC is the gold standard and sensitive technique but its availability in all the health care center is not feasible so in all suspected cases of H. pylori infection Modified Giemsa should be preferred for the early detection and management of H. pylori infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light aromatics (benzene, toluene, and xylene, collectively known as BTX) are essential commodity chemicals in the petrochemical industry. The present study examines the aromatization of bioethanol with Cr‐ and Ga‐modified ZSM‐5. Both Cr and Ga were incorporated by the ion‐exchange method. Cr‐modified ZSM‐5 outperforms the Ga‐modified ZSM‐5 and H‐ZSM‐5 catalysts. Cr−H‐ZSM‐5 almost doubled the carbon yield of aromatics compared to H‐ZSM‐5 at an optimum reaction temperature of 450 °C. Cr−H‐ZSM‐5 produced aromatics with a yield of ~40 %. The effect of dilution in feed on BTX production is also studied. Cr−H‐ZSM‐5 was found to be more active than H‐ZSM‐5. Complete ethanol conversion was obtained with both pure and dilute bioethanol. The Bronsted‐Lewis acid (BLA) pair formed after metal incorporation is responsible for dehydrogenation followed by aromatization, leading to increased aromatic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the association between meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and primary chronic dacryocystitis (PCD) and the effect of dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) on tear film stability and MGD. Methods: This prospective, interventional, non-randomized study involved 50 unilateral acquired PCD cases and 50 age-matched healthy controls. Patients with lid abnormalities, ocular trauma, previous ocular surgery, contact lens wearers, and chronic topical or systemic drug users were excluded from the study. After a detailed history, the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) was calculated. The ocular assessment included visual acuity, tear meniscus height (TMH), tear break-up time (TBUT), tear well diameter (TWD), Schirmer 1 test, meibomian gland (MG) expressibility, and meibography. PCD eyes underwent external DCR, and the tests were repeated after 8 weeks. Results: The mean age of PCD cases was 42.58 ± 12.74 years, the male: female ratio was 7:19, and the mean duration of epiphora was 2.2 ± 1 years. The MG expressibility grade of ≥2 was seen in 98% (49/50) PCD eyes, which was strongly associated with PCD as compared to controls (OR = 563, P = 0.00, 95% CI = 60.71–5229.70). MG loss ≥50% was seen in 62% (31/50) of PCD eyes and none of the control eyes. Following DCR, MG loss remained unchanged, and a significant decrease occurred in OSDI scores, TWD and Schirmer 1 values, and MG expressibility grade (Z = −6.85). The mean TMH decreased from 767.60 ± 331.60 μm to 384 ± 204.29 μm (P = 0.004) post DCR. Conclusions: PCD is strongly associated with MGD. DCR reverses the functional MG changes with improvement in the tear film stability but no effect on MG loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of trade with ASEAN on industry-level employment in India during the period of 1996–1997 to 2016–2017. Using the KLEMS and CMIE databases, we construct a unique dataset covering fifteen industrial sectors in India. We employ the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) approach to estimate the long-run relationship between employment and trade. For the full period of our study, we find that import penetration had a detrimental effect on employment while we find little evidence of any significant effect of export intensity on employment. There exists a structural break at 2004–2005, after which industrial sector has registered a decline in the rate of employment growth as well as India saw worsening of trade balance with ASEAN. Our results suggest that while export and import have had favorable impact on industrial sector employment prior to 2004–2005, AIFTA led to decline in industrial sector employment post 2004–2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wounds represent various significant health concerns for patients and also contribute major costs to healthcare systems. Wound healing comprises of overlapped and various coordinated steps such as homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. In response to the failure of many strategies in delivering intended results including wound closure, fluid loss control, and exhibiting properties such as durability, targeted delivery, accelerated action, along with histocompatibility, numerous nanotechnological advances have been introduced. To understand the magnitude of wound therapy, this systematic and updated review discussing the effectiveness of nanoemulsions has been undertaken. This review portrays mechanisms associated with wound healing, factors for delayed wound healing, and various technologies utilized to treat wounds effectively. While many strategies are available, nanoemulsions have attracted the tremendous attention of scientists globally for the research in wound therapy due to their long-term thermodynamic stability and bioavailability. Nanoemulsions not only aid in tissue repair, but are also considered as an excellent delivery system for various synthetic and natural actives. Nanotechnology provides several pivotal benefits in wound healing, including improved skin permeation, controlled release, and stimulation of fibroblast cell proliferation. The significant role of nanoemulsions in improved wound healing along with their preparation techniques has also been highlighted with special emphasis on mechanistic insights. This article illustrates recent research advancements for the utilization of nanoemulsions in wound treatment. An adequate literature search has been conducted using the keywords 'Nanoemulsions in wound healing', 'Wound therapy and nanoemulsions', 'Herbal actives in wound therapy', 'Natural oils and wounds treatment' etc., from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. Referred and original publications in the English language accessed till April 2022 has been included, whereas nonEnglish language papers, unpublished data, and nonoriginal papers were excluded from the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,4,6‐tri‐(2‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (TPT) has been successfully utilized as an effective ligand for the photo atom transfer radical polymerization (photoATRP) of acrylate and methacrylate monomers in the absence of photoinitiators or photosensitizers. The UV light (λmax=365 nm, I=10 mW/cm2) assisted photoATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) yields poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with high monomer conversion (88.5 %), low PDI (1.21), and high end‐group fidelity using 100 ppm concentration of copper(II) bromide. The efficacy of the TPT ligand was further scrutinized by polymerizing different acrylate and methacrylate monomers, including methyl acrylate (MA), MMA, n‐butyl acrylate (n‐BA), n‐butyl methacrylate (n‐BMA), n‐benzyl methacrylate (n‐bMA), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The kinetic study revealed the first‐order polymerization behavior of PMMA with an induction period of 2 h, suggesting the livingness of polymerization. The temporal control experiments were also performed, indicating the efficient activation and deactivation mechanism of the polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of efficient oligomeric zinc and cobalt‐based double metal cyanide (DMC) catalysts was prepared using Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) as an organic complexing agent (CA) and tested for ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of propylene oxide (PO) to synthesize polyether polyols (PPG). The complex formation of EDTA with Zn and cyanide (CN−) with Zn surface and morphology of the DMC catalyst were confirmed by PXRD, FTIR, SEM, and UV‐Vis. Furthermore, the 13C‐CP MAS spectroscopy showed an integral ratio of 3.2 : 1 for the bound and free carboxyl group of EDTA in the catalyst, respectively. The maximum yield (>98 %) of PPG with turnover frequency (TOF) of 9625 h−1 was obtained with controlled PDI (1.1) in only 1 h with 1330 g mol−1 Mw, 0.009 meq g−1 unsaturation number, and 8.1 mg‐KOH g−1 OH value at optimized reaction condition (Catalyst amount=0.015 g, Time=1 h, Temperature=105 °C, Pressure=5 bar, PO : PEG‐600=40 : 1). The ROP showed first‐order kinetics behavior by 1H NMR spectroscopy with proposed coordination mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the effect of wound size modulation on pre-existing astigmatism by on-axis placement of incision in manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS).Methods: In this prospective interventional study conducted at a tertiary care centre, 40 eyes of 40 consecutive senile cataract patients with 1.00-3.00 D corneal astigmatism were enrolled for the study. MSICS by modified Blumenthal's technique was performed through 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0 mm on-axis incision in 1.0-1.49 D (group A), 1.50-1.99 D (group B), and 2.00-3.00 D (group C) astigmatism, respectively. Surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) was calculated by vector analysis and double angle plots (DAP) at 12 weeks postoperatively.Results: There were 22 males and 18 females with mean age of 58.12 ± 1.18 years. The mean SIA at 12 weeks was 0.85 ± 0.28 D in group A (17 eyes), 1.32 ± 0.65 D in group B (10 eyes), and 1.91 ± 0.69 D in group C (13 eyes). The overall median uncorrected visual acuity was 0.18 (IQR = 0 to 0.2). The mean astigmatism decreased from 1.95 ± 0.74 D to 1.04 + 0.57 D (P = 0.00) in superior incision and from 1.70 + 0.50 D to 0.92 ± 0.45 D (P = 0.00) in temporal incision group with central shift of centroid in all cases.Conclusion: The customization of on-axis external incision size can be used to manage pre-existing corneal astigmatism of less than 3.00 D using both temporal and superior incisions effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Gall bladder diseases are a very common health problem that affects millions of people throughout the world. Cholelithiasis is commonly associated with carcinoma gallbladder. Cholecystectomy is the most commonly performed surgical procedure done for gall bladder disease.Material and Methods:A total of 1870 cases of gall bladder lesions were evaluated from September 2016 to August 2021 which were sent to department of pathology. Specimens were fixed in 10% formalin. Appropriate areas were selected from the specimen and grossed, processed, sectioned, stained using haematoxylin and eosin and were observed under microscope.Results:Out of 1870 cases, 1520 were female (81.28%) and 350 cases were male (23.02%). Histopathologically, the most common diagnosis was Chronic calculus cholecystitis (83.58%) followed by chronic acalculus cholecystitis (7.11%). Remaining cases were of Acute on chronic cholecystitis (3.20%), Eosinophilic cholecystitis (0.16%), Cholesterosis (4.22%), Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (0.21%), Follicular cholecystitis (0.16%), Polyp (0.05%), Metaplasia (0.26%), Adenomyoma (0.64%) and Adenocarcinoma (0.37%).Conclusion:The incidence of chronic calculus cholecystitis was found to be 83.58 % with female preponderance and mostly in third decade. Malignancy of gall bladder is a rare condition. Routine histopathological examination of all cholecystectomy specimens is strongly recommended for the detection of various variants of chronic cholecystitis and also of incidental carcinoma of gall bladder which helps in their treatment and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a rare variant of urothelial carcinoma that was first described by Zukerberg in 1991 and confirmed as a type of urothelial carcinoma by theWHOclassification of the urinary systemtumors. A 63-year-old man presented with the chief complaint of gross hematuria for 2 months. Sections from transurethral resection of the bladder revealed urothelial carcinoma. A radical cystoprostatectomy was performed and a final histopathological examination revealed high-grade muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, lymphoepithelial variant. The patient has been receiving adjuvant chemotherapy with no recurrence reported to date. This is the third case reported in India to date to the best of our knowledge. Owing to its rare presentation, no definite treatment guidelines have been established for this entity. Various studies from the English literature suggest a conservative approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper formulates a growth model to study the interlinkages among quality of schooling, human capital and technical progress of a stylised developing economy such as India. The simulation results reveal that under the technology regimes of innovation and imitation, the quality of schooling triggers a child quantity–quality trade-off wherein parents invest in educating their children and bear lesser number of children when schooling quality exceeds an endogenously determined threshold. Consequently, the stylised economy reaches a self-sustaining growth path under both the regimes by investing in human capital of the young generation in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even with global support for tiger (Panthera tigris) conservation their survival is threatened by poaching, habitat loss and isolation. Currently about 3,000 wild tigers persist in small fragmented populations within seven percent of their historic range. Identifying and securing habitat linkages that connect source populations for maintaining landscape-level gene flow is an important long-term conservation strategy for endangered carnivores. However, habitat corridors that link regional tiger populations are often lost to development projects due to lack of objective evidence on their importance. Here, we use individual based genetic analysis in combination with landscape permeability models to identify and prioritize movement corridors across seven tiger populations within the Central Indian Landscape. By using a panel of 11 microsatellites we identified 169 individual tigers from 587 scat and 17 tissue samples. We detected four genetic clusters within Central India with limited gene flow among three of them. Bayesian and likelihood analyses identified 17 tigers as having recent immigrant ancestry. Spatially explicit tiger occupancy obtained from extensive landscape-scale surveys across 76,913 km2 of forest habitat was found to be only 21,290 km2. After accounting for detection bias, the covariates that best explained tiger occupancy were large, remote, dense forest patches; large ungulate abundance, and low human footprint. We used tiger occupancy probability to parameterize habitat permeability for modeling habitat linkages using least-cost and circuit theory pathway analyses. Pairwise genetic differences (FST) between populations were better explained by modeled linkage costs (r>0.5, p<0.05) compared to Euclidean distances, which was in consonance with observed habitat fragmentation. The results of our study highlight that many corridors may still be functional as there is evidence of contemporary migration. Conservation efforts should provide legal status to corridors, use smart green infrastructure to mitigate development impacts, and restore habitats where connectivity has been lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When breast cells divide and multiply out of control, it is called breast cancer. Symptoms include lump formation in the breast, a change in the texture or color of the breast, or a discharge from the nipple. Local or systemic therapy is frequently used to treat breast cancer. Surgical and radiation procedures limited to the affected area are examples of local management. There has been significant worldwide progress in the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) since 1986, when the first therapeutic mAb, Orthoclone OKT3, became commercially available. mAbs can resist the expansion of cancer cells by inducing the destruction of cellular membranes, blocking immune system inhibitors, and preventing the formation of new blood vessels. mAbs can also target growth factor receptors. Understanding the molecular pathways involved in tumor growth and its microenvironment is crucial for developing effective targeted cancer therapeutics. Due to their unique properties, mAbs have a wide range of clinical applications. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are drugs that improve the therapeutic index by combining an antigen-specific antibody with a payload. This review focuses on the therapeutic applications, mechanistic insights, characteristics, safety aspects, and adverse events of mAbs like trastuzumab, bevacizumab, pertuzumab, ertumaxomab, and atezolizumab in breast cancer treatment. The creation of novel technologies utilizing modified antibodies, such as fragments, conjugates, and multi-specific antibodies, must be a central focus of future studies. This review will help scientists working on developing mAbs to treat cancers more effectively., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)