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Conservation Science Education Online (CSEO) is a new online resource that shares strategies for teaching science in art conservation and related cultural heritage fields. An overview will be given of how undergraduate chemistry curricula in the United States have used examples from cultural heritage. The field of art conservation will then be described with an emphasis on the science curricula taught in art conservation programs around the world. Challenges include relating theoretical learning to real-world applications and teaching scientific terminology and concepts to students who may have limited science backgrounds; as well, there is a lack of textbooks and resources with appropriate case studies. The newly launched CSEO online resource offers freely available, effective teaching methods in the form of modules developed by international educators in the field. The inaugural CSEO Conference 2022 served as an introduction to the online resource for a global audience and was the first dedicated conference to bring together heritage science educators to discuss challenges and teaching strategies with the goal of building such a resource. The conference facilitated discussions among participants about teaching strategies, with the intention that these topics would become modules for the online resource, available to all science educators.

Anisha Thapa,1,* Milan Kumar Upreti,1,* Nabin Kishor Bimali,1 Basudha Shrestha,2 Anil Kumar Sah,3 Krishus Nepal,1 Binod Dhungel,4 Sanjib Adhikari,4 Nabaraj Adhikari,4 Binod Lekhak,1,4 Komal Raj Rijal4 1Department of Microbiology, Golden Gate International College, Kathmandu, Nepal; 2Kathmandu Model Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal; 3Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal; 4Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Komal Raj Rijal, Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, Email rijalkomal@gmail.comBackground: Increasing burden of carbapenem resistance among Enterobacterales is attributable to their ability to produce carbapenemase enzymes like metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL), Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), and OXA-type. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of carbapenemases and MBL genes ((blaNDM-1, blaNDM-1 and blaNDM-3) among E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates.Methods: A total of 2474 urine samples collected during the study period (July–December 2017) were processed at the microbiology laboratory of Kathmandu Model Hospital, Kathmandu. Isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae were processed for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) by disc diffusion method. Carbapenem-resistant isolates were subjected to Modified Hodge Test (MHT) for phenotypic confirmation, and inhibitor-based combined disc tests for the differentiation of carbapenemase (MBL and KPC). MBL-producing isolates were screened for NDM genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results: Of the total urine samples processed, 19.5% (483/2474) showed the bacterial growth. E. coli (72.6%; 351/483) was the predominant isolate followed by K. pneumoniae (12.6%; 61/483). In AST, 4.4% (18/412) isolates of E. coli (15/351) and K. pneumonia (3/61) showed resistance towards carbapenems, while 1.7% (7/412) of the isolates was confirmed as carbapenem-resistant in MHT. In this study, all (3/3) the isolates of K. pneumoniae were KPC-producers, whereas 66.7% (10/15), 20% (3/15) and 13.3% (2/15) of the E. coli isolates were MBL, KPC and MBL/KPC (both)-producers, respectively. In PCR assay, 80% (8/10), 90% (9/10) and 100% (10/10) of the isolates were positive for blaNDM-1, blaNDM-2 and blaNDM-3, respectively.Conclusion: Presence of NDM genes among carbapenemase-producing isolates is indicative of potential spread of drug-resistant variants. This study recommends the implementation of molecular diagnostic facilities in clinical settings for proper infection control, which can optimize the treatment therapies, and curb the emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens.Keywords: E. coli, K. pneumoniae, MBL, KPC, NDM variants

Penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan evaluasi pengelolaan limbah padat medis di PMI Kota Bandung agar dapat meningkatkan kesehatan dan keselamatan masyarakat di sekitar PMI. Metode penelitian menggunakan perbandingan kondisi di lokasi penelitian dengan PermenLHK No 56/2015. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian kegiatan dan operasional yang berpotensi menghasilkan limbah padat medis bersumber dari kegiatan pelayanan medis dan penunjang medis. Jenis limbah padat medis yang dihasilkan dari pelayanan medis dan penunjang medis yaitu limbah infeksius, limbah benda tajam, dan limbah sitotoksik dengan karakteristik infeksius (A337-1), limbah benda tajam (A337-4), dan sisa obat kedaluwarsa (A337-2). Timbulan limbah padat medis yang dihasilkan pada periode Bulan September 2021 sampai dengan Bulan Mei 2022 berjumlah sebesar 29.701,75 kg dengan rataan perbulan menghasilkan LB3 sebesar 3.300,19 kg. Timbulan LB3 padat yang paling tinggi terdapat pada Bulan Mei 2022 sebesar 3.300,19 kg. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan lapangan lalu dilakukan perbandingan kondisi eksisting dengan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No. 56/2015, pengelolaan limbah padat medis sebesar 89,47% dengan kategori baik sekali.

Translanguaging remains a timely and important topic in bi/multilingual education. The most recent turn in translanguaging scholarship involves attention to translanguaging "in context" in response to critiques of translanguaging as a universally empowering educational practice. In this paper, seven early career translanguaging scholars propose a framework for researching translanguaging "in context," drawing on the Douglas Fir Group's (2016) transdisciplinary framework for language acquisition. Examining translanguaging in context entails paying attention to who in a classroom wields power, as a result of their greater proficiency in societally valued languages, their more "standard" ways of speaking these languages, their greater familiarity with academic literacies valued at school, and/or their more "legitimate" forms of translanguaging. In our framework for researching translanguaging in context, we propose three principles. The first principle is obvious: (1) not to do so apolitically. The other two principles describe a synergy between ethnographic research and teacher-researcher collaborative research: (2) ethnographic research can assess macro-level language ideologies and enacted language hegemonies at the micro- and meso levels, and (3) teacher-researcher collaborations must create and sustain inclusive, equitable classroom social orders and alternative academic norms "different" from the ones documented to occur in context if left by chance.

Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) are a proliferative multipotent population derived from the trophectoderm of the blastocyst, which will give rise to all the functional cell types of the trophoblast compartment of the placenta. The isolation and culture of TSCs in vitro represent a robust model to study mechanisms of trophoblast differentiation into mature cells both in successful and diseased pregnancy. Despite the highly conserved functions of the placenta, there is extreme variability in placental morphology, fetal-maternal interface, and development among eutherian mammals. This review aims to summarize the establishment and maintenance of TSCs in mammals such as primates, including human, rodents, and nontraditional animal models with a primary emphasis on epigenetic regulation of their origin while defining gaps in the current literature and areas of further development. FGF signaling is critical for mouse TSCs but dispensable for derivation of TSCs in other species. Human, simian, and bovine TSCs have much more complicated requirements of signaling pathways including activation of WNT and inhibition of TGFβ cascades. Epigenetic features such as DNA and histone methylation as well as histone acetylation are dynamic during development and are expressed in cell- and gestational age-specific pattern in placental trophoblasts. While TSCs from different species seem to recapitulate some select epigenomic features, there is a limitation in the comprehensive understanding of TSCs and how well TSCs retain placental epigenetic marks. Therefore, future studies should be directed at investigating epigenomic features of global and placental-specific gene expression in primary trophoblasts and TSCs.

Rajesh K Jha,1 Keshab R Paudel,1 Dev K Shah,2 Ajit K Sah,1 Sangharshila Basnet,1 Phoolgen Sah,1 Sandeep Adhikari1 1Department of Pharmacology, 2Department of Physiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Nepal Introduction: The selection of a discipline for future specialization may be an important factor for the medical students' future career, and it is influenced by multiple factors. The interest of students in the early stages can be improved in subjects related to public health or of academic importance, as per need. Methods: A questionnaire-based study was conducted among 265 first- and second-year medical students of Chitwan Medical College, Nepal to find out their subject of preference for postgraduation and the factors affecting their selection along with their interesting basic science subject. Only the responses from 232 completely filled questionnaires were analyzed. Results: The preference of the students for clinical surgical (50.9%), clinical medical (45.3%), and basic medical (3.9%) sciences for postgraduation were in descending order. The most preferred specialty among male students was clinical surgical sciences (56.3%), and among female students, it was clinical medical sciences (53.6%). Although all the students responded to their preferred specialty, only 178 students specified the subject of their interest. General surgery (23.4%), pediatrics (23.4%), and anatomy (2.4%) were the most favored subjects for postgraduation among clinical surgical, clinical medical, and basic medical sciences specialties, respectively. More common reasons for selection of specific subject for future career were found to be: personal interests, good income, intellectual challenge, and others. Conclusion: Many students preferred clinical surgical sciences for their future specialization. Among the reasons for the selection of the specialty for postgraduation, no significant reason could be elicited from the present study. Keywords: career, surgical, medical, specialization