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Thin film deposition by using different nanomaterials has been an efficient and reliable way for enhancing the anti-corrosive property of the materials as well as strength improvement such as hardness, conductivity and wear resistance. Various materials have been taken as substrates like mild steel, magnesium, Aluminum, Copper, Tin, Carbon steel with thin film coatings of Zn-TiO2, Ce/Co, Zn-HA/TiO2, CrN/TiN, Ni-Co have been sampled. These specimens have been studied for numerous properties like surface roughness, wear resistance, adhesion strength, microhardness, hydrophobicity etc. It has been found that the components like muffler, differential, engine chassis, exhaust system, gears do undergo corrosion due to several factors like climate change, oxidation, moisture content etc. The aim of the review has been to highlight the advances in the coatings providing anticorrosive properties to various metallic substrates used specially for mechanical and automobile industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defends choice of abstracting service and directories as two types of reference tools for use in establishing bibliographic control over new discipline or interdisciplinary area as yet devoid of reference materials. Attributes of abstracting service (provision of current-awareness) and directory (lists organizations in field) are discussed. Footnotes are provided. (EJS)

Although the association of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) with squamous cell carcinoma has been described in the literature, coexistence with a basal cell carcinoma is very rare. The indolent and non-pruritic nature of the lesion cause it often to be diagnosed at the late stage of the disease. Long-standing photosensitivity and chronic inflammation later lead to scarring and hypopigmentation, which are considered as the risk factors for the malignant changes over DLE. Incisional biopsy is often performed from the erythematosus lesion which does not respond to medical treatment. Here we have reported a rare case of basal cell carcinoma of the skin developing in the background of long-standing DLE, which was successfully managed with cold knife local excision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of polycrystalline nanoferrite having the chemical formula CoCrFe O ( x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) were synthesized by sol-gel autocombustion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to investigate the structural parameters and also to check the phase purity of all prepared samples. The analysis of XRD patterns revealed the formation of single-phase cubic spinel structure for all samples. The average particle size of the synthesized ferrites was identified by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy technique. The magnetic properties of Co-Cr nanoferrites were measured using a hysteresis loop tracer at room temperature and magnetic field of 5 KOe. Saturation magnetization ( M ) and coercivity ( H ) decrease with the increasing Cr ions concentration in the Co-Cr ferrite, indicating that lesser magnetic Cr ions substitute Fe ions in the octahedral sublattice of the ferrite. Such materials are useful to reduce the energy loss in AC electrical appliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming is a great concern throughout the world. Being poikilothermic in nature insects are greatly affected by changing temperature. Insect will experience additional life cycles with rapid growth rate. As a result of changes in the population dynamics including distribution and migration the reliability on current insect pest ETL will be reduced. Increased insect pests outbreak will affect agricultural production. Research on basic biology of insect, population dynamics and behavior patterns should be focused to ascertain the effect of global warming on insect behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method was applied for the optimum parameter selection in CNC turning operations. The aim of this paper is to optimize the process parameters for the H-13 tool steel. In this study, the TOPSIS ranking method is used for the selection of process parameters. However, the three levels of parameters were considered for optimization, which are cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. H-13 tool steel material has wide applications in bulk as well as in sheet metal forming industries for the manufacturing of rolling, extrusion, bending, and forging dies. Due to the wide application of this material, there is a need to develop the optimum process parameter for an effective machining process. In this work, the combination of the parameters was planned in the Taguchi ANOVA L18 array for experimentation on a CNC machine. However, the Taguchi technique is applied for efficient and reliable product design and development so that variations in machining processes can be minimized. Furthermore, the ANOVA is used to study the relationship between the variables. According to the combinations of the parameters, the experiments were conducted, and the output parameters were measured, which are material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (Ra), tool tip temperature, and emissions produced during the machining process for a sustainable solution. The main objectives of this study are to maximize the material removal rate and to get the minimum surface roughness (Ra). In this work, the optimum parameters are observed to be: cutting speed of 200 m/min, feed rate of 0.15rev/mm, and depth of cut of 0.6mm, which give the best combinations to achieve high MRR and low Ra values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT) is a rare benign neoplasm of mandible in adults. The presentation of this entity is varied and often confused with a variety of mucosal and jaw lesions and clinical, radiological, and pathological feature of CEOT often-mimic malignancy. The objective of this report is to highlight the clinical features and radiological findings which should arouse suspicion of a benign lesion and importance of providing adequate clinical information to the pathologist to attain accurate diagnosis. We discussed two cases with tumors located in the maxilla. Both presented as expansile lesions with one biopsy proven squamous cell carcinoma. Both were pursued with clinico-radiological suspicion of benign lesions and confirmed with pathological correlation of histology and immunohistochemistry as CEOT. Therefore a High index of suspicion and clinico-radiological information are the key feature for diagnosis of this rare tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses a study that examined the safety and efficacy of cryoablation in the treatment of early stage breast cancer. Benefits from the application of cryotherapy to breast cancer; Importance of image guidance such as ultrasound to the success of the therapy; Utility of magnetic resonance imaging in preablation planning.

To determine whether intravitreal sparfloxacin, ofloxacin, and imipenem at varying concentrations cause retinal damage, 50 eyes from 25 rabbits were utilized in the experimental protocol. The rabbits were classified into three groups each containing 15 eyes. Five eyes in each group were given high-, moderate-, or low-dose antibiotic into thevitreous. Group I eyes were injected with sparfloxacin 100 mu g, 50 mu g or 2.5 mu g; group 2: ofloxacin 200 mu g, 100 mu g, or 10 mu g; group 3: imipenem 10 mu g, 5 mu g, or 0.5 mu g. Five control eyes were given intravitreal balanced salt solution. All eyes were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy before and after intravitreal injections and at 24 h, I week, and 2 weeks after injection. All eyes were enucleated at 2 weeks and fixed for histological evaluation. Except for seven eyes injected with 10 ug or 5 ug imipenem, which demonstrated tracevitreal reaction, no other eyes revealed vitreal inflammation by indirect ophthalmoscopy. By light microscopy, of five eyes injected withsparfloxacin 100 mu g, three had retinal damage but no vitreal inflammation; one had both retinal damage and vitreal inflammation. Of five eyes injected with sparfloxacin 50 mu g, only one was abnormal withboth retinal damage and vitreal inflammation. Of five eyes injected with ofloxacin 200 mu g, one had retinal damage, one had vitreal inflammation, and one had both retinal damage and vitreal inflammation. Of the five eyes injected with ofloxacin 100 mu g, none showed retinaltoxicity but three showed vitreal inflammation. All 10 eyes injectedwith 10 jig or 5 mu g imipenem had mild vitreal inflammation but no retinal damage. None of 15 eyes given sparfloxacin 2.5 jug, ofloxacin10 mu g, or imipenem 0.5 mu g had vitreal inflammation or retinal damage. Eyes given high or moderate doses of any study antibiotic that showed no inflammation or retinal damage by light microscopy were randomly selected for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which documented [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The violence victimization histories of pregnant incarcerated women were studied in relation to those of pregnant health department patients in North Carolina. Prisoners were twice as likely as health department patients to have experienced both physical and sexual violence compared to no violence, and over three times more likely to have experienced both types of violence compared to only one type. Implications for research and program development are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3-year-old boy being treated for disseminated tuberculosis with antitubercular drugs and steroids developed scalp swelling. Needle aspirate revealed yeasts inside macrophages, initially diagnosed as Histoplasmosis but later confirmed as Cryptococcosis. Treatment with liposomal amphotericin B and fluconazole resulted in lesion resolution. Here we report a rare instance of disseminated cryptococcosis with skin involvement, possibly the first documented pediatric case of cryptococcosis from Odisha., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Vinaykumar Hallur reports financial support was provided by Indian Council of Medical Research., (Copyright © 2024 Indian Association of Medical Microbiologists. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Oncocytic renal neoplasms are a major source of diagnostic challenge in genitourinary pathology; however, they are typically nonaggressive in general, raising the question of whether distinguishing different subtypes, including emerging entities, is necessary. Emerging entities recently described include eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma (ESC RCC), low-grade oncocytic tumor (LOT), eosinophilic vacuolated tumor (EVT), and papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity (PRNRP). A survey was shared among 65 urologic pathologists using SurveyMonkey.com (Survey Monkey, Santa Clara, CA, USA). De-identified and anonymized respondent data were analyzed. Sixty-three participants completed the survey and contributed to the study. Participants were from Asia (n = 21; 35%), North America (n = 31; 52%), Europe (n = 6; 10%), and Australia (n = 2; 3%). Half encounter oncocytic renal neoplasms that are difficult to classify monthly or more frequently. Most (70%) indicated that there is enough evidence to consider ESC RCC as a distinct entity now, whereas there was less certainty for LOT (27%), EVT (29%), and PRNRP (37%). However, when combining the responses for sufficient evidence currently and likely in the future, LOT and EVT yielded > 70% and > 60% for PRNRP. Most (60%) would not render an outright diagnosis of oncocytoma on needle core biopsy. There was a dichotomy in the routine use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the evaluation of oncocytoma (yes = 52%; no = 48%). The most utilized IHC markers included keratin 7 and 20, KIT, AMACR, PAX8, CA9, melan A, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)B, and fumarate hydratase (FH). Genetic techniques used included TSC1/TSC2/MTOR (67%) or TFE3 (74%) genes and pathways; however, the majority reported using these very rarely. Only 40% have encountered low-grade oncocytic renal neoplasms that are deficient for FH. Increasing experience with the spectrum of oncocytic renal neoplasms will likely yield further insights into the most appropriate work-up, classification, and clinical management for these entities., Competing Interests: Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferations (BPOPs) are distinct clinical-pathological entities that demonstrate combinations of atypical-appearing osseous and chondromatous tissues. These lesions are usually reactive in nature. Histopathologically, 'bizarre' cartilage is a characteristic feature of this lesion. BPOPs usually represent slow-growing painless bony hard protuberances that arise from the surface of affected bone cortices, typically the metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges. The occurrence of these lesions in the skull and jaws is sporadic. This case report highlights the clinical presentation, histopathological characteristics, and management of BPOP arising from the supraorbital rim in a 61-year-old female patient., (Copyright © 2024 International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: Currarino syndrome (CS) is a rare congenital syndrome characterized by a triad of anorectal malformation, sacral deformity, and presacral mass. In about 50% of cases, it is caused by HLXB9 gene mutation in chromosome 7q36. A 13-month-male child presented with presacral discharging sinus with a history of surgery for anorectal malformation and perineal fistula at the time of birth. On detailed investigation, the child revealed to have anal atresia, hemisacrum, and presacral mass. Histopathology of presacral mass showed features of immature teratoma. The presacral mass in CS is mostly an anterior myelomeningocele or presacral teratoma. The development of immature teratoma in presacral mass is very rare. The histopathological identification of immature component of teratoma in the presacral mass of CS is important for risk stratification and further management. Suspicion of CS should be raised in any child presenting with partial phenotype of the triad., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics.)

Abstract: Syringoid eccrine carcinoma of nipple is an extremely rare neoplasm of adnexal origin with variable clinical appearance and diverse histologic findings. Syringoid eccrine carcinoma (SEC) is often a diagnostic dilemma due to its morphology and presentation. Usually, these malignancies arise as non-ulcerated nodules or plaques in the head & neck region including the trunk. They are locally aggressive and have an infiltrative growth pattern with a propensity for metastasis. SEC is characterized by syringoma-like tadpole morphology with ductular differentiation and predominant desmoplasia. Immunostaining in SEC is variable and this variability is believed to arise from the tumor's ability to differentiate along multiple routes including sweat secretory and or ductal differentiation. Here we present a rare case of SEC/ syringomatous carcinoma of nipple in a 51-year-old male breast with associated axillary lymph node metastasis. As per English literature, this is the second case of SEC in nipple of male patient., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology.)

Eumycetoma caused by Madurella fahalii, a drug-resistant fungus, has never been reported in India. Here, we describe a fatal case of eumycetoma with spinal involvement due to M. fahalii for the first time in India., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Vinaykumar Hallur reports financial support was provided by Indian Council of Medical Research., (Copyright © 2024 Indian Association of Medical Microbiologists. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background. Neuroendocrine differentiation in the prostate gland ranges from clinically insignificant neuroendocrine differentiation detected with markers in an otherwise conventional prostatic adenocarcinoma to a lethal high-grade small/large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. The concept of neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic adenocarcinoma has gained considerable importance due to its prognostic and therapeutic ramifications and pathologists play a pivotal role in its recognition. However, its awareness, reporting, and resource utilization practice patterns among pathologists are largely unknown. Methods. Representative examples of different spectrums of neuroendocrine differentiation along with a detailed questionnaire were shared among 39 urologic pathologists using the survey monkey software. Participants were specifically questioned about the use and awareness of the 2016 WHO classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the prostate, understanding of the clinical significance of each entity, and use of different immunohistochemical (IHC) markers. De-identified respondent data were analyzed. Results. A vast majority (90%) of the participants utilize IHC markers to confirm the diagnosis of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. A majority (87%) of the respondents were in agreement regarding the utilization of type of IHC markers for small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma for which 85% of the pathologists agreed that determination of the site of origin of a high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma is not critical, as these are treated similarly. In the setting of mixed carcinomas, 62% of respondents indicated that they provide quantification and grading of the acinar component. There were varied responses regarding the prognostic implication of focal neuroendocrine cells in an otherwise conventional acinar adenocarcinoma and for Paneth cell-like differentiation. The classification of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma was highly varied, with only 38% agreement in the illustrated case. Finally, despite the recommendation not to perform neuroendocrine markers in the absence of morphologic evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation, 62% would routinely utilize IHC in the work-up of a Gleason score 5 + 5 = 10 acinar adenocarcinoma and its differentiation from high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma. Conclusion. There is a disparity in the practice utilization patterns among the urologic pathologists with regard to diagnosing high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma and in understanding the clinical significance of focal neuroendocrine cells in an otherwise conventional acinar adenocarcinoma and Paneth cell-like neuroendocrine differentiation. There seems to have a trend towards overutilization of IHC to determine neuroendocrine differentiation in the absence of neuroendocrine features on morphology. The survey results suggest a need for further refinement and development of standardized guidelines for the classification and reporting of neuroendocrine differentiation in the prostate gland.

Background: Azelastine HCl (AZ) and fluticasone propionate (FL) nasal spray drug product is commonly used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis worldwide. To date, the impurity profiling of this product has not been reported., Objective: The present study aimed to develop and validate a novel RP-HPLC stability-indicating analytical method for the estimation of impurities from AZ and FL nasal spray drug product., Methods: A mixture of octane sulfonic acid sodium salt and trifluroacetic acid is used as a mobile phase A. Acetonitrile is used as a mobile phase B. Good separation was achieved on Baker bond phenyl hexyl, 250 × 4.6, 5 µm column at 1 mL/min flow rate in gradient elution mode. The chromatograms were monitored at 239 nm., Results: The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.006 and 0.019 µg/mL for AZ and 0.010 and 0.030 µg/mL for FL, respectively. The correlation coefficient for all the known impurities and principal analytes was 0.999 from LOQ level to 150% of standard concentration. The recovery for all the known impurities was found to be between 90 and 110%. In the stress study, 15% degradation was observed in basic conditions and 8.7% in acidic conditions. No significant degradation was observed in thermal and oxidative conditions., Conclusion: An impurity profiling method for AZ and FL combination nasal spray product was successfully developed, validated, and demonstrated to be accurate, precise, specific, robust, and stability-indicating. The method can be routinely used for impurity testing of commercial batches in QC laboratories in the pharmaceutical industry., Highlights: No impurity study has been reported for this combination product until now., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of AOAC INTERNATIONAL. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The rapid proliferation of cardiomyocytes in mammals occurs during fetal life. But in postnatal life, this capacity of proliferation is reduced or lost as they exit the cell cycle. However, the cardiomyocytes don't show the same activity for different species. In human fetuses or in adult life, the capacity of the proliferation of cardiomyocytes and their response to an injury are not understood yet. In this study, we have done an immunohistochemical study using phospho-histone H3 (PHH3) to observe human fetal cardiomyocytes' proliferative activity. The heart specimens from the fetal autopsy of spontaneously aborted and stillborn human fetuses were subjected to immunohistochemical study using PHH3 antibody, and comparison between the PHH3 index (number of PHH3 positive cells per 1000 number of cardiomyocytes/high power field [HPF]) of myocardial regions was done using appropriate statistical tests. A total of 17 fetal hearts were included in our study. In the left ventricle, right ventricle, right atrium, and interventricular septum, the PHH3 index of myocardium was significantly higher over the pericardial region (p-value 0.002, p-value <0.001, <0.001, and 0.009 respectively) as compared to the region of over the endocardium and the middle part of the myocardium. The PHH3 index of the pericardial region of the left ventricle was significantly correlated with the maximum thickness of the left ventricle., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Kar et al.)

Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

One of the typical complaints in the pediatric population is umbilical discharge. Among the congenital causes, remnants of omphalomesenteric duct or patent urachus are often detected. On a few occasions, multiple types of ectopic tissue are present. We describe histopathologic findings of two cases reported recently at our center as pediatric umbilical lesions with associated ectopic tissue. Histopathology of the excised mass confirmed the patent omphalomesenteric duct with ectopic gastric, duodenal, and colonic mucosa and pancreatic tissue in two patients with the clinical presentation of umbilical discharge. There were no associated congenital anomalies in these patients. The presence of multiple ectopic gastrointestinal mucosa and pancreas in the umbilical mass is unusual. Herein, we report these cases because of its rarity, multiple ectopic tissues, and reviewing the literature of the reported cases of multiple ectopic tissues., Competing Interests: None

Background: Prostatic cancer is the second most common malignant tumor in men. Preoperative grading of prostate cancer is important for its management. Our objective is to compare individual and combined detection rates of T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), dynamic contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for prostate cancer with histopathological diagnosis as its golden standard., Methods: Forty-four patients with positive digital rectal examination (DRE) findings and elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA), underwent multiparametric MRI (Mp-MRI). T2WI, DWI, DCE-MRI and MRS were done in all the patients. Cognitive magnetic resonance-transrectal ultrasound (MR-TRUS) fusion biopsy was done in all the patients. Sensitivity and specificity of T2WI, DWI, DCE-MRI, and Prostate Imaging - Reporting and Data System PIRADS version 2 was obtained. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value and choline/citrate ratio were obtained for each lesion and correlated with histopathological grade., Results: The mean age of the patients was 68.7 ± 10.1 years, and the mean serum PSA level was 58.1 ± 22.4 ng/dL. Of the 38 lesions in peripheral zone, 33 (87%) had histopathologically proven prostate cancer. T2WI had a sensitivity and specificity of 75.8% and 80% and DWI had a sensitivity and specificity of 90.9% and 80%, respectively, for detection of malignant prostatic lesion. The mean ADC values for prostate cancer, prostatitis, and normal prostatic parenchyma were 0.702 ± 0.094 × 10-3 mm2/sec, 0.959 ± 0.171 × 10-3 mm2/sec, and 1.31 ± 0.223 × 10-3 mm2/sec, respectively. Type 3 curve has lower sensitivity (45.5%) but high specificity (80%) for diagnosing prostate cancer., Conclusion: DWI can be useful to differentiate benign from malignant prostatic lesions, and low-grade from high-grade prostate carcinoma. ADC value has a positive correlation with histopathological grade of prostate cancer., (Copyright © 2023 Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics.)

Ovarian Sertoli Leydig cell tumors (SLCT) accounts for less than 0.5% of all ovarian malignancies. The incidence of primary extra-ovarian SLCT is extremely rare with reported cases occurring in young adult women till now. We report case of primary retroperitoneal extra-ovarian SLCT in a seven-year girl child without any hormonal manifestation. She presented with complaint of left side abdominal swelling associated with intermittent pain for a duration of six months. CT scan revealed a huge retroperitoneal space-occupying lesion abutting the dorsal vertebrae and present posterior to pancreas, spleen and left kidney. The tumor was diagnosed as extraovarian Sertoli Leydig cell tumor with intermediate differentiation on histopathology and immunohistochemistry., Competing Interests: None

Background: Bilateral breast carcinoma (BBC), though not rare, is quite an uncommon clinical situation and hence guidelines regarding its diagnosis and management are not clear enough. It can be synchronous or metachronous depending on the interval between the time of presentation in bilateral breasts., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our experience with 18 cases of bilateral breast malignancies presented and treated between January 2014 and December 2019. We analyzed clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical profiles with their management. All the patients were staged separately for both breasts and received treatment according to prescribed guidelines., Results: Among these 18 cases, 16 were synchronous and 2 were metachronous during the presentation. During the presentation of synchronous malignancies, eight patients had stage IV disease, whereas the other eight cases were nonmetastatic. Patients received combined modality treatment by surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy depending on the stage of presentation. At a median follow-up period of 12 months, 10 (55.56%) patients were disease free, 2 (11.11%) patients had disease recurrence, and 5 (27.78%) patients succumbed to the disease, whereas 1 patient has lost follow-up., Conclusion: Diagnosis and management of bilateral breast malignancies pose a clinical challenge to the oncologist and hence should be vigilantly looked upon. The treatment decision is individualized according to the stage and molecular type of the particular patient. Regular follow-up and judicious use of clinical breast examination and mammography can help in the early detection of second breast carcinoma.

Background: Ligament flavum (LF) hypertropy is the main etiopathogenesis of lumbar canal stenosis (LCS). The purely elastic LF undergoes a morphological adaptation including a reduction in the elastic fibers and a consequent increase in the collagen content, fibrosis, cicatrization, and calcification. However, the morphometric analysis can delineate the LF in patients with LCS from those without LCS, which would help in better understanding LCS pathogenesis., Aim: To compare the histopathological changes in LF between the degenerative LCS and non-stenotic (non-LCS) group., Methods: The present prospective study was conducted in 82 patients who were divided into two groups, namely LCS and non-LCS. Demographic details of the patients such as duration of symptoms, level of involvement, and number of segments were recorded. The LF obtained from both groups was histopathologically examined for the fibrosis score, elastic fiber degeneration, calcification, and chondroid metaplasia. Morphometrical details included a change in elastin and collagen percentages, elastin/collagen ratio, elastic fiber fragmentation, and ligamentocyte numbers. All parameters were compared between the two groups by using the independent t test, Chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation test., Results: Out of 82 cases, 74 were analysed, 34 in LCS and 40 in non-LCS group. The mean ± SD age of presentation in LCS and non- LCS group was 49.2 ± 8.9 and 43.1 ± 14.3 respectively. The LCS group ( n = 34) exhibited significant differences in fibrosis ( P = 0.002), elastic fiber degeneration ( P = 0.01), % elastic fragmentation (66.5 ± 16.3 vs 29.5 ± 16.9), % elastic, content (26.9 ± 6.7 vs 34.7 ± 8.4), % collagen content (63.6 ± 10.4 vs 54.9 ± 6.4), reduction of elastic/collagen (0.4 ± 0.1 vs 0.6 ± 0.1), and ligamentocyte number (39.1 ± 19.1 vs 53.5 ± 26.9) as compared to non-LCS group ( n = 40). The calcification ( P = 0.08) and Pearson's correlation between duration and loss of elastin was not significant. The difference in LF morphology is consistent in patient's ≥ 40 years of age among the groups as found in subgroup analysis. Similarly in the patents < 40 and > 40 in the non-LCS group., Conclusion: LF is vital in the pathogenesis of LCS. The purely elastic LF undergoes a morphological adaptation that includes a reduction in the elastic fibers with a consequent increase in the collagen content, fibrosis, cicatrization, and calcification. The present study provides a detailed morphometric analysis to semiquantitatively delineate the LF changes in patients with LCS from those in patients without LCS., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: There is no conflict of interest., (©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background : Inflammatory myoglandular polyp (IMGP) combines the histopathological features of juvenile polyp and Peutz-Jegher's polyp. Osseous metaplasia can be occasionally seen in various benign, adenomatous, and malignant polyps. Case report: A nine-year-old girl with hematochezia had a rectal polyp with histological features of IMGP with additional stromal osseous metaplasia. Conclusion: Benign osseous metaplasia can be found in IMGP.

Purpose: Universal eradication or use of failing antibiotic can add fuel to the antimicrobial resistance pandemic. Outcome of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection depends at least partly virulence factors and its eradication as preventive measure against gastric cancer is advocated by some guidelines. There is need to identify candidates at risk for gastric cancer and antimicrobial resistance in HP for rational management. Such candidates could be identified by studying the association of virulence factors with clinical outcome. As this data is lacking from Odisha this study was undertaken., Methods: 113 consecutive dyspeptic patients who underwent endoscopy at our hospital were recruited to obtain gastric biopsies for culture and antibiotic susceptibility, histological examination, molecular detection of HP, virulence typing (cagA, EPIYA typing, vacA, vacAs1/s2, vacAm1/m2 and babA2) by conventional PCR and identification of clarithromycin resistance by real-time PCR. Cultured isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity using e strips as per EUCAST guidelines., Results: 93 (82.3%) dyspeptic patients were infected by HP by histology & PCR, while 90 (79.6%) were rapid urea test positive, and HP was cultured from 32 (28.3%) of these patients. Eleven (11.8%) of the 93 samples with HP were resistant to clarithromycin by real-time PCR. Of the 93 patients with HP infection by histopathology and PCR, 62 (66.7%), 87(93.5%) and 43 (46.2%) harboured cagA, vacA and babA2 genes. The western cagA found in 33 (35.5%) samples and vacAs1m1 in 50 (53.8%) samples were the commonest virulence subtypes. No association was found between virulence factors and outcome except vacAs2m2 and vac s1/m1m2, which were significantly associated with peptic ulcers. Phenotypically 11(34.4%), 1(3.1%), 21(65.6%) and 26 (81.2%) isolates were resistant to clarithromycin, amoxicillin, levofloxacin, and metronidazole., Conclusions: This is the first study that explored the antibiotic resistance of HP, and its virulence factors in dyspeptic patients from this region of India., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Indian Association of Medical Microbiologists. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Conidiobolomycosis is a neglected tropical fungal infection involving the head and neck region. Here we report the first case of atypical conidiobolomycosis presenting with dysphagia and significant weight loss from Odisha, India. It was diagnosed by histopathology and fungal culture and was suscessfully treated with saturated solution of potassium iodide., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors do not have an association that might pose a conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Indian Association of Medical Microbiologists. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)