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Surfboard paddling is an essential activity when surfing. Research investigating surfboard paddling, especially as it pertains to neuromechanical control and techniques used, is limited. Previous research made use of swim ergometers to examine surfboard paddling demands. The validity of using swim ergometers in surfboard paddling research and training deserves further analysis. To establish ecologically valid findings, researchers have begun to use swim flumes and still-water paddling environments to investigate paddling efficiency and technique. This emerging body of research has reported that muscle activation patterns, intensities, and timings differ as surfers move through different paddle stroke phases. A deeper understanding of paddling's neuromechanical control may help enhance the understanding of how to improve paddle performance and perhaps reduce injury risk. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to identify the gaps in the existing literature to help identify future research directions in relation to surfboard paddling techniques and neuromechanical control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfboard manufacturing has begun to utilise Expanded Polystyrene as a core material; however, surf literature relatively ignores this material. This manuscript investigates the mechanical behaviour of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) sandwich composites. An epoxy resin matrix was used to manufacture ten sandwich-structured composite panels with varying fabric reinforcements (carbon fibre, glass fibre, PET) and two foam densities. The flexural, shear, fracture, and tensile properties were subsequently compared. Under common flexural loading, all composites failed via compression of the core, which is known in surfing terms as creasing. However, crack propagation tests indicated a sudden brittle failure in the E-glass and carbon fibre facings and progressive plastic deformation for the recycled polyethylene terephthalate facings. Testing showed that higher foam density increased the flex and fracture mechanical properties of composites. Overall, the plain weave carbon fibre presented the highest strength composite facing, while the single layer of E-glass was the lowest strength composite. Interestingly, the double-bias weave carbon fibre with a lower-density foam core presented similar stiffness behaviour to standard E-glass surfboard materials. The double-biased carbon also improved the flexural strength (+17%), material toughness (+107%), and fracture toughness (+156%) of the composite compared to E-glass. These findings indicate surfboard manufacturers can utilise this carbon weave pattern to produce surfboards with equal flex behaviour, lower weight and improved resistance to damage in regular loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The footwear processes generate a large amount of waste on the soles' cutting and finishing steps. Styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) is commonly used as feedstock for soles, mainly presenting good abrasion resistance, deformation and durability. These features make SBR a candidate for the manufacturing of non-slip surfaces, that provide softness, low density and wear resistance. The objective of this work was to develop a polymeric matrix composite material, using SBR scraps, from the shoes' production, to design the non-slip surfboard decks. Composites, composed by different ratios of SBR (i.e., 20, 40, and 60 wt.%) and polymer matrices (i.e., polyvinylchloride (PVC), ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), and styrene–butadiene styrene (SBS) rubber) were developed and characterized by tensile, morphological and apparent density. The main results showed that the SBS/SBR composite closely met the adhesion requirements for the final application, containing 20 wt.% SBR scraps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Surfboard manufacturing has begun to utilise Expanded Polystyrene as a core material; however, surf literature relatively ignores this material. This manuscript investigates the mechanical behaviour of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) sandwich composites. An epoxy resin matrix was used to manufacture ten sandwich-structured composite panels with varying fabric reinforcements (carbon fibre, glass fibre, PET) and two foam densities. The flexural, shear, fracture, and tensile properties were subsequently compared. Under common flexural loading, all composites failed via compression of the core, which is known in surfing terms as creasing. However, crack propagation tests indicated a sudden brittle failure in the E-glass and carbon fibre facings and progressive plastic deformation for the recycled polyethylene terephthalate facings. Testing showed that higher foam density increased the flex and fracture mechanical properties of composites. Overall, the plain weave carbon fibre presented the highest strength composite facing, while the single layer of E-glass was the lowest strength composite. Interestingly, the double-bias weave carbon fibre with a lower-density foam core presented similar stiffness behaviour to standard E-glass surfboard materials. The double-biased carbon also improved the flexural strength (+17%), material toughness (+107%), and fracture toughness (+156%) of the composite compared to E-glass. These findings indicate surfboard manufacturers can utilise this carbon weave pattern to produce surfboards with equal flex behaviour, lower weight and improved resistance to damage in regular loading.

Recreational surf-cameras (surfcams) are ubiquitous along many coastlines, and yet are a largely untapped source of coastal morphodynamic observations. Surfcams offer broad spatial coverage and flexibility in data collection, but a method to remotely acquire ground control points (GCPs) and initial camera parameter approximations is necessary to better leverage this existing infrastructure to make quantitative measurements. This study examines the efficacy of remotely monitoring coastal morphodynamics from surfcams at two sites on the Atlantic coast of Florida, U.S.A., by leveraging freely available airborne lidar observations to acquire remote-GCPs and open-source web tools for camera parameter approximations, ignoring lens distortion. Intrinsic and extrinsic camera parameters are determined using a modified space resection procedure, wherein parameters are determined using iterative adjustment while fitting to remote-GCPs and initial camera parameter approximations derived from justified assumptions and Google Earth. This procedure is completed using the open-source Surf-Camera Remote Calibration Tool (SurfRCaT). The results indicate root mean squared horizontal reprojection errors at the two cameras of 3.43 m and 6.48 m. Only immobile hard structures such as piers, jetties, and boulders are suitable as remote-GCPs, and the spatial distribution of available points is a likely reason for the higher accuracy at one camera relative to the other. Additionally, lens distortion is not considered in this work. This is another important source of error and including it in the methodology is highlighted as a useful avenue for future work. Additional factors, such as initial camera parameter approximation accuracy, likely play a role as well. This work illustrates that, provided there is sufficient remote-GCP availability and small lens distortion, remote video monitoring of coastal areas with existing surfcams could provide a usable source of coastal morphodynamic observations. This is further explored with a shoreline change analysis from the higher-accuracy camera. It was found that only the largest (>6 m) magnitude shoreline changes exceed the observational uncertainty driven by shoreline mapping error and reprojection error, indicating that remotely calibrated surfcams can provide observations of seasonal or storm-driven signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This study builds on the fundamental understanding of surfboard fin design. This research identifies quantitative performance differences between the fin parameters used by surfers. These results aim to help both fin designers and surfers tailor fin choices to specific surfing styles/waves. Surfing is a popular sport, with the associated market forecast to reach 2.6 billion US dollars by 2027. In the published literature, there is a range of investigations into the performance of surfboard fins. Some studies model a single fin or review the performance of different fin layouts and surface designs. However, the effects of individual fin design features on flow dynamics are not well understood. This study provides numerical analysis into the thruster fin aspects (rake, depth, and base length) and resultant key performance indicators (i) lift and drag coefficients, and (ii) turbulent kinetic energy. The models were simulated in Ansys Fluent R19.1, solving steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations using the SST k−ω turbulence model at a velocity of 7 m/s. The results indicate the performance of fins varies more post-stall. The variations in rake showed the biggest impact on the turbulence intensity at an angle ≥20°. The variations in base length exhibited coefficient trends with greater lift at small angles but significant lift losses at high angles of attack. The variations in depth affected the forces on the fins rather than the performance indicators. Based on these simulations, a proposed fin set was developed that presented the lowest lift losses after the stall point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of product design specification is subjective in nature and this motivates the application of approaches and methods to make it explicit. Among the available approaches, the systematization of the development of a single product, modular products, family of products and products for mass customization stands out. Among the methods, the design structure matrix (DSM) is highlighted, as well as the use of networks to represent the variables and their interdependence relations. Representation is very important to increase the cognitive capacity of those involved in the design and to facilitate communication between specialists and non-specialists. The clarification of the knowledge and reasoning of the design increases the complexity of the specification, which needs to be managed. In this work, the method called design structure network (DSN) is proposed, allowing the visualization of the design variables as nodes of a network and the relations of interdependence as links and the specification reasoning can be represented as a path that connects the nodes in a network. For the management of network complexity, ten principles based on cognitive processes are implemented. The DSN method was applied in the geometric specification of surfboard, and the results obtained show the potential of graphical representation of the specification reasoning, as well as the ability to reduce the complexity of the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most sports like surfing are highly developed. It is necessary to tease the last percentages out of the competitors and equipment—in the case of surfing the surfboard-fin-system—to win competitions or championships. In this computational investigation, a parameter study of the positioning of the two rear fins within a 4-fin configuration with fixed front fins on a surfboard is executed to find appropriate fin positions for specific surf situations. Four different inflow velocities are investigated. The RANS and URANS models combined with the SST k − ω turbulence model, which is available within the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package STAR-CCM+, are used to simulate the flow field around the fins for angles of attack (AoA) between 0° and 45°. The simulation results show that shifting the rear fins toward the longitudinal axis of the surfboard lowers the maximum lift. Surfboards with 4-fin configurations are slower in nearly the whole range of AoA due to a higher drag force but produce a higher lift force compared to the 3-fin configuration. The lift and drag forces increase significantly with increasing inflow velocity. This study shows a significant influence of the rear fin positioning and the inflow velocity on lift and drag performance characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Facta Universitatis: Series Physical Education & Sport is the property of Facta Universitatis, Series Physical Education & Sport and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Surfers have recently been identified as perpetrators of a certain hypocrisy. The modern surfboard, made up of a toxic cocktail of plastics, resins, glues and fiberglass, has been held up as a model demon of un-sustainability in a world of growing ecological awareness. Hence, a niche for an eco-friendly design has opened up. Internationally, a handful of people have accepted the challenge of trying to produce a prototype for a green substitute which is as light, durable and high performing as the synthetic brands that dominate the market. But a benign counterpart, made up of biodegradable materials faces many challenges of public perception. Primarily through ethnographic comparisons between Cornwall and New Zealand, this article examines environmental pressure groups, charity campaigners and corporate surf companies who have made it their mission to search for a sustainable eco-surfboard design. Theoretically, the paper speculates that the debate about surfboards allows us to consider how they can stand as liminal objects in terms of their multi-faceted character in shaping identities. This is particularly revealed through the relationship that holistic innovation has with our attention to consumption, our awareness for the environment and our perceptions of materiality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational fluid dynamics is recently being considered as an interesting tool to predict and analyze surfboards’ hydrodynamic characteristics for the purpose of optimizing the design. In this paper we define a systematic methodology that could be used to measure forces and moments exerted by the fluid on the surfboard. We define a “surfboard attitude” matrix, for instance varying the angle of attack and the tip surfacing height, and we fill it with values of drag, lift and moment. With these data, we can calculate the position of the center of pressure and analyze static equilibrium conditions in the presence of external forces that represent the weight of a surfer.

Customisation is one strategy to involve customers in the design process. However, qualitative empirical studies on customisation in different product contexts are scarce. This paper investigates the benefits customers perceive in craft customisation where they are actively involved in the customisation with the designer. The case of this study is a high involvement custom product, a surfboard. Findings derived from qualitative interviews with surfers (N=22) reveal the perceived benefits in the three distinct phases of customisation: pre-customisation, during which the decision to customise is made; customisation process, during which the product is customised; and product usage. The source of the found benefits are the product, process or customisation itself and they can be classified to functional, emotional, experiential, symbolic, aesthetic, personal, social, epistemic, creative, and hedonic. The benefits vary in occurrence during the different customisation phases. Based on the findings, we present a model for the benefits in the three phases of customisation. The model can be used when implementing craft customisation as a design strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novice surfers are at risk for a rare but potentially devastating form of atraumatic myelopathy. There are 16 published studies on this condition, including 66 cases. The most common suggested mechanism of injury is static hyperextension. However, active mechanisms, in contrast to static, have also been proposed and may be contributory. First time surfers, defined as those who have never been on a surfboard prior to the day of injury, are at particular risk. These individuals make up 89.5%-100% of the reported novice surfers found in the various reports. Multiple neurologic deficits occur and often include paraparesis, paraplegia, urinary retention, and hyperesthesia. While these deficits resolve in some cases, there are reports of multiple instances of permanent injury. Increased awareness of this condition is arguably the most effective preventative measure, as it may lead to avoidance of the predisposing postures. It may also lead to earlier diagnosis in the acute setting, which will become relevant as treatment modalities continue to be refined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Publisher Correction: Journal of Rubber Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s42464-022-00172-5 The publication of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The author Luiz Carlos Robinson Adriano Furlanetto are two authors: Luiz Carlos Robinson and Adriano Furlanetto. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the masculinities of male workers in the context of an emotionally rich form of labour: surfboard-making. Contributing to emerging research around the emotional and embodied dimensions of men's working lives, the article maps the cultural, emotional and embodied dimensions of work onto masculine identity construction. Combining cultural economy theory, emotional geographies and in-depth ethnographic methods, I reveal how surfboard-making has become a gendered form of work; how jobs rely on (and impact) the body and what surfboard-making means to workers outside of financial returns. Following a manual labour process, and informed by Western surfing subculture, commercial surfboard-making has layered onto male bodies. Men perform ‘blokey’ masculinities in relation with one another. However, doing manual craftwork evokes close, personal interaction; among co-workers but also through engagements with place and local customers. Felt, embodied craft skills help workers personalise boards for individual customers and local breaks. Beneath masculine work cultures and pretensions, surfboard-making is a deeply emotional and embodied work. Labour is dependent on haptic knowledge: sense of touch, bodily movement and eye for detail. Contrasting their blokey masculinity, surfboard-makers rely on intimate links between their bodies, tools, materials, customers and surfing places. These ‘strong bodied’ men articulate a ‘passion’ and ‘love’ for ‘soulful’ jobs, demonstrating how waged work comprises alternative masculinities, shaped by working culture, relations and labour processes. A cultural economy framework and emotionally engaged research approach are valuable for challenging hegemonic masculinity, important for achieving more inclusive, tolerant and equitable workplaces. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In August 2011 the announcement by Bluescope Steel of mass layoffs at its Port Kembla steelworks, in the Illawarra region, sparked renewed public debate and media commentary on the future [...]

Coastal populations and hazards are escalating simultaneously, leading to an increased importance of coastal ocean observations. Many well-established observational techniques are expensive, require complex technical training, and offer little to no public engagement. Smartfin, an oceanographic sensor–equipped surfboard fin and citizen science program, was designed to alleviate these issues. Smartfins are typically used by surfers and paddlers in surf zone and nearshore regions where they can help fill gaps between other observational assets. Smartfin user groups can provide data-rich time-series in confined regions. Smartfin comprises temperature, motion, and wet/dry sensing, GPS location, and cellular data transmission capabilities for the near-real-time monitoring of coastal physics and environmental parameters. Smartfin's temperature sensor has an accuracy of 0.05 °C relative to a calibrated Sea-Bird temperature sensor. Data products for quantifying ocean physics from the motion sensor and additional sensors for water quality monitoring are in development. Over 300 Smartfins have been distributed around the world and have been in use for up to five years. The technology has been proven to be a useful scientific research tool in the coastal ocean—especially for observing spatiotemporal variability, validating remotely sensed data, and characterizing surface water depth profiles when combined with other tools—and the project has yielded promising results in terms of formal and informal education and community engagement in coastal health issues with broad international reach. In this article, we describe the technology, the citizen science project design, and the results in terms of natural and social science analyses. We also discuss progress toward our outreach, education, and scientific goals. [Display omitted] • Smartfin is an IoT, oceanographic sensor-equipped surfboard fin for citizen science. • Over 300 Smartfins have been distributed since 2016. • Roughly 2800 h of coastal data have been collected by participants. • Smartfin data are useful for coastal physics and remote sensing analyses. • Education, outreach, and community are central to project's mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Stand up paddle boarding (SUP) is a rapidly growing sport and recreational activity where anecdotal evidence exists for its proposed fitness, injury rehabilitation & core strength benefits. A review of the literature failed to identify a single article which examined the potential physiological adaptations associated with SUP. Aims: The purpose of this study was to profile elite stand up paddle boarders in relation to balance, muscular strength and muscular endurance. Methods: Eight elite SUP's were recruited from the Stand Up Paddle Surfing Association of Australia. Anatomical measures of multifidus cross-sectional area (via ultrasound), postural control under static and dynamic conditions and an isometric test of lumbar extension were performed. Results: Results found no significant differences in height, significantly less mass (p = 0.001) and significantly lower BMI (p < 0.05) than published Australian Bureau of Statistics data. Significantly lower static postural control indicated by increased velocity of sway ((p < 0.01), Eyes Open (EO) = +72.02% Eyes Closed (EC) = +76.34%) and significantly higher levels of dynamic postural control indicated by decreased velocity of sway (p < 0.01, Eyes-Open-Anterior-Posterior instability condition (EOAP) -34.54%, Eyes -Closed-Anterior-Posterior instability condition (ECAP) -35.83%, Eyes Open Medial Lateral instability condition (EOML) -16.91 %, Eyes Closed Medial Lateral instability condition (ECML) -10.42%) were recorded in all but one condition when compared to national level surfers, which we attributed to time spent in the standing position on an unstable surface. Conclusion: These results indicate that stand up paddle boarding may indeed be beneficial for strength and endurance training of the trunk musculature, for balance training for other sports and useful as a rehabilitation tool for musculoskeletal dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to an emerging postcolonial literature on the history of surfing by documenting the material cultural practice of surfboard making across Hawai‘i, California and Australia. It outlines what is known of precolonial surfboard-making practices in Hawai‘i and then traces important 20th-century advances in design. In contrast to popular histories of surfing that emphasise Hawaiian ‘tradition’ versus Californian and Australian ‘innovators’, this paper establishes the links, exchanges and information flows that informed evolving practices of surfboard making. Such links, exchanges and information flows were trans-Pacific in nature, even from the early 20th century, and were utterly dependent on both Hawaiian antecedents and contemporary innovations. Although not without contestation, the emergence of surfboard making as a 20th-century trans-Pacific cultural industry was premised on generosity, a sense of artisan brotherhood and an omnipresent thirst in distant corners of the Pacific Ocean for a better way to ride its waves. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The creation of an ideal surfboard is art. The design and construction depend on the individual surfer's skill level and type of the required performance. In this research, four fuselage concepts were carefully explored to meet the following unique needs: lightweight, strong, and a fast-manufacturing process. The fuselages were manufactured by compression moulding using skin and core materials. The skin material was selected to be unidirectional (UD) carbon fibre, discontinuous carbon fibre (SMC) and Filava quadriaxial fibre impregnated with epoxy, while the core material was selected to be lightweight PVC foam. To assess the mechanical performance, three-point bending has been performed according to BS-ISO 14125 and validated using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using Ansys software. As expected, the flexural test revealed that the UD carbon fibre fuselage was the strongest and SMC was the weakest, while large deflection was seen in Filava fibre fuselages before failure, showing great reactive flex that promotes projection during surfing. The experimental results show good agreement with FEA simulation, and the locations of the physical failure in the fuselage matches the location of maximum flexural stress obtained from FEA simulation. Although all fuselages were found to carry a surfer weight of 150 kg, including a factor of safety 3, except the SMC fuselage, due to shrinkage. The Filava fibre fuselages were seen to have a large deflection before failure, showing great flexibility to handle high ocean waves. This promotes the potential use of reactive flex in high performance sports equipment, such as surfing boards. A large shrinkage must be taken under consideration during compression moulding that depends on fibre orientation, resin nature, and part geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfboard riding is a popular sport worldwide. Although surfing is considered a 'safe' pastime, significant injuries do occur, particularly to the head and cervical spine. Spinal injuries most commonly occur when the surfer's head strikes the seafloor. This case series identifies the spectrum of spinal pathologies sustained whilst surfing and their imaging appearances. No similar study has previously been published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reads transcripts of interviews conducted with longboarders to advance a fresh understanding of localism. Conventionally, historians and sociologists have framed localism around the practices, motives and experiences of surfers who ride shortboards. This approach tends to silence the voice of other groups of surfers, including longboarders. Drawing on ideas from cultural geography, this article explores the motivations and experiences of longboarders who are largely marginalised within shortboard surfing culture. In this study we are interested in the bodily affects of longboarding, which gives meaning to individual lived experiences of riding waves. Bodily affects are understood as performative emotions that enable people to know and shape relationships with other human body-selves, as well as non-human entities. Bodily affects are expressed through narratives of “the vibe” and “the glide”, and the emotions include shame, fear and joy. While some longboarders confirmed the exclusionary and often violent behaviours associated with localism, there were also participants advocating for a more sociable approach to riding waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments provide evidence for a newly discovered influence tactic termed the expert snare. In the expert snare, alter-the target of influence-is cast into the role of 'expert.' In that role, alter attempts to maintain status by putting on the trappings of expertise, avoiding embarrassing disclosures, and accepting absurd proposals deemed necessary to uphold the role. Surfers, Frisbee players, and recreational dancers were altercast as experts in their respective domains. Relative to controls, such 'experts' were more likely to support absurd proposals within their domain of expertise such as requiring surfboard bellies to be painted yellow with purple polka dots and students to take an orientation course on the non-existent activities of Tanzimat Frisbee and root dancing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the foundation story of Australian surfing history, the claim that Hawaiian swimming champion Duke Paoa Kahanamoku introduced surfboard riding in 1914-15, is a myth-understood not as an outright falsehood but as an accentuation of one version of the past over others for culturally determined reasons. Overlooked in the exaggerated emphasis on Kahanamoku's contribution is prior surfboard riding in Sydney. This article examines new evidence of Australian surfing history, reassesses Kahanamoku's contribution, and analyses the myth as a cultural discourse reflecting its cultural appeal and articulation with Kahanamoku's strong social memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the nature of biodegration of natural materials used for laminates and core of surfboards. Most surfboards laminates are made with polyester resin and fiberglass, while the core is made from polyurethane. These are said to be nonbiodegradable and highly toxic materials. Alternative items such as organic cotton, organic hemp and balsa wood were studied. The quality and speed of degradation observed every week are noted.

Lee, W.D.; Choi, S.; Hwang, T.; Park, J.R., and Hur, D.S., 2021. Experimental study on the correlation between wave overtopping and reflection over an absorbing revetment: Non-breaking wave Conditions. In: Lee, J.L.; Suh, K.-S.; Lee, B.; Shin, S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Crisis and Integrated Management for Coastal and Marine Safety. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 114, pp. 584–588. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This study performed a hydraulic model experiment to analyze the correlation between wave overtopping and reflection over an absorbing revetment in regular wave fields without wave breaking. Regular waves that last 1.2–2 s and 1.0–2.6 cm high were generated in a two-dimensional wave tank with a depth of 50 cm. With respect to the experimental conditions, an absorbing revetment with two layers of Tetrapods (TTPs) installed on a foundation mound of sand stone was considered. To calculate the reflection coefficient, the time waveform measured using the wave gauges was substituted into a two-point method to separate the incident and reflected waves, while the overtopping rate was directly measured in a separate overtopping tank. According to the experimental results, the water surface waveform in front of the revetment differed depending on the presence of wave overtopping. Under the overtopping condition, the water level in front of the revetment increased and then gradually decreased. Under the non-overtopping condition, the water level continuously increased and then quickly decreased. With respect to wave reflection, under the non-overtopping condition, the reflection coefficient increased as the surf similarity parameter increased. Under the overtopping condition, the distribution of the reflection coefficient was below a certain level and exhibited no clear trend. As the surf similarity parameter increased, the water level at the time of wave overtopping increased. In addition, the longer the duration of wave overtopping, the greater the overtopping rate was. According to the analysis of the correlation between wave overtopping and wave reflection within the same period, the reflection coefficient generally decreased as the overtopping rate increased. However, this phenomenon was not observed in any of the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show (a) how motion has ontological priority over space and (b) how the relationship between motion and form underpins mindness. The analysis of spatial perception reveals an interplay between spatial and temporal relations that is evident in language and surfing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfers are prone to acute injuries as well as conditions resulting from chronic environmental exposure. Sprains, lacerations, strains, and fractures are the most common types of trauma. Injury from the rider's own surfboard may be the prevailing mechanism. Minor wound infections can be treated on an outpatient basis with ciprofloxacin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Jellyfish stings are common and may be treated with heat application. Other treatment regimens have had mixed results. Seabather's eruption is a pruritic skin reaction caused by exposure to nematocyst-containing coelenterate larvae. Additional surfing hazards include stingrays, coral reefs, and, occasionally, sharks. Otologic sequelae of surfing include auditory exostoses, tympanic membrane rupture, and otitis externa. Sun exposure and skin cancer risk are inherent dangers of this sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanics of the surf skimmer, fun sport at the beach, is re-examined by using fundamental fluid mechanics. Comparison of the existing theories and consideration of the effects previously neglected lead to the conclusion: Edge's model is physically incorrect; Tuck and Dixon's theory provides physical insights into the surf skimming; there are several trade-offs in the mechanics of the surf skimmer and these make this sport fun and challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three cases of ocular trauma caused by surfboards are reported. The severe nature of the injuries is discussed and the prevalence of this type of injury is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composites manufacturer Cobra International and Flite, an Australian-based surfboard manufacturer have joined forces to develop two electric foiling composite surfboards that can reach speeds of up to 45 km/h. Fliteboard and Fliteboard PRO boards, which can reportedly fly above the water with a zero-emission propulsion, incorporate a carbon/Innegra prepreg expanded polystyrene (EPS) sandwich laminate. Cobra also carried out developmental work on the foils and accessories for the Flite range and the foils are now manufactured by the company, along with the deck pads and board bags. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses efforts of Scripps Institution of Oceanography researchers including Tyler Cyronak to develop smartfin, a surfboard fin containing sensors to measure multiple ocean parameters like temperature, salinity, and potential of hydrogen (pH), and a Global Positioning System device.

The article provides information on aspects related to proprioception of ankle joint across junior and senior surfers. Topics discussed include use of active movement extent discrimination apparatus, nonparametric signal detection analysis, acute adjustments and navigation of surfboard, and sport attainment.

Specialist kiteboard and surfboard manufacturer North Kiteboarding uses TeXtreme® spread tow carbon fabric from Oxeon AB in its new Select and Team Series composite boards to produce the lightest products on the market, with the best riding experience. Christian Borg, Brand and Communications Manager at Oxeon AB, explains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the benefits of integrating electronic sensors and recording devices into surfboards in order to study and measure surfers' techniques. It describes the SurfSens solution, which incorporates devices such as strain gauge sensors, accelerometers, and gyroscopes into a surfboard. The use of the Robotic Operating System to visualize and interpret information gathered by the equipment on the surfboard is also addressed.

This article presents several case studies of Surf rider's dermatitis. Rafts, bellyboards, boogie boards and bodyboards are used to ride the surf in a manner similar to surf boarding. They are usually used in a prone position, resulting in contact between their surface and the front of the rider's body. The boards are produced from polyethylene and polypropylene foams with surfaces made from proprietary materials. They are easier to use than surf boards and have recently become very popular. Plasticizers or other components of raft and board polymers, as well as ingredients of surf board wax, may contribute an allergic component.

This article provides information on the hazards of skateboards. A skateboard is a 2-foot long vehicle that looks like a surfboard and roller skates. According to a report from an orthopedic surgeon, an average of one child a day was admitted to the San Diego Naval Hospital with fractures incurred in skateboarding. The median age of the skateboarding patients in the hospital was 11 and a half and approximately 75% were boys. The greatest hazard of the sport is that the rider may lose his balance and tends to fall of in one direction and the board travels in another.