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Following the capture of Inka Atawallpa in Cajamarca, Spanish conquistadors took control of several Inka provincial centers that subsequently became the sites of colonial towns. This was the case at Tambo Viejo, the Inka provincial center in the Acarí Valley of the Peruvian south coast. Recent archaeological excavation at that site revealed that the Spanish modified existing buildings and added new constructions to suit their needs. The excavation also uncovered multiple interments that had been closely stacked next to each other and buried with a small wooden cross, the most salient symbol of the Christian faith. The new findings highlight the outcome of the Spanish presence in the former Inka territory which manifested in substantial modification of a provincial Inka center, the likely conversion to Christianity of the local population, and what appears to be the devastation caused by the diseases introduced by the conquistadors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the life of Catalina Alvarez, a free Black woman who petitioned the Council of the Indies in Madrid in 1584 for a license to return to Lima, Peru. Catalina had traveled to the Iberian Peninsula in the service of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo's entourage and served as a cook in Spain for three years before longing to return home. The article explores the challenges of reconstructing the lives of plebeian and enslaved subjects like Catalina and highlights the patterns of mobility and migration within the Iberian Empire. The author reflects on the significance of Catalina's story and her role as an Atlantic creole cosmopolitan. [Extracted from the article]

We estimate the effect of money supply changes on the real economy by exploiting a recurring natural experiment: maritime disasters in the Spanish Empire (1531–1810) that resulted in the loss of substantial amounts of silver money. We find that negative money supply shocks caused Spanish real output to decline. A transmission channel analysis highlights slow price adjustments and credit frictions as mechanisms through which money supply changes affected the real economy. Especially large output declines occurred in textile manufacturing against the backdrop of a credit crunch that impaired merchants' ability to supply their manufacturers with inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses slavery in the Les Malouines/Las Malvinas/Falklands Islands to advance the historical study of the geographies of race in Argentina with reference to marronage and critical place naming. These islands are an example of an assemblage of colonial military extractive powers. There still are disputes with Argentina since the armed conflict of 1982. However, Las Malvinas were a part of the Spanish Empire since the French colonial authorities sold this territory in 1766. Despite being seen as at the margins of this Empire, an infertile terrain with unbearable weather, and a place of punishment for those who defied colonial rule, it was of strategic value, expensive but worth maintaining to keep the British Empire removed from Buenos Aires and Montevideo. To reduce the islands' expenses, the plan was to relocate recaptured fugitives to this territory as a labour force. Archival records collected from the National General Archive of Uruguay, General Archive of the Indies, and National Historical Archive of Madrid show that Las Malvinas were not exempt from slavery. In 1770, Antonio and Miguel, ‘royal slaves’, were part of the islands' population among white Europeans and indigenous people held captive there. They were allowed to leave the islands to live and serve the King and they navigated through the ports of Montevideo and Buenos Aires, where their tracks end. This paper demonstrates how this insular space, meant for penance, was also a place where resistance linked with marronage broke an assemblage of colonial military powers. It also highlights that the historical geographies of slavery in Argentina are intrinsically assembled with the dispossession of indigenous and other disadvantaged groups proposing an Afro‐Marrón approach to their analysis with a potential extension to other racialised Latin American geographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migratory connectivity describes the linkage between breeding and nonbreeding sites, having major ecological implications in birds: 1 season influence the success of an individual or a population in the following season. Most studies on migratory connectivity have used large-scale approaches, often considering regional populations, but fine-scale studies are also necessary to understand colony connectivity. The lesser kestrel Falco naumanni , an insectivorous migratory raptor which form colonies during the breeding period, was considered to have strong connectivity based on regional populations. However, no small-scale studies on migratory connectivity have been conducted. Therefore, we GPS (Global Positioning System)-tracked 40 adult lesser kestrels from 15 different Spanish breeding colonies, estimating the overlap index between home ranges and the distance between their centroids. It was found that lesser kestrels from the same breeding colony placed their nonbreeding areas at 347 ± 281 km (mean ± standard deviation) away from each other (range = 23–990), and their home ranges overlapped by 38.4 ± 23.6%. No differences between intra-colony and inter-colony metrics were found, which suggests that lesser kestrels from the same breeding cluster do not overwinter together, but they spread out and mixed independently of the colony belonging throughout the nonbreeding range of the species. Ultimately, this study highlights the importance of performing connectivity studies using fine-scale approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the proposed 1493 zoonotic (swine influenza) pandemic that swept through the Spanish colony at La Isabela, Hispaniola. Primary and secondary accounts of the malady describe the attributed symptoms as summarized in the work of Guerra (1988) and attempt to predict the geographic spread of the zoonosis as a series of four expanding regional stages, beginning at La Isabela and nearby Indigenous villages, moving outward along known valley pathways, engulfing northern Hispaniola, and finally transporting the infectious disease to the nearby islands of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Bahama Archipelago, with the possibility of spreading to the Lesser Antilles, the eastern coast of Yucatan and Honduras, and the northern coast of South America. This proposed geographic virus dispersion model includes a series of island maps that locate selected archeological sites of known villages along with suggested travel times, providing a historical record of viral spread tracing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To what extent did Francis Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe influence empire formation in the late sixteenth century? In analyzing diplomatic letters of correspondence from the State Papers, this investigation reveals that Drake’s piratical activities, claims of English sovereignty, and the ensuing diplomatic controversy with the Spanish ambassador, Bernardino de Mendoza, forced the English Crown to use legal arguments rooted in the ius gentium (law of nations) and natural law to justify expansion into the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. During the dispute, both Mendoza and the English Crown variously invoked natural law and the law of nations to argue for justice and friendship. In testing these legal arguments, the Crown demonstrated that it had the capacity to counter Spanish claims for empire, which subsequently influenced imperial propagandists like Richard Hakluyt to promote English expansionism in natural law and ius gentium terms. In turn, the English Crown’s newfound confidence from the dispute manifested in its turn to reason of state and self-preservationist thinking in its international relations in the early 1580s, shortly before the outbreak of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). The dispute thus facilitated an ideology for empire rooted in natural law and the law of nations in the sixteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article details a trade in Indigenous slaves that was controlled by the Miskitu, a group indigenous to the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua and Honduras. During the eighteenth century, the Miskitu targeted other Indigenous communities from the Yucatan to Panama, capturing thousands of individuals whom they sold as slaves in the British Caribbean. This frustrated the Spanish government, who tried to stop these raids by advocating for increasingly harsh policies, including the extermination of the Miskitu. The British, on the other hand, ignored this slave trade until they were forced to confront it because of legal reasons (which happened three times from 1741 to the 1820s). The Miskitu’s slave trade uprooted, relocated, and forced enslavement upon an enormous number of Indigenous people across Central America. This article details the immense scope of Miskitu attacks, lends insight into the many Indigenous groups impacted by these raids, and explores how European powers were forced to react. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents case studies of slaves' escapes in the Spanish Sahara, between the 1930s and the early 1950s. It shows that while Spanish authorities were often ready to help slaves attain their freedom, this depended on slaves taking the initiative themselves. Therefore, when the Spanish practiced emancipation, they did so reactively rather than proactively. This reality was confounded by the fact that while the Spanish combated trafficking and helped escapees, they also tolerated the existence of the institution of slavery and masked that existence using creative terminology that turned slaves into 'relatives'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trashumante. Revista Americana de Historia Social is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pasado y Memoria. Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Pasado y Memoria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Virtual Archaeology Review is the property of Virtual Archaeology Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a lesson plan which teaches about food through the context of Latin America's colonial history.

"Libros e imprenta en México en el siglo XVI" is a concise and informative book written by Marina Garone Gravier. It provides foundational knowledge on the introduction and circulation of printed books in Mexico during the 16th century. The book explores the historical, cultural, and social circumstances surrounding the printing of the first editions in Mexico, as well as the key figures and processes involved. It also examines the content, structure, and linguistic features of early Mexican books, highlighting the participation of Indigenous peoples in their production. The book concludes with a reflection on the collectability and preservation of these early printed books. Overall, the book offers a factual and accessible overview of the topic for non-specialized audiences. [Extracted from the article]

After nearly two hundred years of continuous occupation, the Spanish port town of St. Augustine, Florida, came under British control in 1763. With the arrival of the new regime, noticeable changes occurred in the colony, including the mass exodus of Spanish residents and a new emphasis on plantation agriculture as in other areas of British America. Yet, Florida's "British Period" lasted only until 1784, and this article examines the evidence for it in St. Augustine collections at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Vessel form analysis of ceramics from four different sites in the city are compared to both Spanish St. Augustine and the nearby British urban center of Charleston to understand the material signatures of these two different colonial societies. By building an analytical focus on ceramics through the lens of consumption, the meaning of the archaeological trends is considered through questions of identity and colonialism in a more marginal locale in the British Atlantic world. Given that the British St. Augustine assemblages shared similarities, and all had distinctly "British" ceramics, their use in facilitating shared dining practices that formed social identities in the newly formed colony is further examined in local documents. Examining how material culture functioned in the social performances of dining practices in British St. Augustine can distinguish how mass-produced goods were made meaningful in different colonial societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala, now known as Antigua Guatemala, held significant importance as a center of Spanish colonialism in the Maya highlands. Over the span of 300 years, serving as the capital of the Audiencia de Guatemala, it hosted a culturally and socially diverse population consisting of European settlers, Maya and Mexican natives, Mestizos, and individuals of African descent. This article offers an exploration of human-animal interactions within this multicultural environment through the zooarchaeological analysis of 11 sites across the colonial town. The findings of this first study on the archaeology of humans and animals in the post-Columbian Guatemalan highlands shed light on the intricate relationships between diverse human communities and animals, along with the changes and continuities in animal utilization among the Maya natives during this particular historical period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, Marxist-inspired approaches from the field of International Historical Sociology (IHS) have theorised the relationship between 16th and 17th Century European colonial expansion and the development of relations of production and economic growth on both sides of the Atlantic. In this article, we argue that such attempts - from Dependency Theory (DT), World-Systems Theory (WST), and Uneven and Combined Development (UCD) - are premised on a structuralist perspective which overextend the notion of capitalism and under examine the sphere of production, rendering divergent and distinct strategies of European colonialism a homogenous and under-historicised process. Embracing theoretical innovations from Geopolitical Marxism (GPM), we dispute this unitary logic of expansion, instead applying a radical historicist methodology to demonstrate that British and Spanish colonial strategies in the Americas (intra-imperial free trade vs. mercantilism) were shaped by nationally specific class relations (capitalism vs. feudalism/absolutism), generating unique patterns of settlement on the ground (mineral extraction vs. cash-crop production). Promoting historicism thus allows Marxist International Relations to better recognise "the 'making of' the international order" during the period of European colonial expansion from the 16th century onwards, and, in doing so, further understand its enduring legacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper invokes Edward Said's notion of counterpoint to present a transnational sociological account of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. This contrapuntal reading raises questions of sovereignty, violence, and identity, which—filtered through a political sociological lens—offer novel perspectives on the power of empire and colonialism in relation to these key IR categories. Specifically, I argue that the Spanish colonial frontier in Morocco served as a laboratory for distinctive expressions of transnational state-building, violence, and identity-formation, which were reproduced in the metropolitan heartlands of the Iberian Peninsula during the interwar years. The complex interaction between core and periphery in this period had momentous implications for both Spanish and Moroccan history, many of which continue to play out in contemporary politics across the Gibraltar Strait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses three books that explore different aspects of Catholicism in colonial Mexico. The first book, "The Franciscans in Colonial Mexico," edited by Thomas M. Cohen, Jay T. Harrison, and David Rex Galindo, provides a broad picture of Franciscans' missionary work in New Spain. The second book, "The Stations of the Cross in Colonial Mexico" by John F. Schwaller, examines the history and development of the devotion to the Stations of the Cross in Mexico. The third book, "Transforming Saints" by Charlene Villaseñor Black, discusses the transportation and transformation of female Catholic images from Spain to New Spain. These books highlight the adaptation and interaction between Spanish Catholicism and Indigenous cultures in colonial Mexico. [Extracted from the article]

Several gold deposits in the eastern region of Cuba are genetically related to the island arc- and the ophiolitic complex formation. These have been studied and exploited since the time of the Spanish colonization in the mid-sixteenth century. These deposits belong to the Aguas Claras-Guajabales mineral field in the Holguín Province (Cuba) and lie in an elongated zone approximately 15 km in length. The object of this work is to make a methodical, detailed, and chronological review of the geological and mining work carried out in this region, as well as highlight the degree of the previously achieved studies. To realize this, an extensive bibliographic review of all available data, including published reports and articles, as well as unpublished material, was carried out. Moreover, ore mineralogy and petrography were reviewed by thin section analyses from samples from these deposits by petrographic and scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained from this study highlight that the gold mineralization in that area is closely linked to metasomatic processes produced by the circulation of hydrothermal fluids that affected the different volcanic and ultramafic rocks. This study shows that the highest gold contents observed are controlled by the contacts between the different host lithologies with high rheological contrasts. The presence of different alteration styles such as serpentinization, listvenitization, rodingitization, and propylitization have played a primary role in the deposition of gold during mineralization processes. This work could be a very useful exploration guide for future research in this region, as it provides a useful and practical compilation of the characteristics of the mineralization and alteration styles, as well as a precise indication of the spatial position, thicknesses, and contents of the gold-rich horizons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1542, with the promulgation of the New Laws, Spanish authorities made a greater effort to eliminate indigenous slavery in America, after the doubts expressed by various missionaries about the treatment given to the indigenous people by Spanish settlers. However, legally sanctioned slavery among indigenous people continued in the border regions of the Spanish Empire. My interest is to demonstrate that the persistence of this practice did not result in a legal contradiction, but rather was a means of sanctioning rebellious indigenous groups, using arguments of Francisco de Vitoria and other School of Salamanca scholars, especially in places where control of sovereignty was in question. Methodologically, I will use original texts from various sources, such as the minutes of the Cabildo of the Audiencia of Guadalajara, as well as reports on the Chichimeca War by various clerics and jurists who witnessed the conflict, such as Guillermo de Santa María, Jean Focher, and Fulgencia Vique. Temporally, I will focus on the discussion of war and slavery against the nomadic peoples of northern New Spain, known as the Chichimecas. The result was that, for many New Spanish clerics, slavery would serve to punish the supposed crimes of these peoples against peace, and also to change their archaic customs and teach them sedentary and civil life. Finally, I argue that the establishment of indigenous slavery in the northern frontier of New Spain demonstrates the limitations of the Spanish Empire in maintaining its most remote borders, especially when faced with peoples who did not have a civil political life with definable centers and hierarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

King Carlos III of Spain supported numerous scientific and intellectual enterprises in Spanish America during the eighteenth century. One was the compilation, between about 1782 and 1785, of a vast 'paper museum', the 'Codex Martínez Compañón' or 'Codex Trujillo del Perú', in the province of Trujillo, Peru. There, the Bishop of Trujillo, Baltasar Jaime Martínez Compañón, directed the preparation of hundreds of coloured illustrations of the people, geography and natural history of the region. Included were 17 images of mammals classified as primates from Peruvian forests. In 1789, this compilation was shipped to Madrid where some of these illustrations were copied into an impressive oil painting by Louis Thiébaut under the direction of the bishop's nephew, José Ignacio de Lecuanda. This painting, the Quadro de la Historia Natural Civil y Geográfica del Reyno del Perú (1799), not only included images of almost a dozen primates, but also accompanying descriptions. Forming part of an unusually large painting, these depictions of New World primates served as channels for ideas about exoticism and potential European initiatives in the forested regions of Spanish America before independence. This paper discusses the identification of the primates and some other mammals portrayed in both Martínez Compañón's Codex and in the Quadro del Perú of Lecuanda and Thiébaut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Morisco polymath Ahmad ibn Qâsim al-Hajarî (c.1569–c.1640) was a diplomat, writer and translator. His engagement with philology, i.e., the edition, annotation and translation of texts, especially the Lead Books of Granada, is an important part of his work. This article examines his philological practices and how he deployed them in order to defend Islam and Islamic powers, and to counter the hegemonic claims of the Spanish Catholic Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the debate over the theory and practice of the Spanish empire at the beginning of the sixteenth century, political, religious, and legal discourses differentiated conquered peoples and recent converts to Christianity from so-called "old Christians", thereby creating distinct categories of Spanish subjects. In Spain itself, cultural markers like language, dress, and diet became the foundations of fiscal and legal differences, while normative codes were promulgated and negotiated across a range of documents, e.g., legal instruments, civic and ecclesiastical records, university debates, and juridical theory. Concomitant with this process, a set of Christian catechisms was produced in Spain, both before and after the promulgation of Tridentine reforms, that were directed especially at the converted morisco populations in Granada and Valencia. These catechisms were produced in Iberian Arabic and Romance languages and included instructions about how new converts from Islam should behave, as well as what they should believe in order to participate in liturgical activities and to be recognized as full members of the Christian community. This article examines the morisco catechisms produced in Spain between 1496 and 1566, as these documents are representative of a unique period in both the history of Latin Christianity and the burgeoning Spanish empire. Through the emergence of this corpus and against the backdrop of targeted legislation and new policies aimed at Arabic-speaking moriscos, first in Granada and later in Valencia, the ideological foundations constraining the morisco experience were forged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Manuel Covo's book, "Entrepôt of Revolutions," explores the connections between the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions and the history of colonial capitalism. Covo focuses on the concept of commercial republicanism, which aimed to use trade to expand citizens' rights and create more equal relationships with foreign nations. The book examines the commercial relationships between Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and France and the United States, highlighting the extensive trade between the U.S. and Saint-Domingue during this period. Covo's research is based on transnational sources, including consular correspondence, notarial records, and merchant diaries, and reveals the complex trade networks and practices of the time. While the book provides valuable insights into commercial exchange, it is less effective in addressing broader issues of political economy and the significance of the revolutions. [Extracted from the article]

Humans have profoundly impacted the distribution of plant and animal species over thousands of years. The most direct example of these effects is human‐mediated movement of individuals, either through translocation of individuals within their range or through the introduction of species to new habitats. While human involvement may be suspected in species with obvious range disjunctions, it can be difficult to detect natural versus human‐mediated dispersal events for populations at the edge of a species' range, and this uncertainty muddles how we understand the evolutionary history of populations and broad biogeographical patterns. Studies combining genetic data with archaeological, linguistic and historical evidence have confirmed prehistoric examples of human‐mediated dispersal; however, it is unclear whether these methods can disentangle recent dispersal events, such as species translocated by European colonizers during the past 500 years. We use genomic DNA from historical museum specimens and historical records to evaluate three hypotheses regarding the timing and origin of Northern Bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) in Cuba, whose status as an endemic or introduced population has long been debated. We discovered that bobwhites from southern Mexico arrived in Cuba between the 12th and 16th centuries, followed by the subsequent introduction of bobwhites from the southeastern USA to Cuba between the 18th and 20th centuries. These dates suggest the introduction of bobwhites to Cuba was human‐mediated and concomitant with Spanish colonial shipping routes between Veracruz, Mexico and Havana, Cuba during this period. Our results identify endemic Cuban bobwhites as a genetically distinct population born of hybridization between divergent, introduced lineages. see also the Perspective by Silu Wang [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Images and texts in Spanish colonial manuscripts tell us that the Aztecs sacrificed humans. Among these sources, none has received a more iconic documentary status than the Franciscan missionary Bernardino de Sahagún's tlamictiliztli account. This combines graphic depiction with text in Spanish and the Aztec language Nahuatl. Although Sahagún's account is compelling and persuasive, its seeming realism dissipates when the analytical focus turns from the final product to its production. Using a new source-critical narrative approach that privileges methodological reflection, I analyze two versions of Sahagún's composition to examine how the account was elicited, editorialized, and produced. Astonishing inconsistencies stress how Sahagún augmented a 'sacrificial' interpretation of Aztec violence, complicating both the testimonial value attributed to his work and an emic Aztec sense of 'human sacrifice.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the representation of women, particularly women of color, in colonial Latin American art. It highlights the scarcity of surviving images of women from this period and the limited individualized representations of Black and Indigenous women. The article emphasizes the importance of archival research in uncovering the complex ways in which women created, commissioned, collected, and displayed art objects. It also explores the challenges faced by scholars in studying the role of women in art history, particularly in a discipline that historically centered around European male subjects. The article concludes by emphasizing the need to examine the ways in which women of color responded to and resisted the racial and gendered hierarchies present in colonial art representations. [Extracted from the article]

This article analyzes the initial transformation of the island of Trinidad into a transimperial contact zone during the final decades of the Eighteenth century and how it became a particularly revealing space for colonial experimentation. This process began two decades before the British invasion of 1797 and originated from the core of the Spanish reformist state that sought to experiment with new political, legal, and economic arrangements for its American domains. The intensification of complex transimperial and transcolonial networks that connected imperial agents in Spain, colonial officials in the Venezuelan coast, local residents in Trinidad, and potential French and Irish Catholic migrants in the Lesser Antilles gave shape to the transformation of Trinidad. This article contributes to the history of the transimperial Atlantic by analyzing the initial phase of Trinidad's transformation into a plural slave-based colony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afro-LatinX drag artist Gad Yola was born in Lima in 1995, migrated to Spain in 2006, and began performing in Madrid in 2017, a year marked by the rise of Spanish nationalism. This interview acquaints us with Gad Yola's artistic vision and practices. It orients us toward the growing presence of "Brown art" in the Peninsula, taking a deeper look at the work of artists who declare themselves "migrants" or "Migrantas" and examining the use of LatinX's X in Spain. Gad Yola's career includes performances such as "El drag es marrón" ("Drag Is Brown"), the exhibition "Hypernariz" ("Hypernose"), and the music videos "No exotice" ("Don't Exoticize"), "Aguanta Migranta" ("Hang in There, Mx. Migrant"), "Travesti del Perú" ("Trans from Peru"), and "Problemática" ("Troublemaker"). The analysis of these works focuses on the use of pop-reggaeton-cumbia rhythms, the politicization of Gad Yola's fashion, and her references to colonial history and Spanish, Peruvian, and US pop culture. LatinX's transatlantic "X" emerges on social media and webs across these geographies, accompanying Gad Yola's oeuvre and the work of other artists from the Spanish capital with whom she has collaborated, including Chenta Tsai Tseng, Samantha Hudson, and the drag families Casa Drag Latina and House of Gad. From Madrid's bars, squat houses, and museums, Gad Yola reclaims, invigorates, and re-conceptualizes such referents like Peruvian artist and philosopher Giuseppe Campuzano, while also coming up with characters like "Gad Bunny" and "Gadyoncé," thus embodying a Global South LatinXness. Gad Yola's queer, anti-racist art evokes a Global Iberian LatinX that bridges these terms and expands them, reconfiguring the cultural scene in Spain and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In studies on the War of Jenkins' Ear, a conflict between the British and Spanish empires, historians tend to focus on colonial expeditions, such as those against Porto Bello and Cartagena. On the other hand, operations against Spanish silver fleets, the mainstay of the Spanish imperial trade system, have attracted far less attention. This article examines these somewhat undervalued operations against the silver fleets as well as those concerning other Spanish shipping during the War of Jenkins' Ear, giving their political and diplomatic backgrounds. This analysis demonstrates the significance of the issue of the silver fleets in Anglo-Spanish relations at the time. It also indicates the deep involvement of France in this issue and its influence on British naval operations. Finally, this article describes the development and implementation of British naval policy to put economic and financial pressure on the Spanish empire, arguing that the naval operations during this period were one of the earliest attempts at using blockades on both sides of the Atlantic, which Britain further developed in later imperial wars that took place during the long eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political and economic discussions of inequality have boomed since the second half of the twentieth century, but concepts of equality and inequality are far older. Understanding the longer intellectual history of inequality helps deepen understandings of how the concept has changed over time, as well as across different societies, and how concepts of equality have been pre-figured to accommodate concepts of inequality. Concepts of equality have been informed by culturally relative theories of justice and beliefs about institutions that can help rationalise situations of inequality. This article examines how Scholastic examinations of equality in Europe during the Middle Ages came to focus both on the importance of property and proportionality, the need to differentiate between people of different status, and how this was developed by the so-called Second Scholastics during the emergence of the Spanish Empire in the sixteenth century and helped lay the foundations for the concepts of inequality that came to structure global imperialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I revisit Inca Garcilaso de la Vega's cronology during the period from his arrival to Spain in 1560 until when he received the inheritance of his uncle Alonso de Vargas (1586) and was able to improve his economic situation. I will present documents recently founded, unknown until now, under the name of Memorial del Capitan Garcilaso de la Vega, which covers the years 1583-1586 (Simancas Gene- ral Archive). The Memorial shows the possibility of a long militar career and travels around the Mediterranean area of the Spanish empire, linked to the Lisboa lands, with a position as Captain at the Tercera island, which he helped to conquer. The founding of the document allows a new reading of the relationship between Inca Garcilaso and Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Eighty Years' war (1568-1648), amidst the struggle for the independence of the Netherlands from the Spanish Empire, a 26-year-old Rembrandt created one of 17th-century's masterpieces painting. The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, painted in 1632, is a widely recognized masterpiece known for its detailed portrayal of the human anatomy, as well as for the amount of information available about its content and the moment immortalized. At the center of the piece lies the dissection of the left forearm illustrating muscles and tendinous structures such as the flexor digitorum superficialis, the abductor digiti minimi, the flexor pollicis longus tendon, the Camper's chiasma, and seemingly nervous structures. The painting embodies the pursuit of scientific progress, empirical confirmation, and the conveyance of knowledge. This article focuses on analyzing the accuracy of the forearm dissection as well as the potential anatomical errors in the structures painted by Rembrandt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of the work in process' doctoral thesis on drag queen art in Costa Rica, as a dissident and resistance artistic representation. It is a case study analysis based on transculturation, as a historical sociocultural interpretation method and the American Baroque, also a method for interpretation and an artistic style consolidated during Latin America national identity formation processes in the Spanish colony from 16th to 18th centuries, that for some authors continued in its neo-baroque version from 19th to 20th centuries, influencing the 21st century Costa Rica's drag queen artistic representations postmodern aesthetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The order of books and libraries allows scholars to explore complex aspects of cultural and intellectual history, such as the organization of knowledge, the understanding of reality, and the different ways of classifying information. Taking into account these possibilities, this work analyzes the order of books in the libraries of the Jesuit-Guaraní missions (17th-18th centuries, Paraguay). The sources consulted are the inventories of goods belonging to the missions, produced as a consequence of the Jesuits' expulsion from the Spanish Empire (1767-1768). The hypothesis is that the missionaries organized the libraries by topics according to a hierarchical criterion. The knowledge considered most significant from an epistemological point of view was located at the beginning of the inventories, but likely also in terms of space and accessibility. The remaining contents were situated subsequently in a progressive arrangement. At the same time, this work suggests that the organization was inspired by the Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Iesu, i. e., a corporate bibliographical proposal developed within the Society of Jesus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to address the predominantly conflictive nature of interethnic relations in the context of the Spanish colonial settlements established in the Valdés Peninsula (Chubut province, República Argentina): San José Fort and Puesto de la Fuente (1779-1810). We specifically present, describe and examine the episodes of inter-ethnic tensions and violence in these settlements over time. To achieve this, we will focus on the analysis and critical discussion of the information provided by the primary sources throughout the 31 years of occupation. Understanding the uniqueness of intercultural relations in these scenarios necessarily involved approaching them from a comparative perspective, by considering their broader historical and regional trajectory in Patagonia in the time period investigated. Consequently, we were able to identify the prominent role of indigenous groups from Southern Patagonia and recognize multiple factors contributing to the genesis of the indigenous raids experienced by these colonial settings. These results unveil the complex network of intercultural connections and colonial relations during the late colonial period in Patagonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studied the School of Salamanca and the Christian Humanism in the formation of students entrepreneurs in Palmira, Valle del Cauca. The School developed a very important work of public and private management in America until the collapse of the Spanish Empire. The study was descriptive, mixed, historicist, worked with a sample of 41 students, collected general, personal and managerial information to determine the roots in the students of the principles of Christian Humanism, Salamanca heritage. The prevailing personal and managerial variables such as tolerance, recognition, solidarity, dignity, ethics, dialogue, humanism, generosity, magnificence and common good, correspond to the Salamanca legacy and Christian Humanism. It was concluded about the importance of humanistic training, which could exceed the Anglo-Saxon utilitarian management model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kapwa is a core Filipino value and refers to a sense of shared identity, beingwith-others, an inner self shared with others. It is a value that Filipinos are proud to embody as it signifies unity and supports collectivist ways of being. In this article, I problematise kapwa in relation to the queer other in the Filipino family and in community life. I consider how social strategies of silence, erasure and invisibility are used as ways of relating to the Filipinx queer other, which may instead serve to undermine the lived practice of kapwa. In doing so, this article will also explore the influence of Spanish Catholic colonisation on Filipinos' core values, such as in Filipino beliefs about queerness, leading to a syncretisation of precolonial kapwa with Catholic sociocultural doxa. I will then engage with precolonial Filipino understandings of queerness, Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Indigenous Filipino psychology), as I attempt to deconstruct erasure-as-kapwa as a primary way of dealing with the Filipinx queer other. Through an autoethnographic approach, which will include creative written vignettes interspersed with scholarly discussion, this article seeks to be a hopeful reinscription of kapwa to include queer Filipinx people in the shared self of a Filipino family and community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "Africa: Colonizers' Unpaid Debt" edited by Irina Abramova explores the socioeconomic and political impact of European colonization on Africa. The authors argue that the transatlantic slave trade and colonial rule have had lasting effects on the continent, including mass poverty and economic disenfranchisement. The book examines the history of the slave trade, the atrocities committed by colonial powers, and the exploitation of Africa's resources. It also highlights the role of the USSR in supporting African liberation movements and advocates for collaborative efforts between Africa and Russia to reclaim sovereignty and challenge neocolonialism. [Extracted from the article]

The scientific production on the ecclesiastical chapters of the Philippines is, to this day, clearly insufficient, especially when compared with other parts of the Spanish empire. As collegiate bodies, the cabildos reflected the interest of the criollos and beneméritos of Manila to increase their influence through the promotion of their members in the ecclesiastical career. This article focuses on the first period of the government of Miguel de Poblete (1653-1663), eighth Archbishop of Manila (1649-1667), who stands out for his willingness to promote the diocesan --or secular-- clergy to the detriment of religious orders, which had traditionally exercised their hegemony in the archipelago. From a micro-political approach based on the study of primary sources and contemporary and subsequent historiography, this study shows the importance of personal ties of friendship, patronage, and kinship in the constitution of the political family of the Archbishop Poblete, especially through the granting of mass chaplaincies, curates, and prebends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: The initial decades following the Spanish foundation of Quito were pivotal for shaping its peri-urban spaces. Between 1534 and 1575, three colonization strategies were crucial for producing the space surrounding the colonial city of Quito: Hispanic municipal governance, asymmetrical alliances with indigenous authorities and evangelization. This article explores the intervention in the landscape of Añaquito, on the outskirts of the town of Quito, where distinct agricultural zones were demarcated alongside Christian landmarks and circumscriptions, and places of memory were recognized in association with the acknowledgment of indigenous jurisdictions. The production of this landscape is approached through colonial urban ideals, memory production, linked to colonial governance, and subsequent Christianization of the space. Methodology: The analysis is based on municipal council records, letters from the king or the Council of the Indies to the municipality, and documents regarding land disputes and jurisdictions held in the General Archive of the Indies in Seville. The analysis of these documents focuses on what they tell us about space. Originality: While the urban layout of Quito has been extensively examined, no studies emphasize the significance of peri-urban space. This study's relevance lies in calling attention to the peri-urban space and demonstrating how Spanish colonization was projected physically and ideologically onto the landscape adjacent to the city, the peri-urban space, during its early stages. The multidimensional colonization of the Añaquito landscape shaped it physically and rede!ned its meaning. These contributions will undoubtedly shed light on the formation of peri-urban space in other colonial cities. Conclusions: The landscape produced in the plains neighboring the city of Quito, the peri-urban space, was shaped and provided with meanings due to various colonial strategies of domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the lack of reliable sources we cannot reconstruct the possible beginnings of philosophical thought in the Prehispanic cultures of the Andean area. During the Spanish colonial time the usual philosophical activity had a theoretical foundation which was composed of classical Thomism, natural law according to the Salamanca School and concepts derives from so-called Indian Law. During the Republican age the philosophical efforts have been devoted to discuss such themes like national identity, Bolivia's place in the world order and the own way towards modernity. In these controversies Alcides Arguedas (as a representative of the liberal-rationalist tendency) and Franz Tamayo (the representative of the telurist current) stood early out. This current has proved to be till today very important in Bolivia. Nowadays it is enhanced by nationalist, Marxist and indianist contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates the logic, efficacy and profitability of the commerce in enslaved persons between Rio de la Plata and Lima from the late 1760s to the second decade of the nineteenth century. Moving beyond the customary study of local markets, it combines newly located tax, custom and notarial records with recent studies to describe the intercontinental slave trade in the Southern Cone. It demonstrates how Lima's demand for labor lay behind the transportation of more than 25,000 enslaved persons over the pampas and across the Andes to the port of Valparaiso, for final delivery in Lima's port of Callao. We find that most of the trafficking was concentrated in the summer and fall, consisted of the transportation of fewer than four slaves at a time, and was undertaken by hundreds of actors playing a variety of commercial roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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