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Aim: To learn and compare their level of physical activity (PA) and motivation declared by physical education students and future physiotherapists, as well as to evaluate their life satisfaction in the final phase of the pandemic of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: A survey study covered 211 respondents (106 students of physical education (PE) and 105 future physiotherapists). The anonymous survey consisted of standardized questions regarding the level and goals of physical activity (IPAQ-SF and IPAO) and life satisfaction (SWLS). Results: A high level of PA was demonstrated by 51.5% of men and 48.6% of women -- 83.1% and 75.9% students of physiotherapy and physical education, respectively. Family was a determinant that did not motivate the students to take up physical activity. There was a better atmosphere in the professional environment encouraging physical activity in the group of PE students (3.19±1.28) than among future physiotherapists (2.82±1.28) (p<0.001). Future physiotherapists declared lower level of life satisfaction. In this group, the SWLS score was 23.5±5.95 compared to 25.4±5.45 among PE students. conclusions: At the close of the COVID-19 pandemic, the specificity of PE and physiotherapy studies as well as gender are variables that had a significant impact on the resumption, type and motives for undertaking physical activity and improving life satisfaction. PE students' perception of the importance of physical activity is more pronounced than that of future physiotherapists, which is a strong enough factor to increase their life satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic not only adversely impacted physical health but also affected older adults' mental health. The first news on COVID-19 vaccination made a major breakthrough to the effect of improving older adults' mood, notwithstanding the fact that vaccinated individuals in this age group accounted only for 40.6% of the overall vaccination rollout in Poland. This study was aimed at assessing the level of anxiety regarding COVID-19 amongst older adults in Poland and assessing the attitude of older adults toward COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: The study sample encompassed a population of 800 individuals aged 60 years and older randomly picked up from a representative sample of all the residents in 16 voivodeship cities (50 individuals from each of the cities). The research method used in this study was a diagnostic survey, and its technique was based on an author-designed questionnaire and four standardised psychometric scales: the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS), the Drivers of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale (DrVac-COVID-19S), and the Scale to Measure the Perception of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Acceptance (the VAC-COVID-19 Scale). Results: The degree of fear of SARS-CoV-2 among seniors equalled 1.03 ± 1.95 in terms of the CAS and 15.61 ± 5.75 in terms of the FCV-19S. Attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination have proven positive (DrVac-COVID-19S—61.23 ± 12.35; VAC-COVID-19—44.31 ± 7.20). Females scored higher than males to the extent of the scales under consideration. The older the respondents were, the higher the scale score. A group of individuals with higher educational status was characterized by substantially higher scores covering the Knowledge subscale (p < 0.001) and the Autonomy subscale (p = 0.038), as well as a higher total score in terms of the DrVac-COVID-19S (p < 0.001). A group of positive factors including the reasons for COVID-19 vaccination in terms of the VAC-COVID-19 Scale was the only case to prove statistically insignificant relationships between the population size of the city the respondents came from and the scale values under consideration (p = 0.790). Statistically significant relationships were proven between SARS-CoV-2 contraction and fear of COVID-19 as measured by means of the CAS (p < 0.001) as well as between SARS-CoV-2 contraction and the Values subscale (p = 0.017) and the Knowledge subscale (p < 0.001) within the framework of the DrVac-COVID-19S scale and the total score in terms of the DrVac-COVID-19S scale (p = 0.023). No relationship was detected between the Autonomy subscale scores in terms of the DrVac-COVID-19S and the Knowledge subscale scores in terms of the DrVac-COVID-19S. The remaining scales were correlated to the extent of statistical significance. Conclusions: A subjective fear of COVID-19 was measured to be low or moderate within the group under study depending on the scale under consideration, proving declining trends as compared to the results arising from previously conducted studies. Seniors have more often had positive attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination. The relationship between all of the sociodemographic features under consideration and the feeling of COVID-19 anxiety and between educational status, place of residence, SARS-CoV-2 contraction, COVID-19 vaccination, and the overall attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination indicator was proven to be statistically significant (depending on the scale under consideration). Furthermore, the correlation between the overall results arising from the standardised psychometric scales applied to this study was indicated to be statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Life optimism is an inseparable element accompanying every human being. It takes different values depending on the life situation. The present study aimed to measure the level of dispositional optimism in postpartum and pregnant women, compared to women who are not pregnant and have never given birth in Poland, Greece, Turkey, Belarus, and Russia, depending on the level of life satisfaction, risk of depression and mental health. Materials and methods: A case-control study was carried out among 2017 women, including 584 pregnant women, 528 postpartum women, and 906 women who had never been pregnant and had never given birth (control group) from Poland, Greece, Turkey, Belarus, and Russia. The study used the LOT-R Life Orientation Test, the Beck Depression Scale (BDI), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), the GHQ-28, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) - only in the postpartum group. Results: Women from the control group showed an average level of optimism, obtaining an average of 16 points in Belarus, 13.4 points in Poland, 13.3 points in Greece, 13.5 points in Turkey, and Russia - 16.3 points. Pregnant women from Belarus had a high level of optimism (17 points), and in other countries, an average level of optimism was in Poland - 14.5 points, Greece - 14.0 points, Turkey - 14.3 points, and Russia - 16.5 points. Women after childbirth had a high level of optimism in Belarus (17.4 points) and Russia (17.2 points), and in other countries had the average level of optimism. In these countries, the lowest level of optimism was found in non-pregnant women. No significant correlation between age and life optimism was found in any group. In Poland, life optimism increased with age in women who had never been pregnant, and in Turkey, in women who were pregnant and after childbirth. Conclusion: Pregnant women from Belarus had a higher level of optimism than other countries. Non-pregnant women had an average level of optimism. Future studies should include larger groups of women and consider other factors that may additionally contribute to dispositional optimism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studying anxiety, stress, and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial to mitigate the negative effects associated with infection risk and disease consequences. Objective: This study aimed to investigate anxiety levels, stress perception, and coping strategies in relation to the presence of illness. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted anonymously among 3950 university students from Poland (1822), Lithuania (232), and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad (1896). Due to the nearly identical application of anti-epidemic measures, the respondents were treated as a unified group. The State-trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS-10), and mini-COPE scale questionnaires were used. Statistical analysis included the Shapiro–Wilk test to check normality, the Mann–Whitney U test for comparative analysis between groups, the Pearson χ2 test for categorical data, and Spearman coefficients for correlations between variables. Results: A significant proportion of young adults in the community exhibited symptoms of anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the 1212 men and 2738 women surveyed, 348 (28.7%) and 1020 (37.3%) individuals, respectively, were diagnosed with COVID-19 according to clinical protocols. Prolonged disease duration and more severe residual symptoms correlated with higher self-reported anxiety levels. Conclusions: The level of anxiety and stress varied depending on the duration of the disease, significantly impacting the choice of coping strategies. Overall, students displayed a proactive approach to coping activities but tended to postpone important decisions. Seeking social support was a prevalent coping mechanism, although respondents who had COVID-19 showed higher levels of concern for their own emotions, a tendency to discharge emotions through alcohol or other substances (male), and a greater reliance on religion (female). The study provides data that may be useful in developing educational and health policies focused on the mental well-being of university students and potentially other social groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Systematic dental check-ups play a vital role in maintaining good oral health. When oral examinations are performed as regularly as recommended, the dentist may be the first health care provider to diagnose a health problem in its early stages. The aim of the study was to identify and assess determinants of dental check-up among students of Suwałki (Poland), Grodno (Belarus) or Lviv (Ukraine) universities taking sociodemographic variables into account.Materials and Methods: Data were collected from 2013 to 2016 among freshman students of Polish (n = 1245), Belarusian (n = 1012) and Ukrainian universities (n = 688). The study was performed with the diagnostic survey method, using a questionnaire designed by the authors. In order to identify the determinants of dental check-ups, logistic regression analysis was applied.Results: A majority of students visited a dentist for a check-up at least once a year (32.7% twice a year; 41.0% once a year). Women from Belarus (OR 1.690; 95% CI: 1.256-2.273) or Poland (OR 1.832; 95% CI: 1.374-2.442) underwent dental check-ups with a higher frequency, as did students whose financial situation was very good or good (Belarus: OR 1.574; 95% CI: 1.184-2.093 or Poland OR 1.604; 95% CI: 1.227-2.096). Variables related to students' health behaviours, i.e. smoking, alcohol consumption or drug use, were not statistically significant.Conclusions: The frequency of stomatological control examinations among students from Polish, Belarusian or Ukrainian universities is high. The frequency of dental examination among students is conditioned by sociodemographic factors. Regular check-ups at the dentist are more prevalent for women and those students from Polish or Belarusian universities who rated their financial situation as good or very good. In Belarusian or Ukrainian respondents, maintaining healthy eating habits was a positive predictor of dental check-up attendance, while in Polish students self-evaluation of health was a negative one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The problem of the ageing population has resulted in attitudes towards aging in different age groups becoming a subject of increased academic interest. Objectives. To provide comparative characteristics of the prevalence of manifestations of gerontological ageism among university students in five European countries. Material and methods. The sample consisted of university students (n = 2493) aged 18–25 from Belarus (n = 827), Russia (n = 528), Poland (n = 798), Lithuania (n = 223) and Ukraine (n = 117). The prevalence of gerontological ageism among respondents was evaluated according to the Fraboni Ageism Scale. Results. The prevalence and manifestations of gerontological ageism vary depending on the country. The maximum total indicator, displaying the highest overall level of ageism, was noted among Belarusian students, the minimum – in Lithuania (p < 0.05). The final indicators of gerontological ageism were found to be the following: the level of age discrimination and negative emotional attitude towards the elderly was increased in one fifth of the respondents in all five groups. The observation found the level of ageism averaging at 60%, evenly distributed in all groups. The predominant attitudes towards older people were found to be neutral or positive (84.6%). Conclusions. The manifestations of ageism are international in nature and can explain 20% of the total variety of answers characterising the differences in ranked attributes and degree of ageism. The total indicator showed the highest degree of gerontological ageism among students in Belarus, the lowest – among those in Lithuania, with levels of gerontological ageism among students in Russia, Poland and Ukraine distributed in between. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Menopause is a physiological period in a woman's life, but it is often accompanied by symptoms that affect mental well-being and general health, including a tendency for depression. Aim of the study: To evaluate the predisposition to the symptoms of depression in women from Poland, Belarus, Belgium, and Greece. Material and methods: the method of diagnostic survey was used, and the research tools were: The Menopause Rating Scale, the Kupperman Index, Beck Depression Inventory, and a self-made survey questionnaire. Results: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was used by 15.8% of Polish, 19% of Belgian, 14.3% of Belarusian, and 15.2% of Greek women patients. The mean value of the Kupperman Index (range 0–63) in Poland was 14.8 ± 8.6, in Belgium—15.5 ± 6.6, Belarus—14.0 ± 9.4, and Greece—10.8 ± 6.5, while the total measure of Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) (range 0–44) was 12.2 ± 7.6 in Poland, 13.8 ± 6.5 in Belgium, 10.8 ± 8.0 in Belarus and 12.9 ± 7.4 in Greece. The severity of mental distress followed a similar pattern across all countries (slightly stronger than mild). The results for somatic complaints were similar, whereas the level of sexual issues varied, with the highest in Belgium and the lowest in Belarus. The mildest symptoms of menopause were experienced by Belarusian women and the most severe by Belgian women. The severity of depression, according to the Beck Depression Inventory (range 0–63), was as follows: Poland 10.5 ± 7.9; Belgium—11.1 ± 5.7; Belarus—13.7 ± 5.7; Greece—11.8 ± 6.6. Conclusions: The differences between the development of perimenopausal-related symptoms across countries were statistically significant. The incidence and severity of depression showed statistically significant differences between the countries studied—the highest was in Belarus and the lowest in Poland. Depression levels were not differentiated by subjects' age or the use of hormone therapy but by subjects' education. In Poland and Belarus, increased menopausal pain measured by the Kupperman Index altered levels of depression; in Belgium, there were no such correlations, and in Greece, the correlation was statistically significant, but its strength was negligible. A clearer correlation of the effects of development in menopausal symptoms on the level of depression was shown when measured with the MRS scale—in Greece and Belgium, the correlation was relatively weak, but in Poland and Belarus, it was relatively high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Stress is an inseparable element of nurses' work. It is also the cause of wellbeing disorders and the source of various diseases. The wellbeing and health of nurses has a direct impact on the quality of care and health outcomes for patients. An appropriate stress coping strategy can reduce the impact of stress and mitigate its negative consequences. The COVID-19 pandemic, especially in its initial period, was a source of enormous additional stress for nurses. In Poland and Belarus: two neighboring countries with common history and similar culture, the authorities took a completely different approach to fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare how nurses in Poland and Belarus cope with stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 284 nurses working in hospital in Bialystok, Poland (158) and in Grodno, Belarus (126). Mini-Cope inventory - the polish adaptation of Carver's BriefCope was used for measuring coping with stress. Results: Only 17.5% of Belarusian nurses were tested for the presence of the virus and only 4.8% were infected, while in Poland it was 50.6 and 31.0%, respectively. The most frequent used coping strategies were active strategies (active coping, planning) and the least-used were avoidance strategies (behavioral disengagement, substance use) in both countries. Polish nurses significantly more often than Belorussian used support-seeking/emotion-oriented strategies, as well as avoidance strategies. No differences were found for active coping strategies between the both groups. Contact with a patient infected with the SARS-CoV2 virus did not influence the choice of stress coping strategies by nurses in both countries. Staying in quarantine or home isolation favored more active coping strategies, especially in the case of Belarusian nurses. Taking a SARS-CoV-2 test did not statistically differentiate the choice of coping strategies in the Belarusian group. In the Polish group, nurses with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result used both use of instrumental support and use of emotional support strategies less frequently. SARS-CoV-2 virus infection did not statistically differentiated how stressful situations were handled in Polish group. Conclusions: Polish and Belorussian nurses used similar strategies to cope with stress in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. The social and demographic differences between Polish and Belorussian nurses differentiated the choice of coping strategies among the respondents to a greater extent than the completely different approach of the media and authorities to the COVID-19 pandemic in the two countries. The threat of the COVID-19 pandemic does not affect the choice of stress coping strategies by nurses in Poland and Belarus. Being in quarantine or home isolation favored the use of active coping strategies among Belorussian nurses. Polish nurses, on the other hand, were more likely to turn to religion after being quarantined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background. The present study examined factors influencing the choice of coping strategies in response to stress caused by the pandemic. The aim of the study was the analysis of the selection of coping strategies chosen by university students stratified based on whether they had previously contracted coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Material and methods. A variant of the COPE questionnaire was used to examine the choice of coping strategies among 876 students of Krasnoyarsk (Russia) during the lockdown. Fifteen coping strategies were assessed in 27.9% students who had COVID-19 and 72.1% who did not have COVID-19, taking into account sex differences. Results. Problem-oriented and active coping strategies were common in both groups. The most common scenarios are active handling strategies (median 6.0). In both groups, respondents rarely singled out (median =4.0) the use of psychoactive substances, denial of the situation, and conversion to religion. Females more often than young males used concentration on emotions as a coping strategy. Females who experienced COVID-19 refuse to believe what happened, and choose to seek social support for emotional reasons. Conclusions. The risk of infection and the transmitted illness engendered coping strategies associated with active actions. Passive coping strategies were used less frequently. The tactics used to select appropriate coping strategies for those who have not been ill and who have recovered are similar, irrespective of sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clinical presentations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) among children with asthma have rarely been investigated. This study aimed to assess clinical manifestations and outcome of COVID‐19 among children with asthma, and whether the use of asthma medications was associated with outcomes of interest. Methods: The Global Asthma Network (GAN) conducted a global survey among GAN centers. Data collection was between November 2020 and April 2021. Results: Fourteen GAN centers from 10 countries provided data on 169 children with asthma infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). COVID‐19 was asymptomatic in 58 (34.3%), mild in 93 (55.0%), moderate in 14 (8.3%), and severe/critical in 4 (2.4%). Thirty‐eight (22.5%) patients had exacerbation of asthma and 21 (12.4%) were hospitalized for a median of 7 days (interquartile range 3–16). Those who had moderate or more severe COVID‐19 were significantly more likely to have exacerbation of asthma as compared to those who were asymptomatic or had mild COVID‐19 (adjusted odds ratio (adjOR) 3.97, 95% CI 1.23–12.84). Those who used inhaled bronchodilators were significantly more likely to have a change of asthma medications (adjOR 2.39, 95% CI 1.02–5.63) compared to those who did not. Children who used inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) did not differ from those who did not use ICS with regard to being symptomatic, severity of COVID‐19, asthma exacerbation, and hospitalization. Conclusions: Over dependence on inhaled bronchodilator may be inappropriate. Use of ICS may be safe and should be continued in children with asthma during the pandemic of COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Ageism and loneliness in old age are largely dependent on the social causes that force elderly people to seek long-term care in nursing homes. Objectives. To study and assess the phenomenon of ageism and the experience of loneliness based on the perceptions of elderly people from nursing homes and households. Material and methods. Elderly people (42 women and 20 men) aged 65+ (76,0 ± 5,24) years were examined. Group I included 29 people living in a nursing home, while group II included 33 people living in households. The levels of ageism were evaluated according to the Fraboni scale, while the experience of loneliness was evaluated based on the UCLA method. Results. We found that the level of ageism was classified as neutral in 80% of the respondents and did not differ significantly in the groups. Only the classification “alienation, avoidance” in the Fraboni scale was expressed more in group II (p < 0.05). Group I informants were twice as likely to experience a high level of loneliness (p < 0.05). For respondents from nursing home, a high level of loneliness was facilitated by the phenomenon of the closed structure of institutions of social services. For those living in households, the experience of loneliness was more typical in connection with the manifestations of ageism in the form of gerontostereotypization, discrimination and especially alienation-avoidance. Conclusions. Manifestations of ageism and loneliness were identified among the elderly in both groups and each have their own characteristics. The high level of loneliness and ageism among the elderly should be considered as factors contributing to the emergence of psycho-emotional disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Health and social care systems in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have undergone significant changes and are currently dealing with serious problems of system disintegration, coordination and a lack of control over the market environment. Description: The increased health needs related to the ageing society and epidemiological patterns in these countries also require funding needs to increase, rationing to be reformed, sectors to be integrated (the managed care approach), and an analytical information base to be developed if supervision of new technological approaches is to improve. The period of system transitions in CEE countries entailed significant changes in their health systems, including health care financing. Discussion: Large deficits in the public financing of health systems were just one of the challenges arising from the economic downturn of the 1990s, which was coupled with inflation, increasing unemployment, low salaries, a large informal sector and tax evasion in a number of CEE countries. During the communist period, there was universal access to a wide range of health services, proving it difficult to retain this coverage. As a result, many states sought to ration publicly funded health services - for example, through patient cost-sharing or decreasing the scope of basic benefits. Yet, not all of these reform plans were implemented, and in fact, some were rolled back or not implemented at all due to a lack of social or political consensus. Conclusion: CEE health systems had come to practice implicit rationing in the form of under-the-table payments from patients, quasi-formal payments to providers to compensate for lack of funding, and long waiting lists forcing patients to the private sector. All these difficulties pose a challenge to the implementation of integrated care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Numerous connections of physical activity with biological indicators and various diseases justify its place in the multifaceted theory of health, thus making it a health measure. The aim of the study was to learn about the physical activity declared by students at Belarusian universities - to determine its level and dominant areas. Material and methods. 739 people studying in Brest, Minsk, and Grodno (Belarus) were surveyed with the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results. The total physical activity of the surveyed students amounted to 4840.5 metabolic equivalent of task (MET) min/week (median), which proves their significant involvement in the broadly understood physical culture. The dominant area of their physical activity proved to be work-related effort (median=1700.6 MET-min/week), while the lowest activity of the respondents was related to sport and recreation. The surveyed men showed higher MET-min/week rates in total physical activity and its components compared with women except for housework. In each of the analyzed variables (gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), selfassessment of physical fitness, and declared amount of spare time), there were statistically significant differences in the physical activity level of the surveyed students. Conclusions. The surveyed men proved to be more active than women in all domains of physical activity except for housework. Respondents with a BMI indicating overweight were more active than those with a normal BMI or those who were underweight. High self-esteem and declaration of lacking spare time are associated with high values of the MET-min/week index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Population aging is a challenge for social policy and medical care. The problem of ageism – discrimination of a person by age – is closely connected with the phenomenon of the aging of society. Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the views of 60+ respondents about medical care and the possible manifestations of ageism in healthcare institutions in four countries for developing recommendations for the formation of “good practices” for older people and a worthy attitude towards them. Material and methods. An anonymous survey was conducted on 478 people (who gave informed consent to participate in the study) aged 60+: in Belarus – 139, Poland – 110, Russia – 123, Lithuania – 106. Opinions about medical care and manifestations of ageism were assessed using a questionnaire by Kropińska entitled “Studying the phenomenon of age discrimination in older people”. Results. The opinion of the majority of respondents about medical care in their country of residence was found to be satisfactory. Manifestations of ageism in healthcare institutions, according to respondents, range from 20.9% to 43.0%. Conclusions. In the analysed groups of respondents in four countries, the provision of medical care is assessed positively. The high level of manifestation of ageism in healthcare institutions is a problem, which indicates the need to reduce the risks of its occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the reasons for student dissatisfaction with the quality of primary healthcare (PHC) in countries under healthcare system transformation (Belarus, Poland, and Ukraine) to identify reserves and make improvements. Methods: A comparative multipopulation survey was translated, verified, and completed during face-to-face interviews during March 2019 to May 2019. There were 700 Humanities students included in this study to determine satisfaction with the quality of PHC provided by the family doctor. Satisfaction was assessed according to the availability of the doctor, the level of organization of the institution, the service process, the quality of the interaction with the doctor, adherence to the rights of patients, and any additional financial expense incurred by the patient. Results: Politeness and attentiveness of doctors were rated highly. Dissatisfaction was associated with the negative attitude of medical personnel towards the patient. One in 10 respondents replied that medical confidentiality was not observed. More than 65% of students had paid for diagnostic tests/or treatments, and some respondents from Poland and Ukraine were asked by the doctor to pay for services without a receipt. Conclusion: Dissatisfaction with the quality of PHC in countries under transformation of the health system was largely due to ethical aspects of the doctor-patient relationship. Therefore, ethical standards need to be upheld and patients need to be aware of these standards using medical education materials covering the moral aspects of the relationship between medical personnel and patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Numerous connections between physical activity (PA) and health clearly indicate that nowadays conscious and purposeful PA is essential. Aim of the study: To determine PA levels reported by University nursing students and to indicate the dominant activity areas. Material and methods: A diagnostic survey which included the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ) was used to examine 419 students of nursing. Results: The reported total PA of the students under investigation was 3443.9 MET-min/week. Walking activities were the dominant area of PA (mean = 1557.6 MET-min/week), whereas vigorous activities were the least common. Compared to women, men accumulated higher values of MET-min/week in the area of total PA and its components, with the exception of vigorous activities. Significant differences in PA were only shown when place of residence was factored in. Conclusions: The IPAQ showed that one in four participants demonstrated high levels of PA. More than one-third of the respondents did not meet the criteria for moderate or high activity levels, thus exhibiting low levels of PA. The participants from urban areas were more active than those from rural areas. Out of the three areas of PA (vigorous, moderate and walking), walking was the most dominate activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Domestic violence is a social phenomenon where a family member, husband, wife or another cohabiting person in the household tries to dominate, physically or mentally, the other partner, children, parents, grandparents, in-laws, etc., using their physical advantage, threats, blackmail, with the intention of harm. The aim of the study was find the perceptions of university students regarding the phenomenon of violence and to show similarities and differences in this respect between students from Poland and Belarus (PL and BY). Methods: A total of 482 persons took part in the study, including 251 students from Szczecin (Poland) and 231 students from Grodno (Belarus). The method was a diagnostic survey using the authors' original questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first, containing 6 demographic questions, and the second containing 25 mainly closed-ended questions. Results: In the perceptions of the respondents from Poland and Belarus, women are statistically more likely to experience violence, and men are more likely to use it. The responses of students from Poland and Belarus show statistical connections regarding such behaviors as a single spank, shouting, refusing to talk -- recognizing them mostly as a form of violence. The respondents from both countries also show a convergent position concerning quarrelling and forcing a person to drink alcohol or smoke cigarettes, recognizing them as violent behavior. Significant differences can also be observed with regard to such behaviors as throwing objects, name-calling and mocking, which do not indicate violence in the opinions of the majority of students from Belarus, in contrast to the Polish students, who perceive these behaviors as violent. Conclusions: Students from both countries acknowledge that the concealment of domestic violence by victims mainly results from fear of worsening their already difficult situation as well as from fear of retaliation by the perpetrator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and objectives: To compare the self‐reported level of professionalism among nurses in Poland and Belarus and to indicate the areas in which differences in professional behaviours of nurses in both countries exist. Background: Nurses constitute the largest group of healthcare providers, and the term professionalism is closely related to nursing profession. Design: This investigation is a comparative survey and descriptive analysis of professional behaviours among nurses in Poland (n = 205) and Belarus (n = 236). The study was reported according to the STROBE checklist. Methods: The Professionalism in Nursing Behaviors' Inventory Image Survey adapted from Adams and Miller (2001) was used to collect the data. The questionnaire contains 46 questions addressing the following behavioural categories: educational preparation, publications, research, professional organisation, community service, competence, code for nurses, theory and autonomy. Results: The mean total score of professionalism was significantly different between the two countries (p <.0001). Significant differences, with higher scores in the group of respondents from Belarus, were also revealed in the following subscales of professionalism: "Professional organisation," "Community service," "Competence" and "Publication." Nurses from Poland had higher levels of "Educational preparation" and "Use of theory." No statistically significant differences were indicated in the "Autonomy" and "Research" subscales. Conclusion: Differences in the professionalism level of nurse practitioners in Poland and Belarus are related to nurses' professional position and the context in which they practice. Relevance to clinical practice: The results of the present study can help the healthcare management and nursing leaders to support the professional development of nurses and strive for a higher level of professionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the study: To investigate the awareness of schoolchildren and students about the risks of lack of hygienic skills of using electronic devices (ED) for the visual system and eye symptoms. Material and methods: Quantitative indicators were calculated for assessing the impact of risk factors on the state of visual health of 768 schoolchildren and students from Russia and Belarus. Results: The majority of respondents adequately assessed the risk of exposure to behavioral factors for health and eyesight. The majority of respondents rated their health as "good", a quarter of them as "satisfactory". Among respondents, vision was rated as "excellent" by 49 (24.5%) and 147 (25.9%), "good" by 53 (26.5%) and 128 (22.5%), "satisfactory" by 36 (18.0%) and 152 (26.8%), "poor" by 62 (31.0%) and 141 (24.8%) of schoolchildren and students, respectively. The main sources of information about the problem of the organs of vision for respondents are the Internet (80%), "parents" (60%), "doctors" (43.0% and 61.8%), "teacher" (36.0% and 61.4%). Conclusions: Despite a fairly high level of knowledge about the negative impact on vision of irrational work with gadgets, the temptation to use them in adverse visual conditions does not decrease. In the group of schoolchildren, the risk indicator for health and eyesight is more pronounced: a careless attitude to their own health compared to students. University teachers should take into account the fact that students consider the opinion of teachers authoritative for the formation of health-saving competencies of youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the development of genetic research in oncology, it has become possible to track and identify early and preclinical forms of hereditary oncological diseases, which allows timely and effective preventive and therapeutic measures in relation to relatives at risk. Aim of the study: Assessment of genetically determined neoplasms in the region and the development of organizational forms and methods for early diagnosis. Material and methods: 10,727 residents of the Belarus-Poland border region were examined. Clinical and medical history data of 2,054 patients with tumors of the breast (1406), ovaries (239), and colon (409) were analyzed. As a result of the questionnaire, three main observation groups were formed: "high risk of hereditary cancer", "hereditary cancer suspected", and "no risk of hereditary cancer". Results: Register and hospital screenings were the most informative types of screening. Of the 149 HBC patients who underwent molecular genetic testing, BRCA1 gene mutations were found in 5.37%, 5382insC in all cases. Seven mutations were detected in 77 individuals with a diagnosis of HOC and in 6 cases 5382insC and in 2 - 4145delA. Signs of hereditary ovarian cancer and suspicion of it were found in 1.12%, including people who were found to have a high risk of hereditary ovarian cancer. By their effectiveness, register and hospital screenings significantly exceeded the population, p<0.01. 1.67% of women suffering from this disease met the high clinical risk criteria for hereditary ovarian cancer. A high clinical risk of hereditary tumor genesis was established in 0.73% of cases among patients with a diagnosis of colon cancer. Conclusions: The results of assessing the clinical risk of hereditary cancer according to population screening indicates that approximately 1.2% of the population has an increased clinical risk of developing hereditary breast, ovarian, and colon cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Population aging is one of the most important social policy and public health challenges for the state. Increased proportions of older people is accompanied with increased negative attitudes manifested toward them, as represented by ageism, the discrimination against the elderly, contributing to their exclusion from public life. Aim of the study: To study the prevalence and characteristics of ageism manifestations in healthcare institutions in the city of Grodno (Belarus) and to consider measures to minimize it. Material and methods: 250 random urban respondents from Grodno age 60 or more not undergoing treated in healthcare institutions were anonymously questioned. Data analysis was performed using different statistical methods. Results: The majority of respondents rated geriatric, social and medical care in the country as functioning at a high level. The share of elderly people who felt age discrimination was 70 (28.0%) and was independent from the gender and age of the respondents. Clinical departments were mentioned by 24 (34.3%) of respondents as places where manifestations of ageism were seen, particularly in emergency rooms - 14 (20.0%) and family doctor offices-17 (24.3%). In 35 (50%) of cases, the family doctor explained the symptoms of the disease by the onset of old age, which can be regarded as a manifestation of ageism. Conclusions: Training in the field of geriatrics is very important for medical professionals. Failure to take measures to ensure a holistic (integrated) approach in the treatment and care of elderly must be considered discriminatory. Particular measures should be taken to develop all types of care for the elderly, increasing the level of patient satisfaction with medical services and reducing the frequency of gerontological ageism manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Interpersonal conflicts are one of the causes of depressive syndromes among patients, which contribute to the development of arterial hypertension. Minimizing the risk of conflicts between elderly patients is necessary for providing effective therapy. Objectives. To identify and analyze the behavioral patterns of elderly people in conflict situations suffering from and not suffering from hypertension. Material and methods. The number of patients of the gerontological center who took part in the research amounted to 117 females (55+ years of age). The studies of the Thomas-Kilmann Instrument (TKI) conflict assessment methodology were used to identify the characteristics of the behavior of elderly patients in conflict situations. Results. The largest number of patients was identified as the leading conflict resolution strategy in both groups. We agree that a significant number of those studied could not decide on the leading strategy of behavior in the conflict and use two or more strategies to resolve conflict situations. Patients with hypertension have higher rates of resistance to conflict than those who do not have this disease. Conclusions. The strategy of adaptation is the leading strategy for resolving conflict situations among elderly people who have and have not been diagnosed with hypertension. This is why it was revealed that elderly people with hypertension have higher levels of resistance to conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A common international research area is being created as a result of linked activities of research centres. Aim of the study: To implement an interdisciplinary approach based on the example of a pilot study of lifestyle and identify connections between physical activity levels (PA), health-related behaviours, and the locus of health control among students. Material and methods: The research was carried out using 294 students of human sciences (235 females and 59 males) aged 18-24. A diagnostic survey method was chosen using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Health-Related Behaviour Inventory (HB I) and Health Locus of Control Scale (MHL C). Results: Total PA was assessed at 3829.3 MET-min/week. The dominant types of activities were walking (1245 MET-min/week) and moderate PA (1254 MET-min/week). Higher values in intensive and moderate efforts were reported among the male students, while women reported higher values in walking. The general severity index HB I is 72-93 points. There were no significant gender-related differences regarding the general indicator (except for the increased frequency of low health-related behaviours among females). Respondents mostly presented with internal locus of control with influence of others being reported less frequently, and accident locus of control least frequently. The analysis revealed a correlation between the internal placement of MHL C and PA among men (r=0.226, p<0.01) and individual HBI indices among women. Conclusions: Most young people present a sufficient level of PA, desirable HBI, and, to a large extent, the internal locus of MHLC. The participants had a greater sense of responsibility for their own health. Females, when deciding on a lifestyle, are more easily influenced by other people. It is necessary to conduct interdisciplinary group work for comparative research in order to create educational and preventive programs addressing identified lifestyle abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Of particular interest is a study of the consumption rates of some psychoactive drugs in a specific group of medical students and students-athletes, who are advocates of a healthy lifestyle according to their occupation. Objectives. The purpose of this paper was the evaluation of the prevalence of tobacco smoking and e-cigarette smoking (vaping) among medical students and students-athletes and the research of students' motivation and attitudes towards smoking in its various forms. Material and methods. 1,725 medical students and students-athletes were surveyed. All the respondents were divided into 4 groups: exclusive tobacco smokers, exclusive e-cigarette smokers, dual smokers (both e-cigarette and tobacco cigarette users), non-smoking students who hadn't smoked for at least 12 months. Results. 1,515 of the surveyed students (87.8%) declared themselves as non-smokers, 160 (9.3%) respondents smoked traditional cigarettes. E-cigarettes were used much less often than traditional cigarettes - 50 respondents (2.8%). One-time tobacco smoking was recorded in the medical history of 992 (57.5%) of students; e-smoking - 780 (45.2%). Statistically, men appeared to have been twice as common as women among both tobacco and e-cigarette smokers. Dual smokers used traditional cigarettes less often than electronic cigarettes. This group more often chose e-liquid with a higher level of nicotine. An attempt to stop smoking was the most important stimulus of opting for vaping (90.5%). Conclusions. Among the students of both groups, vaping is not frequent and not a popular practice compared to traditional tobacco smoking. Everyday smokers prevailed among dual smokers and not among exclusive e-cigarette smokers. E-smokers, more often than other respondents, believe that vaping is safe for their health and the health of others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Various authors have analyzed factors determining the appearance of anorexia nervosa and did not reach a consensus. The article presents the results and our opinion that deep psychological problems of individual are the cornerstone of the development of anorexia nervosa. Objectives. To study the psychological profile of female students with a tendency to anorexia nervosa. Material and methods. 118 young females aged 16-22 with eating disorders, all citizens of Krasnoyarsk, were examined. According to body mass index (BMI), two groups were formed: group A (78 females with normal BMI), group B (40 females with low BMI < 18 kg/m2). The emotional state was determined by the Cattell's 16 PF and EPQ questionnaires. Participants signed informed consent. Results. Cattell's questionnaire: general individual and typological qualities of all students were revealed. Descriptors of a low range prevailed in group B. Extroversion was significantly lower in group B than in group A (p < 0.001). Emotional lability was significantly higher in group B than in group A (p = 0.04). EPQ questionnaire: in a comparison between group А and group В, the introversive type among females with BMI < 18 kg/m2 was registered more often (p < 0.001); emotional instability was higher (p < 0.001); and psychoticism was rated as p = 0.01. Conclusions. The concept about the existence of options of individual and typological qualities of a person with various BMI was confirmed. A distinctive feature of females with a tendency to anorexia nervosa is an increased frequency of occurrence of the introversive type of personality in combination with a growth of the level of emotional instability and psychoticism and forms neurotic personality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological studies hold a significant position in the research conducted by young scientists. One of the key aims of establishing the epidemiology of non-communicable diseases is studying the incidence of features of states and events connected with health in specified populations. This in turn is closely connected with the assessment of factors affecting health, which is the basis of information used by health care providers and other institutions. Apart from planning and conducting studies, a young scientist has to describe and publish their results. Only a full publication in a peer-reviewed journal represents the highest scientific value. this paper presents epidemiology as a science and methodology by using definitions, classifications and main goals. the short depiction presents epidemiology as a tool for assessing the health of a society and describes the main good practices for publishing the results of epidemiological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of asthma and other allergic diseases among children living in Eastern is not well described. Our objective was to estimate and compare the prevalence of asthma, respiratory symptoms and allergic diseases in children in Belarus, Ukraine, and Poland as well as to identify risk factors for these conditions. We also sought to profile and compare children with asthma between locations.Methods: Data were collected as a part of an international, multicenter, cross-sectional study of childhood asthma: The Belarus Ukraine Poland Asthma Study (BUPAS). Subjects were children aged 7-13 years attending primary and secondary schools in the urban and surrounding rural area of Grodno (Belarus), Ternopil (Ukraine) and Silesia Region (Poland). Physician-diagnosed respiratory diseases and symptoms as well as allergic diseases were ascertained using the ISAAC questionnaire completed by the parents.Results: In total there were 4019 children from Belarus (rural: 2018, urban: 2001), 4493 from Ukraine (1972; 2521), and 4036 from Poland (2002, 2034). The overall response rate was 76.7%. Groups were similar in case of gender and age (p > 0.05). Almost all analyzed respiratory and allergic conditions differed significantly between countries including asthma [Poland (rural, urban): 3.5%, 4.1%; Ukraine: 1.4%, 2.1%; Belarus: 1.4%, 1.5%], spastic bronchitis (Poland: 2.7%, 3.2%; Ukraine: 7.5%, 6.5%; Belarus: 6.4%, 7.9%), and chest wheeze in the last year (Poland: 4.8%, 5.2%; Ukraine: 11.5%, 13.0%; Belarus: 10.7%, 10.0%). These differences remained after adjustment for potential confounders. Risk factor associations were generally similar between outcomes. Symptom characteristics of children with asthma between countries were not consistent. The ratio of current wheeze:diagnosis of asthma differed by country: (Rural areas: Belarus: 10.9:1, Ukraine: 17.3:1, Poland: 2.4:1; Urban areas: Belarus: 8.1:1, Ukraine: 7.3:1 Poland: 1.9:1).Conclusions: The findings show large between-country differences and relatively low prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases in children of Western Belarus and Ukraine. There is evidence for underdiagnosis of asthma in these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research centers, operating in a very dynamic, changing and complex environment in the first decade of the 21st century, face a number of major challenges. Universities set up virtual research teams (VRTs), whose cooperation proves extremely effective, despite geographical distances, borders, differences resulting from time zones, cultural and organizational dissimilarities. They work out common models which are then put into practical action in those academic institutions. For five years now VRTs formed by employees of the colleges of higher education based in Suwalki and Grodno have been working successfully. Aim of the study: Assessment of joint activities developed by VRTs, based on an analysis of medical and social aspects of pro-health attitudes declared by students of Prof. Edward F. Szczepanik State Vocational College in Suwalki (SVC) and Yanka Kupala State University in Grodno (YKU). Material and methods: The studies in Grodno and Suwalki were carried out by a VRT coordinated by SVC in Suwalki, within the framework of the "Pro-health program for the years 2013-2016". We used the online questionnaire system LimeSurvey (social, organizational and statistical tool for implementation of health promotion and health education). Results: Upon the analysis of 4,878 original electronic surveys, which were conducted in 2013-2015, Suwalki-Grodno-based VRTs obtained extensive knowledge of pro-health attitudes of students of both academic centers. As a result, there were created databases of, among others: a) studies on the impact of health-targeting behaviors, b) studies on the prevalence of psychoactive substances (alcohol, tobacco, drugs) among students, c) studies on knowledge about diseases related to addictions, and d) studies on the model of physical activity among students. Conclusions: 1. Unconventional forms of work, including also the sphere of science, materialize along with socio-technological developments and the appearance of new, innovative communication media. 2. Activities of VRTs to a significant extent contribute to an international research cooperation. 3. Verification of the health policy implemented by both academic centers poses a challenge to actions undertaken by Grodno and Suwalki VRTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Every dysfunction, ailment or prolonged pain affecting lower parts of the spine leads to the decline of the quality of life. Thus, any therapeutic procedure, including the massage, which results in the reduction of the pain and the increase of medical fitness has a substantial impact on its improvement. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life after the application of a proprietary therapeutic massage program in the disabled with the pain in the lower back. Material and methods: The research was carried out in 30 people (17 men and 13 women) aged 25-66 being on the staff of 'Agema Service' -- a sheltered workshop. They were certified as moderately or severely disabled. The assessment of the quality of their life was performed upon the survey using qualitative indicators before and after the application of the rehabilitation program in aspects such as a) well-being and subjective pain sensation; b) self-service and daily functioning in home environment; c) functioning at work and performing professional activities; d) social life. Results: The survey confirmed that respondents feel the improved quality of their life in all the aspects examined in the survey. After the treatment, 43.3% of people stated that they felt good and 26.8% felt very well. Only 4 patients felt badly. The majority of the respondents noticed the improvement in their daily activities at home and work. One quarter of them had no pain during prolonged sitting hours at work. The pain slightly disturbed 16 persons (53.3%), while 6 of them confirmed it appeared sometimes or often (20%). 22 patients (73.3%) reported a significant improvement in the quality of their sleep. Unfortunately, only a small group of the respondents increased their social activity. Only 7 patients (23.4%) noted that their social life improved considerably, which meant that the pain did not influence their physical activity and social gatherings were more welcome. Conclusions: The program of the therapeutic massage treatments is a valuable and effective psychophysical technique. It helps in a relatively short period of time achieve a relief of symptoms of the spinal pain which most often affect people's mood, especially in the disabled living in a sheltered workshop. It confirmed the importance of medical rehabilitation of persons with disabilities to reduce their pain and the impact it has on vocational and social rehabilitation. Despite the reduction of pain in the lower back, unfortunately, it does not motivate much to increase physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a lack of asthma research in Belarus, with no investigation of temporal trends. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of asthma and related conditions comparing urban and rural children while investigating temporal changes in the region of Grodno, Belarus. A repeated cross-sectional survey design was used. Parents completed surveys on behalf of the child. Data collection was based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) survey and included 5020 urban and rural children aged 7–15 years in 2009–2010 and 4953 children in 2014 from the Grodno Region. Asthma prevalence in 2009 was 1.4% compared with 1.8% in 2014, whereas spastic bronchitis prevalence was higher (2009: 6.8%; 2014: 8.5%). After adjustment for confounders, rural dwelling showed a statistically significant inverse association with each of the allergic conditions or symptoms. However, asthma (odds ratio [OR] = 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.69–1.50) was not associated with rural dwelling. A diagnosis of asthma was more likely in 2014 compared with 2009 (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.05–2.33), as was spastic bronchitis (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.06–1.51). Maternal smoking was associated with the presence of respiratory symptoms. The data showed that the prevalence of diagnosed asthma was comparable between urban and rural areas but lower than other regions, there was generally an increase in the prevalence of asthma and related conditions, and that temporal changes did not vary by urban-rural status. The prevalence of spastic bronchitis was over 3 times higher than that of asthma. These findings also suggest that the presence of undiagnosed asthma in children is occurring in the Grodno Region. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Widespread, medical and social consequences, impact on quality of life and the significant cost of allergic diseases justify a number of measures for the prevention of diseases. What is clear is that official statistics may not match the true prevalence of allergic diseases in general, especially asthma. Aim of the study: Estimate the prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases, the main symptoms of allergic and respiratory among urban and rural children aged 6 - 7 years and 13-14 years in the Grodno region carried out in accordance with internationally recognized research methodology. Material and methods: The survey questionnaire (based on a survey ISAAC) 2187 was attended by parents of children 6 - 7 years and 13-14 years of Grodno and region (1091 children from the city, and in 1096 from the village). 955 children aged 6 - 7 years, 1232 at the age of 13-14 years. Knowing this with asthma may be suspected in patients, who feel shortness of breath accompanied by wheezing, tightness in the chest or cough and allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis), analyzed the incidence of these symptoms and diseases among children. Results: Demonstrated a low incidence of asthma among children in the age group of standardized. Parents of 30 children (1.37% respondents) confirms the existence of disease in children under physician diagnose disease. Prevalence of asthma among urban children was 1.74% (19 people) and rural - 1.0% (11 children). With a deeper analysis of responses established with 60 children (2.74%) had in t he last 12 months wheezing in the chest and coughing. The incidence of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis is about 4% and 10%. These diseases often found only among children with asthma. Conclusions: Since the identification of asthma in children based on the diagnosis by the doctor is not high, can't be excluded that this reflects a failure to recognize the disease. Noted marked differences in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, manifesting linking asthma and asthma with allergic diseases. It seems necessary to continuously monitor these phenomena through the continuation of epidemiological studies as a basis for the development of information and implementation of prevention programs and epidemiological evaluation of the effectiveness of prevention at regional and international. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Health and social care systems in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have undergone significant changes and are currently dealing with serious problems of system disintegration, coordination, and a lack of control over the market environment. Description The increased health needs related to the aging society and epidemiological patterns in these countries also require funding needs to increase, rationing to be reformed, sectors to be integrated (the managed care approach), and an analytical information base to be developed if supervision of new technological approaches is to improve. The period of system transitions in CEE countries entailed significant changes in their health systems, including health care financing. Discussion Large deficits in the public financing of health systems were just one of the challenges arising from the economic downturn of the 1990s, which in a number of CEE countries was coupled with inflation, increasing unemployment, low salaries, a large informal sector, and tax evasion. During the communist period, there had been universal access to a wide range of health services, and it proved difficult to retain this coverage. Many states sought to ration publicly funded health services - for example, through patient cost-sharing or decreasing the scope of basic benefits. Yet not all these reform plans were implemented, and in fact some were rolled-back or not even implemented at all due to a lack of social or political consensus. Conclusion CEE health systems had come to practice implicit rationing, in the form of under-the-table payments from patients, quasi-formal payments to providers to compensate for a lack of funding, and long waiting lists forcing patients to the private sector. All these difficulties pose a challenge to the implementation of integrated care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: To evaluate the diet of 225 overweight and obese university students in four countries and to implement a web-based nutrition program. Methods: From the initially examined 1517 medical students from Poland, Belarus, Russia and Lithuania (aged 20.9±1.97 years) a subsample of 225 students (BMI > 25.0 kg/m) were selected. Body weight, height, the thickness of 3 skinfolds and body fat percentage were measured.The intake of energy and macronutrients was assessed using a 24-hour dietary recall. Tukey's test was used for comparison of dietary intake. Results: Russian women and men had higher anthropometic measurements and body fat percentages than others. Among women, excessive intake of proteins in Poland (16.2%) and Belarus (16.9%) and of fats in all groups were observed together with excessive energy share from saturated fatty acids (SFA). Among males, excessive intake of energy from proteins in Polish and Lithuanian students, and fat intake in all groups was observed. Conclusions and implications: The diet of overweight and obese students did not follow recommended guidelines. A nutritional program (web page ) was implemented which allows students to compare their diet to guidelines and modify it in order to decrease SFA and simple sugar intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the food choices and estimate the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among medical students from four Central Eastern European countries. Methods: We examined 1517 students from Poland, Belarus, Russia and Lithuania aged 20.9±1.97 years. Body weight, height, the thickness of 3 skinfolds and body-fat% were measuredand BMI was calculated. The consumption frequency of 39 food products was determined and the differences were estimated by Tukey's procedure. The food products connected with obesity risk were identified by multivariable logistic regression. Results: In 985 female students, underweight was observed more frequently than overweight and obesity, particularly in Belarusian women (16.9% vs 7.2%). In 532 male students, overweight and obesity were observed more frequently than underweight. Body-fat% and skinfold thicknesses were the highest in Russian men. The students ate sweets, light bread, butter and red meat too frequently and except for Belarusians, poultry meat, fish and whole grain dark bread too rarely. Conclusion: The nutritional program was implemented and the suggestion was addressed to the university governments to support the canteens with inexpensive, but well balanced, meals. Noodles, sweet drinks, butter, pork fat, cream, light bread and bread rolls should be limited in the students' dietary scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]