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Background: Complexities in older patient care and frequent polypharmacy requires tailored tools, specific skills and interdisciplinary collaborations. Traditional disease-centered education often overlooks these issues. Despite digital gamification's relevance in health education, limited exploration exists for gamified platforms addressing polypharmacy, especially within comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA)., Objective: This study outlines Optipharm's design, a gamified e-learning tool designed to enhance health students' education in managing polypharmacy among older adults. It also assesses its usability using a validated scale., Methods: Optipharm development utilized gamification techniques guided by pedagogical principles. Learning objectives addressed clinical and educational gaps in older adult care. Hosted on a Moodle system, the platform housed a structured clinical case as a SCORM file, a usability scale, a certificate of achievement, and a literature library. Optipharm was assessed by 304 medical students from the University of Navarre, Spain, using the SUS-G-Sp scale., Results: An immersive gamified e-learning tool simulating clinical practice settings was developed, requiring users to assume the role of healthcare professionals in multidisciplinary outpatient consultations. The interface, with a 2D cartoon-style aesthetic, aligns with learning objectives, integrating engaging storytelling and clear instructions for CGA in Phase 1 and pharmacological optimization in Phase 2. The evaluation of Optipharm's usability revealed very positive perceptions among users, with high agreement rates on usability items., Conclusion: Optipharm represents a pioneering gamified tool designed to simulate clinical scenarios, allowing users to engage as healthcare professionals within multidisciplinary teams and address medication-related challenges in older patients with polypharmacy. It provides a secure, interactive learning environment with clear educational objectives and seamless integration of gamification elements, enhancing users' knowledge and skills in managing complex medication regimens. As a platform for experiential learning and knowledge exchange, Optipharm contributes to shaping the future of health education and fostering a culture of patient-centred care among future healthcare professionals., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: There is a need to balance the benefits and risks associated with strong anticholinergic medications in older adults, particularly among those with frailty and cognitive impairment. This study explored the international prevalence of strong anticholinergic medication use in residents of nursing homes with and without cognitive impairment and frailty., Methods: Secondary, cross-sectional analyses of data from 5,800 residents of 106 nursing homes in Australia, China, Czech Republic, England, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and Spain were conducted. Strong anticholinergic medications were defined as medications with a score of 2 or 3 on the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden scale. Dementia or cognitive impairment was defined as a documented diagnosis or using a validated scale. Frailty was defined using the FRAIL-NH scale as 0-2 (non-frail), 3-6 (frail) and 7-14 (most-frail). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics., Results: Overall, 17.4 % (n = 1010) residents used ≥1 strong anticholinergic medication, ranging from 1.3 % (n = 2) in China to 27.1 % (n = 147) in Italy. The most prevalent strong anticholinergics were quetiapine (n = 290, 5.0 % of all residents), olanzapine (132, 2.3 %), carbamazepine (102, 1.8 %), paroxetine (88, 1.5 %) and amitriptyline (87, 1.5 %). Prevalence was higher among residents with cognitive impairment (n = 602, 17.9 %) compared to those without (n = 408, 16.8 %), and among residents who were most frail (n = 553, 17.9 %) compared to those who were frail (n = 286, 16.5 %) or non-frail (n = 171, 17.5 %)., Conclusions: One in six residents who were most frail and living with cognitive impairment used a strong anticholinergic. However, there was a 20-fold variation in prevalence across the 12 countries. Targeted deprescribing interventions may reduce potentially avoidable medication-harm., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest A.J.C. has received grant or consulting funds from the Medical Research Future Fund, Dementia Australia Research Foundation and the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia. All these funds were paid to the administering University. A.J.C. is also a national board director for the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia. S.H. belongs to an endowed chair funded by donations from Hakue technology, PROUMED, Japan Bio Products, Towa Pharmaceutical, Yellow Eight and Sugi Holdings and received research funding from SOMPO Care Inc. outside of this work. N.M.V. has received grant or consulting funds from UCB Biopharma, Nestlé and Vegenat. R.V. was previously on the board of Resthaven and the board governance committee. Visvanathan is co-founder and chair of the clinical advisory group for a wearable sensor technology start-up HealthVibes.ai. J.S.B. has received grant or consulting funds from the NHMRC, Medical Research Future Fund, Victorian Government Department of Health and Human Services, Dementia Australia Research Foundation, Yulgilbar Foundation, Aged Care Quality and Safety Commission, Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, Pharmaceutical Society of Australia, Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia, GlaxoSmithKline Supported Studies Programme, Amgen, and several aged care provider organizations. All these funds were paid to the administering University. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Interventions to address polypharmacy in community-dwelling older adults often focus on medication-related outcomes. The aim was to explore the impact of multidisciplinary interventions to manage polypharmacy on clinical outcomes for community-dwelling older adults. This systematic review and meta-analysis included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on interventions by at least a pharmacist and a physician, indexed in MEDLINE, EMBASE or CENTRAL up to January 2023. Evidence certainty was assessed using the GRADE approach. Seventeen RCTs were included. Fifteen were rated as 'high' risk of bias. No relevant benefits were found in functional and cognitive status (primary outcomes), falls, mortality, quality of life, patient satisfaction, hospital admissions, emergency department or primary care visits. Interventions reduced medication costs, improved medication appropriateness (odds ratio [OR] 0.39), reduced number of medications (mean difference [MD] -0.57), resolved medication-related problems (MD -0.45), and improved medication adherence (relative risk [RR] 1.14). There was a low or very low certainty of the evidence for most outcomes. Multidisciplinary interventions to address polypharmacy appear effective in improving multiple dimensions of medication use. However, evidence for corresponding improvements in functional or cognitive status is scarce. New efficient models of multidisciplinary interventions to address polypharmacy impacting clinical outcomes should be explored., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None, (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Deprescribing opportunities may differ across health care systems, nursing home settings, and prescribing cultures. The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of STOPPFrail medications according to frailty status among residents of nursing homes in Australia, China, Japan, and Spain., Design: Secondary cross-sectional analyses of data from 4 cohort studies., Setting and Participants: A total of 1142 residents in 31 nursing homes., Methods: Medication data were extracted from resident records. Frailty was assessed using the FRAIL-NH scale (non-frail 0-2; frail 3-6; most-frail 7-14). Chi-square tests and prevalence ratios (PRs) were used to compare STOPPFrail medication use across cohorts., Results: In total, 84.7% of non-frail, 95.6% of frail, and 90.6% of most-frail residents received ≥1 STOPPFrail medication. Overall, the most prevalent STOPPFrail medications were antihypertensives (53.0% in China to 73.3% in Australia, P < .001), vitamin D (nil in China to 52.7% in Australia, P < .001), lipid-lowering therapies (11.1% in Japan to 38.9% in Australia, P < .001), aspirin (13.5% in Japan to 26.2% in China, P < .001), proton pump inhibitors (2.1% in Japan to 32.0% in Australia, P < .001), and antidiabetic medications (12.3% in Japan to 23.5% in China, P = .010). Overall use of antihypertensives (PR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.25), lipid-lowering therapies (PR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.45-2.18), aspirin (PR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.04-1.64), and antidiabetic medications (PR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.00-1.72) were more prevalent among non-frail and frail residents compared with most-frail residents. Antihypertensive use was more prevalent with increasing frailty in China and Japan, but less prevalent with increasing frailty in Australia. Antidiabetic medication use was less prevalent with increasing frailty in China and Spain but was consistent across frailty groups in Australia and Japan., Conclusions and Implications: There were overall and frailty-specific variations in prevalence of different STOPPFrail medications across cohorts. This may reflect differences in prescribing cultures, application of clinical practice guidelines in the nursing home setting, and clinician or resident attitudes toward deprescribing., Competing Interests: Disclosure Australia: J.S.B. has received grant funding or consulting funds from the NHMRC, Medical Research Future Fund, Victorian Government Department of Health and Human Services, Dementia Australia Research Foundation, Yulgilbar Foundation, Aged Care Quality and Safety Commission, Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, Pharmaceutical Society of Australia, Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia, GlaxoSmithKline Supported Studies Programme, Amgen, and several aged care provider organizations unrelated to this work. All grants and consulting funds were paid to the employing institution. R.V. was previously a board member and part of the clinical governance committee of Resthaven Incorporated. R.V. is co-founder and chair of the clinical advisory group for a wearable sensor technology start-up HealthyVibes.ai. China: None. Japan: S.H. belongs to an endowed chair funded by donations from Hakue technology, PROUMED, Japan Bio Products, Towa Pharmaceutical, Yellow Eight and Sugi Holdings. S.H. received research funding from SOMPO Care Incorporated outside of this work. Spain: N.M.V. has received grants and consulting funds from UCB Biopharma and Vegenta., (Copyright © 2024 AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Nursing homes are becoming increasingly important as end-of-life care facilities. However, many older adults want to stay in their homes as they age., Objective: To assess the feasibility of a deinstitutionalization process on selected institutionalized older adults who are willing to initiate the process., Methods: This study, divided into two phases, will be carried out over 15 months on 241 residents living in two nursing homes in Navarra (Spain). The first phase has a cross-sectional design. We will identify the factors and covariates associated with feasibility and willingness to participate in a deinstitutionalization process by bivariate analysis, essential resources for the process and residents to participate in the process. The second phase has a complex interventional design to implement a deinstitutionalization process. An exploratory descriptive and comparative analysis will be carried out to characterize the participants, prescribed services and the impact deinstitutionalization intervention will have over time (quality of life will be the main outcome; secondary variables will be health, psychosocial, and resource use variables). This study will be accompanied by a pseudo-qualitative and emergent sub-study to identify barriers and facilitators concerning the implementation of this process and understand how intervention components and context influence the outcomes of the main study. Intervention components and the way the intervention is implemented will be of great relevance in the analysis., Discussion: Alternatives to institutionalization with adapted accommodation and community support can allow people who wish to return to the community., Trial Registration: NCT05605392., (Copyright © 2023 SEGG. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

This narrative explores the impact of deinstitutionalization policies on the quality of life and care outcomes for individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. We offer a historical perspective on these policies, their implications on dementia care, and the barriers to deinstitutionalization. The potential benefits of deinstitutionalization, such as improved quality of life and access to community-based support and services, are highlighted. Challenges and controversies surrounding safety, caregiver burden, and resource allocation are also examined. Ethical considerations related to the autonomy and decision-making capacity of people living with dementia are discussed. We present best practices and innovative models in dementia care that balance deinstitutionalization with appropriate care. We further put forth recommendations for future research and policy development in dementia care and deinstitutionalization, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that respects the autonomy and preferences of people living with dementia while ensuring their safety and well-being.

Background: Polypharmacy is a common condition among older adults and is associated with adverse drug reactions and health outcomes, including falls, functional and cognitive impairment, and frailty., Methods: A prospective observational study will be conducted on older adults with polypharmacy. The aim is to assess the impact of a specialized outpatient clinic focused on pharmacotherapy optimization recently integrated into daily clinical practice in a Spanish public tertiary teaching hospital on patients' functional and cognitive abilities. Patients who attend a first consultation and meet inclusion criteria (≥75 years old, have a life expectancy≥3 months, and polypharmacy (≥5 prescribed medications) will be invited to participate in the study, until reach a calculated sample size of 104 participants. Patients will be excluded if they are enrolled in a clinical trial related to medication or in the event of a no-show or cancellation of the appointment at the first visit. Participants will receive usual care: a first consultation including multidisciplinary pharmacological optimization in the context of a CGA and subsequent face-to-face and/or telephone follow-up (∼3 and ∼6 months). The primary endpoint will be the functional (Barthel index) and cognitive change in capacities (IPCR - Índice de Incapacidad psíquica de la Cruz Roja). Secondary endpoints include medication changes, changes in patients' quality of life, rate of falling, and use of healthcare resources., Discussion: We expect that the close collaboration between professionals from different disciplines working together will be an effective strategy to improve the functional and cognitive abilities of older adults., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05408598 (March 1, 2022)., (Copyright © 2023 SEGG. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: The intensity of the home care interventions for dependent older people offered in Spain may not be sufficient to help keep older people living at home, being the institutionalization in a nursing home (NH) an unavoidable consequence., Objective: To evaluate the effect of intensification in home care interventions on users with grade II or III dependency, as well as training for their informal caregivers in order to delay or avoid their institutionalization in a NH., Methods: A randomized clinical trial with two parallel arms and blinded assessment will be conducted at the community level in two municipalities in Catalonia (Spain). The study will include those older people (aged 65 and over) living in the community, with degree II or III of dependency, users of the public home care unwilling to be institutionalized and with a main informal caregiver in charge, who will also participate in the study. The assessments will be performed monthly up to 15 months, when the intervention will be finished. The main outcome will be the time until the willingness for admission to a NH. Secondary variables will be composed of sociodemographic, health, psychosocial, resource use, and follow-up variables. A multivariate Cox regression model will be carried out to estimate the effectiveness of the intervention., Discussion: A multimodal home care intervention could improve the health and psychosocial status of dependent people and their informal caregivers and facilitate their permanence at home., Trial Registration: NCT05567965., (Copyright © 2023 SEGG. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)