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Objective: The objective of this study was to verify the lipid-lowering effect of Juhe Fang extract (JHFE) and to determine its characteristic chemical profile in vitro and in vivo. Methods: A hyperlipidemia model was established by feeding mice a high-fat diet (HFD). After treatment for 30 days, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured with an automatic biochemistry analyzer. The components from JHFE obtained from in vivo and in vitro experiments were investigated using an UPLC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap MS/MS. Results: The TC, TG, and LDL-C in the serum significantly decreased and the HDL-C significantly increased after JHFE treatment. A total of 95 compounds from JHEF including 15 phenolic acids (PA), 4 phenylethanoid glycosides (PG), 24 flavonoids (F), 14 triterpenoids (T), 10 diterpenoid glycosides (D), 18 alkaloids (A) and 10 others (O) were identified. Trigonelline was discovered for the first time in a herbal medicine of Juhe Fang. Furthermore, 68 compounds were identified in vivo including 28 prototype compounds and 40 metabolites. The metabolic characteristics of these components were revealed including identification of new metabolites of 4-hydroxyphenyl ethyl-8-O-[α-L- arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (PEG) and lirinidine. A total of 43 components from JHFE were absorbed and/or metabolized. The contribution rate of each type of chemical component from JHFE to its lipid-lowering effect from high to low were A, F, PG, PA, D and T. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that JHFE demonstrated a significant lipid-lowering effect in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemia mouse model. Specific types of PA, PG, F, D, T and A formed the pharmaceutical architecture of the lipid-lowering effect of JHFE. This study should prove useful for clarifying the components responsible for the lipid-lowering effect of JHFE and provide a basis for precision quality control research.

There are multiple reasons to consider the use of formal childcare: parental employment, child development, fertility choices, elderly health, generational relations, etc. This study explores the relationship between regional differences (urban/rural; eastern/central/western) and demand for childcare services (quantity, price, quality) from birth to three years of age, moderated and mediated by the family childcare contexts among Chinese women. Altogether, 1770 mothers of children aged 0–3 were selected from a national survey and analyzed. There are three major findings: (1) Urban mothers show a willingness to spend on the higher monetary cost of center-based childcare compared to rural mothers, as a result of more severe work–child conflicts faced by urban women. Urban–rural gaps in individual and household income also contribute to the differences in affordability. (2) Mothers in eastern China have a more substantial need to place their infants or toddlers in nurseries before the age of three than their counterparts in central and western China, primarily due to a lack of grandparental and paternal childcare support and an expectation of higher quality programs. (3) There is no significant regional disparity in terms of care-related or education-related quality preferences. The paper proposes regional prioritized strategies and targeted services to address the “3A” problems of childcare provision.

Objectives: To investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of index components of Zisu Fang preparations and additionally analysis the anti-dementia drug system characteristics. Methods: A PK-PD-drug interaction (DI) method was applied to determine the characteristics of index components of Zisu Fang preparations in vivo. Results: In the PK study, maximum plasma concentration, area under the plasma concentration–time curve, and mean residence time of index components of Zisu Fang preparations were higher in the memory-deficit model group than in the control group. This suggested that the index components of Zisu Fang preparations had an affinity for the state of dementia in this model. In the PD study, at the peak time points of anti-dementia efficacy (0.17 h and 1 h), the plasma concentrations of index components of Zisu Fang preparations reached the first or second largest plasma concentration peak or were close to the plasma concentration peak, and showed positive correlation between these two peaks, indicating that the index components of Zisu Fang synergistically exerted an anti-dementia effect. According to the association analysis of PK-PD-DI, baicalin, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, matrine, and tanshinone IIA were the main active ingredients of the anti-dementia drug system of Zisu Fang preparations in vivo, but were only efficacious against dementia when all five components were present at a specific concentration and proportion. Conclusions: Based on the PK and PD correlation analysis, baicalin, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, matrine, and tanshinone IIA are the main active ingredients of Zisu Fang preparations with regard to its anti-dementia effects, and represent the basic characteristics of drug system: natures, synergy, and affinity.

Three phenylpropenoyl sucroses – sibiricose A5 (1), A6 (2) and 3′,6-disinapoyl sucrose (3) – were isolated from the 30% EtOH extract of Polygala tenuifolia, which displayed antidepressant-like action. HPLC analysis indicated that the three phenylpropenoyl sucroses could be absorbed into serum. From the serum pharmacochemistry point of view, these three phenylpropenoyl sucroses might prevent or relieve depression.

Backgroud: Dried sclerotia of Wolfiporia extensa (Polyporaceae) is used to invigorate the spleen and to tranquilize the mind in Chinese herbal medicine. Lanostane-type triterpene acids were regard as major secondary metabolites from dried sclerotia of W. extensa. Results: Three new lanostane-type triterpene acids, 3-epi-benzoyloxyl-dehydrotumulosic acid (1), 3-epi-(3'-O-methyl malonyloxy)-dehydrotumulosic acid (2) and 3-epi-(3'-hydroxy-3'-methylglutaryloxyl)-dehydrotumulosic acid (3), were isolated from the sclerotia of W. extensa, together with 3 known lanostane derivatives (4-6). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D-NMR techniques .Conclusion: Six lanostane derivatives including three new triterpene acids and three known compounds were reported from the sclerotia of W. extensa in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three phenylpropenoyl sucroses - sibiricose A5 (1), A6 (2) and 3',6-disinapoyl sucrose (3) - were isolated from the 30% EtOH extract of Polygala tenuifolia, which displayed antidepressant-like action. HPLC analysis indicated that the three phenylpropenoyl sucroses could be absorbed into serum. From the serum pharmacochemistry point of view, these three phenylpropenoyl sucroses might prevent or relieve depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new monoterpenes with a skeleton similar to the 1,8-cineole skeleton, i.e., (1 R,4 R)-3,3,5-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-4-ol () and (1 R,4 R)-4-methoxy-3,3,5-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene (), were isolated from an aqueous acetone extract of the aerial parts of Mentha haplocalyx, together with three known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and by comparison with reference values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses early marriage and childbearing in China's young employed female population. It is an accepted conclusion of demographic research that women's employment status affects their marriage and their childbearing. Statistical analysis both overseas and in China shows that the birth rate for women who are not employed is higher than that for women who are. None of this research, however, has differentiated between women of different age groups in looking at the influence of women's employment status on their marriage and childbearing behavior. The young employed population is a special population group. From the point of view of social progress and economic development, this group is situated on the border between education and work The employment situation of this group affects issues including school education for young people, employment of the working-age population, and the educational and technical standards of members of the labor force who have recently become employed and those who are about to be employed.