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Frying Gulabjamun in Ghee is key to its distinct taste and texture, but reheating frequency and conditions can affect the sweet's colour and consistency. It is important to understand this dynamic to ensure the desired quality of the final product. Based on the facts as mentioned above, the present study was conducted to analyse the change in colour and viscosity occurring in the Ghee during repetitive frying to cook Gulabjamuns. The change in colour attributes and viscosity of Ghee was monitored at various hours of frying. The results revealed that the Ghee became darker, the green hues became more prominent, and the yellow hues became more intense the longer it was fried. Besides, the most significant color change occurred during the 60-hour frying duration, as indicated by a decrease in lightness (L* value from 43.07 to 41.1) and a noticeable shift towards greener hues (a* value of -7.22334), suggesting that extended frying times lead to the darker and greener side. It attained its maximum viscosity after 12 hours of frying, with a shear stress of 19.10 Pa and viscosity of 0.66 Pa-s, which was correlated with the formation of a scum and the disappearance of steam bubbles. The physicochemical changes taking place in Ghee during the frying of Gulabjamun after repeated heating provide understanding to sweet makers for the selection of the appropriate frying medium and frying techniques, which ultimately assist in the improvement of the overall sensory attributes of the Gulabjamun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An east–west‐trending medium‐grained mafic sill containing co‐genetic Fe–Ti oxide ore lenses is found disposed within granite gneisses around Saltora‐Mejia area in the eastern part of the Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC) of eastern India. CGGC is considered as a Proterozoic mobile belt as it witnessed multiple phases of deformation and high‐ grade metamorphism during 1.8–0.8 Ga. Occurrence of such Fe–Ti oxide ore‐bearing mafic sill is unique in the entire CGGC which is a vast Proterozoic orogenic belt and has witnessed many phases of voluminous mafic and felsic magmatisms. The mafic rock is of gabbronorite composition which contains plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene as major constituent primary minerals and amphibole as late magmatic mineral. The rock shows sub‐ophitic, intergranular, mosaic and poikilitic texture (defined by larger pargasitic grain). The gabbronorite shows iron enriched tholeiitic character, low Mg#, low abundances of Ni and Cr, slight enrichment in LILE, LREE and slight depletion in HFSE like Nb and Ti. The computed melt in equilibrium with the studied gabbronorite shows transitional orogenic to anorogenic, within‐plate and E‐MORB‐like geochemical character. In this study, the U–Pb zircon crystallization age (~960 Ma) of the Saltora‐Mejia gabbronorite is reported for the first time which coincides with the late tectonic stage of the most pervasive orogenic activity in the CGGC around 1.2–0.9 Ga. Transitional orogenic to anorogenic geochemical character, late tectonic evolution and other field and laboratory evidences together suggest evolution of the Saltora‐Mejia gabbronorite sill in a late tectonic extensional environment which might have been facilitated by delamination of a subducted plate and upwelling of asthenospheric mantle during the waning stage of a major orogeny in the CGGC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Shalendra. Singh, Arijit. Ray, Nipun. Gupta, Navdeep. SethiSir,Epidermolysis bullosa (EDB) is a rare hereditary disorder characterised by abnormal fragility of skin and mucosal surface which leads to a life-threatening [...]

Introduction: Identifying the Paravertebral Space (PVS) by its anatomical landmarks is associated with high failure rates and complications. With the advent of Ultrasonography (USG), failure rate has decreased leading to an increased interest in performing USG guided Thoracic Paravertebral Block (TPVB). Aim: To assess the efficacy and safety of ultrasound guided TPVB and its comparison with the landmark-based technique, in patients undergoing elective unilateral breast surgery. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Command Hospital, Pune from July 2014 to December 2015, on females between 18-70 years, accepted in American Society of Anaesthesiology (ASA) I-III for unilateral breast surgeries. Patients were divided into two groups with 40 subjects in each group. Group A subjects were treated with anatomical landmark technique and group B subjects with USG guided technique. The p-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Demographic parameters (age, height, weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) and the scheduled surgery were comparable in between the groups. In group A, success rate of the block was 82.5%, compared to 95% in group B (p-value >0.05 using Fisher's-exact test). Mean (SD) time taken for performing the block in group A was 371.10 (10.37) seconds while it was 613.73 (37.15) seconds in group B (p-value <0.05 by two independent sample t-tests). No statistically significant difference was seen in haemodynamic parameters, except for the Heart Rate (HR) at 70, 80, 90 minutes after administering the block and at the end of surgery. Correlation analysis for quantitative variables with PVS depth (dependent variable), measured sonologically, showed very good linear correlation of PVS depth with weight (Pearson correlation coefficient, r=0.819, p-value <0.001). BMI (r=0.884; p-value <0.001). Conclusion: The success rate is higher with ultrasound guided TPVB compared to the landmark technique though statistically insignificant. But it is recommended to use ultrasound-guided TPVB for advantages such as lesser requirement of opioid supplementation, real time visualisation of the spread of drugs in PVS with lesser complication rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of the grain-scale deformation mechanisms in folded rocks of the Dongargarh Supergroup, central India, reveals that deformation was accomplished by a combination of pressure solution, microfracturing and dislocation creep processes. The finite strain was assessed using the [R.sub.f]/[PHI] method (X/Z [approximately equal to] 2). Partitioning of strain into various deformation mechanisms revealed that dislocation creep and pressure solution were the major contributors to the finite strain, followed by microfracturing. Analyses of microstructures suggest a sequence of dislocation creep followed by pressure solution and microfracturing, that ultimately gave way to microfracturing and limited crystallization or recrystallization. Overall constancy in volume during deformation is suggested from the balance between fracture-related grain-scale dilatancy and solution-related volume loss. Observations on cleavage spacing within various lithologies in a specific structural setting suggest that lithology played a vital role in cleavage development. Cleavage development in sandstones of the Dongargarh Supergroup required thin shale interbeds (for competency contrast) and grain size < 0.036 mm (4.75 [PHI]). Keywords: cleavage, grain scale deformation, Palaeoproterozoic, shallow crustal processes.

The effects of deformation and concomitant high‐grade metamorphism during the Cenozoic period in the active Himalayan orogen hinder the reconstruction of the original geological framework and thus the evolution history. The Shillong Group in the Shillong Plateau, northeastern India, rests unconformably above the Himalayan crystalline basement gneiss, and is divided in two formations, the Lower Metapelite Formation (LMF) and the Upper Quartzite Formation (UQF). There are three horizons of conglomerate: (a) Basal, between the basement and the Shillong Group, (b) an inter‐formational conglomerate, between the LMF and UQF, and (c) an intra‐formational conglomerate (within the UQF). The clasts of the latter two conglomerates are suitable strain markers. Principal compressional structures in the Shillong Group were developed in two successive deformation episodes during the Meso‐ to Neo‐Proterozoic period. The earlier episode was of progressive general shear deformation, while the later one possibly occurred in a transpressive mode similar to that of a fold‐thrust belt. Remarkably, both episodes underwent NW–SE regional compression. The inter‐formational conglomerate represents a flattening type strain of relatively lesser magnitude (Rf–ϕ X:Y:Z = 1.35:1:0.76), in contrast to the constriction type strain of relatively higher magnitude (Rf–ϕ X:Y:Z = 2.42:1:0.44) of the intra‐formational conglomerate. Field relations of the Shillong Group with the deformed and undeformed granite plutons suggest that the earlier deformation episode possibly took place during Rodinia assembly, due to India–Antarctica collision at 1,100 Ma, while the later one happened in a time frame close to 500 Ma, during the amalgamation of Eastern Gondwana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention maps, a popular heatmap-based explanation method for Visual Question Answering, are supposed to help users understand the model by highlighting portions of the image/question used by the model to infer answers. However, we see that users are often misled by current attention map visualizations that point to relevant regions despite the model producing an incorrect answer. Hence, we propose Error Maps that clarify the error by highlighting image regions where the model is prone to err. Error maps can indicate when a correctly attended region may be processed incorrectly leading to an incorrect answer, and hence, improve users' understanding of those cases. To evaluate our new explanations, we further introduce a metric that simulates users' interpretation of explanations to evaluate their potential helpfulness to understand model correctness. We finally conduct user studies to see that our new explanations help users understand model correctness better than baselines by an expected 30% and that our proxy helpfulness metrics correlate strongly (1>0:97) with how well users can predict model correctness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the domain of visual question answering (VQA), studies have shown improvement in users' mental model of the VQA system when they are exposed to examples of how these systems answer certain image-question (IQ) pairs. In this work, we show that showing controlled counterfactual IQ examples are more effective at improving the mental model of users as compared to simply showing random examples. We compare a generative approach and a retrieval-based approach to show counterfactual examples. We use recent advances in generative adversarial networks to generate counterfactual images by deleting and inpainting certain regions of interest in the image. We then expose users to changes in the VQA system's answer on those altered images. To select the region of interest for inpainting, we experiment with using both human-annotated attention maps and a fully automatic method that uses the VQA system's attention values. Finally, we test the user's mental model by asking them to predict the model's performance on a test counterfactual image. We note an overall improvement in users' accuracy to predict answer change when shown counterfactual explanations. While realistic retrieved counterfactuals obviously are the most effective at improving the mental model, we show that a generative approach can also be equally effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is not painful, but frightening especially in children leading to movement and artefacts causing prolongation of the procedure. Though analgesia is not required, but being a noisy suite, deep sedation is a prerequisite for it. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) and Ketamine both anaesthetic drugs can achieve the sedation in the children but never had been compared. Aim: To compare the effect of DEX and Ketamine in paediatric patients undergoing MRI under sedation. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out from August 2017 to July 2018 included 74 patients. All patients were separated into Group K for Ketamine (loading dose of 1 mg/kg, intravenous over 10 min followed by infusion of 10-15 mcg/kg/min) and Group D for DEX (loading dose of 1 mcg/kg over 10 min followed by infusion of DEX at 0.2-0.7 mcg/kg/h). Ramsay sedation score of five was considered as onset of sedation. Midazolam 0.1 mg/kg IV was decided as rescue sedation. Unpaired t-test was applied for the continuous variables. Results: Sixty-one patients were analysed, 31 in Group K, and 30 in Group D. The onset time for sedation in Group K was 6.30±1.32 minutes and 12.20±SD=2.01 minutes in Group D which was significantly shorter in Group K (p=0.001). However, the time to Modified Aldrete Score of 10/10 was higher in Group K (21.10±1.84 minutes) vs (13.73±1.89 minutes) in Group D which is statistically significant. (Mean±SD; p=0.001). No adverse events were reported in both the groups. Conclusion: Ketamine and DEX can both be used for MRI sedation in children successfully without any adverse effects. The onset of sedation is faster in Ketamine, but discharge and recovery are significantly delayed with Ketamine as compared [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ringer's Lactate (RL), a crystalloid is the most common co-loading fluid used to limit haemodynamic complications following the Subarachnoid Block (SAB). Colloids like Hydroxyethyl Starches (HES) are occasionally used as the co-loading fluid despite controversies due to its better haemodynamic effect and are not written-off to date. So knowledge of the effect of co-loading fluid is of paramount importance if it contributes to hyperglycaemia, a detrimental factor for the outcome. Aim: To compare the Blood Sugar Levels (BSL) in different preparations of HES and to that of RL when administered as co-loading fluid following SAB. Materials and Methods: Eighty-nine patients were randomly allocated into three groups, namely HES 200, HES 130, and RL, and were co-loaded with either 20 mL/kg body weight of HES 200/0.5, 20 mL/kg body weight of HES 130/0.4 or 20 mL/kg body weight of RL respectively. BSL for each subject was recorded at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240 min (post-hoc analysis was done with Tukey's test). Results: In all the three groups, there was a statistically significant rise in BSL from baseline. The BSL in the RL group reached its peak at 45 minutes and gradually dropped down to baseline. BSL increased more gradually with HES 130/0.4 reaching a peak value at 60 minutes, and at around 240 minutes for HES 200/0.5. Conclusion: HES causes an increase in BSL, though within physiological limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evidence of a long‐lived Grenvillian orogeny around 1.0 Ga is preserved in the eastern part of India in the form of large‐scale syn‐collisional granitic activity and high‐grade metamorphism in the Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC). Geochemically, granitoid rocks of CGGC were classified as ferroan, per‐aluminous, and calc‐alkalic to alkali‐calcic S‐type granites which were generated from the anatexis of meta‐sedimentary protolith (khondalite) in a volcanic‐arc to syn‐collisional setting. Relatively high crystallization temperatures (800–850°C for garnetiferous granite gneiss, 770–830°C for megacrystic granite gneiss, and 639–725°C for pink granite) of these rocks were calculated by geothermometric calculations. The REE modelling testified that 40–45% partial melting of the khondalite in H2O undersaturated condition at around 5‐kbar pressure might have given rise to the parent magma of the garnetiferous granite gneiss (GGG). LA‐ICPMS zircon (U–Pb) dating yielded the crystallization ages of the megacrystic granite gneiss (MGG) and pink granite (PG) as ~1.0 Ga, and EPMA monazite (U–Th–total Pb) dating suggested that the GGG was metamorphosed during 1.0 Ga. The 1.0–0.90 Ga age of high‐grade metamorphism and anatexis in the CGGC may be correlated with that in the Rayner Complex–Eastern Ghats Belt in the Indo‐Antarctic sector, which is considered as the result of Indo‐Antarctic collision during the assembly of Rodinia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal anesthesia (SA) is utilized as an effective means of anesthesia and has an impressive safety record but it is not devoid of complications, and sometimes, the complications are as fatal as cardiac arrest. Although many factors are involved in etiology of cardiac arrest under SA, the vagal responses to the decreased preload are the most common culprits. We report two cases of cardiac arrest under SA; which happened despite our patient being adequately preloaded utilizing the ultrasonography-guided targeted volume therapy. The patients were successfully resuscitated with no neurological deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The layered gabbro-anorthosite suite in the eastern Indian shield is ideal for a texture based study of the crystallization history of a mafic magma in a static magma chamber. The magmatic suite comprises 40-150 m thick persistent layers of different lithounits, which have been divided into two cycles. The lower cycle (I) is represented from bottom to top by gabbro, gabbronorite, leucogabbronorite, anorthositic gabbronorite and anorthositic gabbro. The upper cycle (II) is similar to cycle I, except that the anorthositic gabbronorite and anorthositic gabbro units are not present there. The characteristic textures of different lithounits in each cycle repeats with repetition in lithology. Distinctive textures observed in the suite have been classified into three categories, Types I, II and III. Adcumulus growth was the principle crystallization mechanism for Types I and III textures, which are characteristically present in the lower layers of cycle I and cycle II. The upper layers of cycle I show Type II texture, typically with bimodal size distribution of plagioclase, and pyroxene oikocrysts. Thus, Type II texture indicates a possible interplay between adcumulus growth and either polybaric crystallization or textural coarsening processes. Electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) data indicate uniform composition of plagioclase (An76-85), both from inclusions in pyroxene oikocrysts and from groundmass grains, hence ruling out the possibility of involvement of the polybaric crystallization in the layers with Type II texture. Crystal size distribution (CSD) analysis of plagioclase grains stands for textural coarsening process, and the graphical plots have been utilized to quantify the process. P-T calculation using EPMA data from selected pyroxene grains suggests that the textural coarsening took place at about 13.3 kb pressure and 990 °C temperature. We propose that adcumulus growth operating in a static magma chamber for a long period of time might have created conditions conducive for textural coarsening process to take place. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Takayasu arteritis is an entity resulting in pan-endarteritis. It involves the principal arteries resulting in ischaemia and persistent hypertension. Hypertension affects the anaesthetic management where the principal goal is to control the haemodynamic stability during the induction and for the entire course of anaesthesia preventing damage to the end organs. We present two cases, one paediatric with hypertension refractory to medical management posted for nephrectomy and one adult patient posted for diagnostic hysterolaparoscopy. Both the cases were administered dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2 agonist during the pre-induction period. Sympatholysis caused by infusion dexmedetomidine was effectively utilized in both the cases hence, pre-induction infusion of dexmedetomidine can be utilized to obtund the haemodynamic response to intubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses an intelligent driving system (IDS) that uses a Polynomial Regression Network (PRN) and a Gaussian Anomaly Detection System (GADS). The PRN models the relation between the motor input and vehicle movement, thus, inherently taking nonlinear and noisy environmental factors into consideration. The anomaly detection system detects probable system output or sensor failure using a Gaussian pattern-match algorithm for taking proper corrective action. The time of computation for training the PRN is shown to be as low as 0.3 seconds and thus, the system can be used for instantaneous training in any environment at high speeds. Such intelligent driving systems will be useful for electric race-car designs, electric consumer vehicles, and robotic vehicles for stability on adverse road or track conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic foremost step for any surgery done under general anesthesia is to place an endotracheal tube (ETT) into the trachea. Placement of a definitive airway is vital to maintain a critical level of oxygen in the end organ during apnea time. There are multiple ways revealed in the literature to place ETT into the trachea. Sometimes, placement can be achieved speedily at the critical time with the experience of anesthesiologist and availability of different airway adjutants. Here, we describe a case of ETT intubation using bougie as a conduit over I gel under direct vision of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in a thymic enhancing mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 27-year old male with a history of cranioplasty who presented with a closed head injury, wherein it was discovered that the patient has sinking skin flap syndrome, the patient has undergone preoperative preparations including the administration of general anesthesia and doses of phenytoin, sevoflurane, and vecuronium. The author also note the occurrence of seizure in patients under anesthesia during operations.

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

1 The dartos is a thin sheet of smooth muscle closely associated with the skin of the scrotum. Although known to play an important role in scrotal thermoregulation, there has been no detailed study into the pharmacology, or thermosensitivity, of the dartos from any species. Here, we investigate these two parameters in the isolated dartos muscle from rat. 2 Field stimulation of the rat dartos caused contractions that were abolished by tetrodotoxin, phentolamine and guanethidine, but unaffected by atropine or L-N(G)-nitroarginine. Exogenous noradrenaline also produced contractions blocked by both phentolamine and prazosin. In muscles with raised tone and negated sympathetic function, field stimulation failed to elicit relaxation. The dartos muscle did not contract in response to carbachol, nicotine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (all up to 100 micro M) or substance P (up to 1 micro M). 3 Contractile responses to field stimulation and noradrenaline were much greater at 30 degrees C compared with 40 degrees C; indeed, contractions to 1 micro M noradrenaline at 30 degrees C were relaxed by around 80% on heating to 40 degrees C. Similar heat-induced relaxations were observed during contractions to both U46619 (100 nM) and high K (70 mM). 4 In contrast, contractile responses to the myosin phosphatase inhibitor calyculin-A (1 micro M), either in the presence or absence of external calcium, were resistant to relaxation by heating. In calcium-free medium at 30 degrees C, U46619 continued to produce contractions that were again relaxed by 80% on heating to 40 degrees C. However, in the presence of calyculin-A, this heat-induced relaxation was greatly reduced. 5 Thus, the rat dartos muscle receives a functional sympathetic innervation and contracts to noradrenaline via alpha-adrenoceptors. There is no functional inhibitory innervation. Experiments with calyculin-A suggest that myosin phosphatase is a major contributor to the marked thermosensitivity of the dartos muscle.