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Background: Evidence from preclinical studies suggests that IL-6 signalling has the potential to modulate immunopathogenic mechanisms upstream of autoantibody effector mechanisms in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of satralizumab, a humanised monoclonal antibody targeting the IL-6 receptor, in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis., Methods: LUMINESCE was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, phase 3 study at 105 sites, including hospitals and clinics, globally. Eligible patients were aged 12 years and older, with seropositive generalised myasthenia gravis (autoantibodies to the acetylcholine receptor [AChR-IgG], muscle-specific kinase [MuSK-IgG], or low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 [LRP4-IgG]), a Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America severity class II-IV, a Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL) score of 5 or more (non-ocular contribution >50%), and use of stable background therapy. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) with a permuted-block randomisation method to receive subcutaneous satralizumab (120 mg for bodyweight ≤100 kg; 180 mg for bodyweight >100 kg) or placebo at weeks 0, 2, 4, and every 4 weeks thereafter until week 24. Randomisation was stratified according to background therapy, autoantibody type, and geographical region. The primary efficacy endpoint was mean change from baseline in total MG-ADL score at week 24 in the modified intention-to-treat population (all randomised AChR-IgG-positive patients who completed at least one post-baseline MG-ADL assessment). Safety was assessed in all randomly assigned patients who received at least one dose of study drug. The open-label extension was terminated early because of the sponsor's decision to halt further development of satralizumab for treatment of generalised myasthenia gravis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04963270, and EudraCT, 2020-004436-21., Findings: Between Oct 19, 2021, and Aug 15, 2023, 188 patients were randomly assigned to satralizumab (n=96) or placebo (n=92). 166 AChR-IgG-positive patients (80 in the placebo group and 86 in the satralizumab group) were included in the modified intention-to-treat population. At week 24, statistically significant yet small improvements in MG-ADL score were observed with satralizumab versus placebo (adjusted mean -3·59, 95% CI -4·15 to -3·02 vs -2·57, -3·25 to -1·88; difference -1·02, -1·88 to -0·16; p=0·0120). The proportion of patients with at least one adverse event during the double-blind period was slightly higher in patients treated with satralizumab compared with patients treated with placebo (86 [90%] patients vs 67 [73%] patients). Three serious adverse events (in three [3%] patients) were reported in the satralizumab group (pneumonia, pyelonephritis, and increased lipase) compared with nine (in six [7%] patients) serious adverse events in the placebo group (COVID-19, COVID-19 pneumonia, bacterial urinary tract infection, chest pain, back pain, and rosacea). There were no deaths or adverse events of special interest., Interpretation: Satralizumab was well tolerated and resulted in small improvements in patient-reported and clinician-reported outcomes compared with placebo at week 24 in patients with AChR-IgG-positive generalised myasthenia gravis. Further research analysing the immunological underpinnings of the observed clinical response to IL-6 signalling inhibition in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis and exploring the role of IL-6 in autoantibody-mediated diseases is warranted., Funding: F Hoffmann La Roche., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests AAH has received research support from Alexion-AstraZeneca, Argenx, UCB, Immunovant, Regeneron, CabalettaBio, VielaBio-Horizon, Genentech-Roche, and Novartis; and honoraria from UCB, Argenx, Alexion, Immunovant, Regeneron, Genentech-Roche, Alpine Immune Sciences, Inhibrx, NMDpharma, and Grifols. CZ is a consultant or advisor for Sanofi, UCB, Alexion, Nona Biosciences, Roche, and Zailab. IA is a consultant for Roche and has received research support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ra-UCB, Alexion, Argenx, and Catalyst, through the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA), and Verona. MCFJ has received research support from Pfizer, Biogen, and PTC (grants for projects with other neuromuscular diseases); consulting fees from Janssen and AstraZeneca; speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Alexion, CSL-Behring, Takeda, Roche, PTC, and Sanofi; and has participated in advisory boards for Alexion, Roche, Pfizer, Janssen, and PTC. JGJ has received financial compensation in the past 5 years for engaging in educational, scientific, advisory, clinical trial, and travel grant activities from the following pharmaceutical companies: Biogen, Novartis, Genzyme, Merck, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Raffo, Synthon Bagó, and Gador. GMzH has received project-related research funding from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany (grant for Multiple Sclerosis Innovation), Biogen, and Roche; and has received speaker honoraria and consultant or advisor reimbursement from Roche, LFB Pharma, and Alexion. EK-M has received speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca and Medison Pharma, and consulting fees from UCB. MTP is a member of a medical advisory board for Alexion and has received honoraria for advisory board participation from Amylyx, Amgen, UCB, Alexion, Argenx, CSL-Behring, and Cabaletta. DT has received personal compensation for developing educational and scientific talks, consulting, and clinical trials and travel grants to conferences or courses from Biogen-Idec Argentina and Chile, Bristol Myers Squibb Argentina, Merck Argentina, Novartis Argentina, Roche Argentina, Immunovant Argentina, and Sanofi-Genzyme Argentina. PK, G-AT, KB, and IV are employees of F Hoffmann-La Roche. SL-C and JS are employees of Roche Products. KB is an employee of Parexel Belgium. GIW is a consultant or advisor for Grifols, Alexion, Argenx, Takeda, BPL, Ra-UCB, Cartesian, Janssen, and Roche and has received research support from Argenx, UCB, Immunovant, Roche, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-NIH, and MGFA. HM has served as a consultant for Alexion, Argenx, and UCB; has received travel grants from UCB; speaker honoraria from the Japan Blood Products Organisation and Chugai Pharmaceutical; and research support from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan., (Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.)

Introduction/Aims . Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is exceedingly rare and has been an enigmatic disease. Recent progress has drastically changed this perception, with early biomarkers being investigated and potential medications for PLS emerging at the preclinical stage. The aim of this paper is to describe a study of PLS natural history and discuss the limitations and proposed solutions to the study of a rare and slowly progressive disease. Methods . The PLS Natural History Study is a 30-site, 24-month, prospective study that is supported by multiple funding sources. The study aims to enroll 50 early PLS (disease duration ≤4 years) and 50 definite PLS (disease duration 4 to 15 years) participants using modified PLS Diagnostic Criteria. Smartphone-based assessments including semi-quantitative and quantitative measures and patient-reported outcomes are utilized. In-person quantitative measures are also completed during site visits. The change in the PLS Functional Rating Scale score is the primary outcome. The study utilizes the NeuroBANK ® patient-centric data capture and management platform. The biostatistical analysis plan has been developed. Results . In one year, 28 participants have been recruited. Enrollment has been much slower than anticipated due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the rarity of PLS, and potential study competition for internal resources from ALS clinical trials. Discussion . We discuss the need for more innovative methods to enroll and study individuals with such rare diseases and propose a number of mechanisms by which more efficient enrollment could be facilitated.

Background and Objectives: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease characterized by dysfunction at the neuromuscular junction. Treatment frequently includes corticosteroids (CSs) and IV immunoglobulin (IVIG). This study was conducted to determine whether immune globulin (human), 10% caprylate/chromatography purified (IGIV-C) could facilitate CS dose reduction in CS-dependent patients with MG., Methods: In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, CS-dependent patients with MG (Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America Class II-Iva; AChR+) received a loading dose of 2 g/kg IGIV-C over 2 days (maximum 80 g/d) or placebo at week 0 (baseline). Maintenance doses (1 g/kg IGIV-C or placebo) were administered every 3 weeks through week 36. Tapering of CS was initiated at week 9 and continued through week 36 unless the patient worsened (quantitative MG score ≥4 points from baseline). CS doses were increased (based on the current CS dose) in patients who worsened. Patients were withdrawn if worsening failed to improve within 6 weeks or if a second CS increase was required. The primary efficacy end point (at week 39) was a ≥50% reduction in CS dose. Secondary and safety end points were assessed throughout the study and follow-up (weeks 42 and 45). The study results and full protocol are available at clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02473965., Results: The primary end point (≥50% reduction in CS dose) showed no significant difference between the IGIV-C treatment (60.0% of patients) and placebo (63.3%). There were no significant differences for secondary end points. Safety data indicated that IGIV-C was well tolerated., Discussion: In this study, IGIV-C was not more effective than placebo in reducing daily CS dose. These results suggest that the effects of IGIV-C and CS are not synergistic and may be mechanistically different., Trial Registration Information: The trial was registered on clinicaltrialsregister.eu (EudraCT #: 2013-005099-17) and clinicaltrials.gov (identifier NCT02473965)., Classification of Evidence: This study provides Class II evidence that IVIG infusions in adult patients with MG do not increase the percentage of patients achieving a ≥50% reduction in corticosteroid dose compared with placebo., (© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.)

Immunoglobulin (Ig) therapy is a first-line treatment for CIDP, which can be administered intravenously (IVIg) or subcutaneously (SCIg) and is often required long term. The differences between these modes of administration and how they can affect dosing strategies and treatment optimization need to be understood. In general, the efficacy of IVIg and SCIg appear comparable in CIDP, but SCIg may offer some safety and quality of life advantages to some patients. The differences in pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and infusion regimens account for many of the differences between IVIg and SCIg. IVIg is administered as a large bolus every 3-4 weeks resulting in cyclic fluctuations in Ig concentration that have been linked to systemic adverse events (AEs) (potentially caused by high Ig levels) and end of dose "wear-off" effects (potentially caused by low Ig concentration). SCIg is administered as a smaller weekly, or twice weekly, volume resulting in near steady-state Ig levels that have been linked to continuously maintained function and reduced systemic AEs, but an increase in local reactions at the infusion site. The reduced frequency of systemic AEs observed with SCIg is likely related to the avoidance of high Ig concentrations. Some small studies in immune-mediated neuropathies have focused on serum Ig data to evaluate its potential use as a biomarker to aid clinical decision-making. Analyzing dose data may help understand how establishing and monitoring patients' Ig concentration could aid dose optimization and the transition from IVIg to SCIg therapy., Competing Interests: SB had received research grants from Alexion, Argenx, Catalyst, Ra Pharma, and UCB. He has also received honoraria for consulting or speaking for Akcea, Alnylam, CSL Behring, Grifols, Mitsubishi Pharma, and Takeda. BB has received honoraria for consulting or participation in advisory boards for Alexion Pharmaceuticals and CSL Behring. MP has received honoraria for consulting or participation in regional advisory boards from Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Argenx BioProducts Laboratory, Catalyst Pharmaceuticals, CSL Behring, and UCB/Ra Pharma. JS has received honoraria for consulting on an advisory board for Alnylam Pharmaceuticals. AK was a former employee of CSL Behring. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Beydoun, Sharma, Bassam, Pulley, Shije and Kafal.)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has the largest drug pipeline among neuromuscular diseases, with over 160 companies actively involved in ALS research. There is a growing need to recruit trial participants, but ALS patients often have limited mobility and most ALS trials are conducted in a small number of major centers. These factors effectively limit patient participation, particularly for those in rural areas. The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has necessitated the more widespread use of telemedicine technology for clinical care, and has prompted consideration of its increased use for clinical trials. In this opinion piece, we describe the current state of telemedicine for recruitment, consenting, and screening of participants for clinical trials. We also summarize the available data on remote administration of outcome measures. Current challenges include validation of outcome measures for remote assessment, as well as technological, regulatory, and licensure barriers., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Objective: To examine whether sustained minimal manifestation status (MMS) with complete withdrawal of prednisone is better achieved in thymectomized patients with myasthenia gravis (MG)., Methods: This study is a post hoc analysis of data from a randomized trial of thymectomy in MG (Thymectomy Trial in Non-Thymomatous Myasthenia Gravis Patients Receiving Prednisone Therapy [MGTX]). MGTX was a multicenter, randomized, rater-blinded 3-year trial that was followed by a voluntary 2-year extension for patients with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody-positive MG without thymoma. Patients were randomized 1:1 to thymectomy plus prednisone vs prednisone alone. Participants were age 18-65 years at enrollment with disease duration less than 5 years. All patients received oral prednisone titrated up to 100 mg on alternate days until they achieved MMS, which prompted a standardized prednisone taper as long as MMS was maintained. The achievement rate of sustained MMS (no symptoms of MG for 6 months) with complete withdrawal of prednisone was compared between the thymectomy plus prednisone and prednisone alone groups., Results: Patients with MG in the thymectomy plus prednisone group achieved sustained MMS with complete withdrawal of prednisone more frequently (64% vs 38%) and quickly compared to the prednisone alone group (median time 30 months vs no median time achieved, p < 0.001) over the 5-year study period. Prednisone-associated adverse symptoms were more frequent in the prednisone alone group and distress level increased with higher doses of prednisone., Conclusions: Thymectomy benefits patients with MG by increasing the likelihood of achieving sustained MMS with complete withdrawal of prednisone., Clinicaltrialsgov Identifier: NCT00294658., Classification of Evidence: This study provides Class II evidence that for patients with generalized MG with AChR antibody, those receiving thymectomy plus prednisone are more likely to attain sustained MMS and complete prednisone withdrawal than those on prednisone alone., (© 2020 American Academy of Neurology.)

Introduction: A randomized trial demonstrated benefit from thymectomy in nonthymomatous acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-antibody positive myasthenia gravis (MG). Uncontrolled observational and histologic studies suggest thymectomy may not be efficacious in anti-muscle-specific kinase (MuSK)-MG., Methods: The therapeutic impact of thymectomy was evaluated from data collected for a multicenter, retrospective blinded review of rituximab in MuSK-MG., Results: Baseline characteristics were similar between thymectomy (n = 26) and nonthymectomy (n = 29) groups, including treatment with rituximab (42% vs. 45%). At last visit, 35% of thymectomy subjects reached the primary endpoint, a Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) post-intervention status (PIS) score of minimal manifestations (MM) or better, compared with 55% of controls (P = 0.17). After controlling for age at onset of MG, rituximab, prednisone, and intravenous immunoglobulin/plasma exchange treatment, thymectomy was not associated with greater likelihood of favorable clinical outcome (odds ratio = 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0.12-1.53, P = 0.19)., Discussion: Thymectomy was not associated with additional clinical improvement in this multicenter cohort of MuSK-MG patients. Muscle Nerve 59:404-410, 2019., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background: The Thymectomy Trial in Non-Thymomatous Myasthenia Gravis Patients Receiving Prednisone (MGTX) showed that thymectomy combined with prednisone was superior to prednisone alone in improving clinical status as measured by the Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis (QMG) score in patients with generalised non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis at 3 years. We investigated the long-term effects of thymectomy up to 5 years on clinical status, medication requirements, and adverse events., Methods: We did a rater-blinded 2-year extension study at 36 centres in 15 countries for all patients who completed the randomised controlled MGTX and were willing to participate. MGTX patients were aged 18 to 65 years at enrolment, had generalised non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis of less than 5 years' duration, had acetylcholine receptor antibody titres of 1·00 nmol/L or higher (or concentrations of 0·50-0·99 nmol/L if diagnosis was confirmed by positive edrophonium or abnormal repetitive nerve stimulation, or abnormal single fibre electromyography), had Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America Clinical Classification Class II-IV disease, and were on optimal anticholinesterase therapy with or without oral corticosteroids. In MGTX, patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to either thymectomy plus prednisone or prednisone alone. All patients in both groups received oral prednisone at doses titrated up to 100 mg on alternate days until they achieved minimal manifestation status. The primary endpoints of the extension phase were the time-weighted means of the QMG score and alternate-day prednisone dose from month 0 to month 60. Analyses were by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00294658. It is closed to new participants, with follow-up completed., Findings: Of the 111 patients who completed the 3-year MGTX, 68 (61%) entered the extension study between Sept 1, 2009, and Aug 26, 2015 (33 in the prednisone alone group and 35 in the prednisone plus thymectomy group). 50 (74%) patients completed the 60-month assessment, 24 in the prednisone alone group and 26 in the prednisone plus thymectomy group. At 5 years, patients in the thymectomy plus prednisone group had significantly lower time-weighted mean QMG scores (5·47 [SD 3·87] vs 9·34 [5·08]; p=0·0007) and mean alternate-day prednisone doses (24 mg [SD 21] vs 48 mg [29]; p=0·0002) than did those in the prednisone alone group. 14 (42%) of 33 patients in the prednisone group, and 12 (34%) of 35 in the thymectomy plus prednisone group, had at least one adverse event by month 60. No treatment-related deaths were reported during the extension phase., Interpretation: At 5 years, thymectomy plus prednisone continues to confer benefits in patients with generalised non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis compared with prednisone alone. Although caution is appropriate when generalising our findings because of the small sample size of our study, they nevertheless provide further support for the benefits of thymectomy in patients with generalised non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis., Funding: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients benefit from multidisciplinary care in an ALS clinic. We studied whether multidisciplinary care of ALS patients using the store and forward method of telemedicine was feasible and acceptable to patients and providers., Methods: ALS patients seen in the University of Florida (UF) Jacksonville ALS clinic were eligible for our study. A trained telemedicine nurse performed and recorded a multidisciplinary assessment of the patient in their home. Clinic team members reviewed the assessments and provided recommendations, and the clinic director discussed the plan with the patient via videoconference. Patient and provider satisfaction was evaluated using surveys., Results: Eighteen patients completed a total of 27 telemedicine visits. Patient satisfaction was excellent and provider satisfaction was very good., Discussion: The store and forward method of telemedicine is an acceptable alternative to live telemedicine for the multidisciplinary care of ALS patients. This method of care may improve access to multidisciplinary care for this patient population. Muscle Nerve 59:34-39, 2019., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of rituximab in treatment of anti-muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) myasthenia gravis (MG)., Methods: This was a multicenter, blinded, prospective review, comparing anti-MuSK-positive patients with MG treated with rituximab to those not treated with rituximab. The primary clinical endpoint was the Myasthenia Gravis Status and Treatment Intensity (MGSTI), a novel outcome that combines the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) postintervention status (PIS) and the number and dosages of other immunosuppressant therapies used. A priori, an MGSTI of level ≤2 was used to define a favorable outcome. Secondary outcomes included modified MGFA PIS of minimal manifestations or better, mean/median prednisone dose, and mean/median doses of other immunosuppressant drugs., Results: Seventy-seven of 119 patients with anti-MuSK MG evaluated between January 1, 2005, and January 1, 2015, at 10 neuromuscular centers were selected for analysis after review of limited clinical data by a blinded expert panel. An additional 22 patients were excluded due to insufficient follow-up. Baseline characteristics were similar between the rituximab-treated patients (n = 24) and the controls (n = 31). Median follow-up duration was >3.5 years. At last visit, 58% (14/24) of rituximab-treated patients reached the primary outcome compared to 16% (5/31) of controls ( p = 0.002). Number needed to treat for the primary outcome is 2.4. At last visit, 29% of rituximab-treated patients were taking prednisone (mean dose 4.5 mg/day) compared to 74% of controls (mean dose 13 mg/day) ( p = 0.001 and p = 0.005)., Classification of Evidence: This study provides Class IV evidence that for patients with anti-MuSK MG, rituximab increased the probability of a favorable outcome., (© 2017 American Academy of Neurology.)

Background: Thymectomy has been a mainstay in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, but there is no conclusive evidence of its benefit. We conducted a multicenter, randomized trial comparing thymectomy plus prednisone with prednisone alone., Methods: We compared extended transsternal thymectomy plus alternate-day prednisone with alternate-day prednisone alone. Patients 18 to 65 years of age who had generalized nonthymomatous myasthenia gravis with a disease duration of less than 5 years were included if they had Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America clinical class II to IV disease (on a scale from I to V, with higher classes indicating more severe disease) and elevated circulating concentrations of acetylcholine-receptor antibody. The primary outcomes were the time-weighted average Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis score (on a scale from 0 to 39, with higher scores indicating more severe disease) over a 3-year period, as assessed by means of blinded rating, and the time-weighted average required dose of prednisone over a 3-year period., Results: A total of 126 patients underwent randomization between 2006 and 2012 at 36 sites. Patients who underwent thymectomy had a lower time-weighted average Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis score over a 3-year period than those who received prednisone alone (6.15 vs. 8.99, P<0.001); patients in the thymectomy group also had a lower average requirement for alternate-day prednisone (44 mg vs. 60 mg, P<0.001). Fewer patients in the thymectomy group than in the prednisone-only group required immunosuppression with azathioprine (17% vs. 48%, P<0.001) or were hospitalized for exacerbations (9% vs. 37%, P<0.001). The number of patients with treatment-associated complications did not differ significantly between groups (P=0.73), but patients in the thymectomy group had fewer treatment-associated symptoms related to immunosuppressive medications (P<0.001) and lower distress levels related to symptoms (P=0.003)., Conclusions: Thymectomy improved clinical outcomes over a 3-year period in patients with nonthymomatous myasthenia gravis. (Funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and others; MGTX ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00294658.).

Five patients, ages 63 to 79, had hemorrhagic complications involving the upper extremity from fibrinolytic therapy using intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for acute myocardial infarction. The hemorrhages varied in severity. Three patients were treated for superficial hematomas, one with a deep subcutaneous hematoma producing skin necrosis, and one compartment syndrome with posterior interosseous nerve palsy and marked intramuscular bleeding. tPA is currently being used in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction and acute nonhemorrhagic stroke. Caution should be used particularly for IV sites, central lines, arterial catheterization, and pneumatic tourniquets, to avoid upper extremity hemorrhage.

The antibody to the endothelial barrier antigen (anti-EBA) is localized to the luminal plasma membrane of endothelia that have a blood-brain barrier (BBB) but not to other vessels, for instance those in the circumventricular organs, which lack barrier function. We have examined EBA expression in the rat in certain tissues and in brain microvessels in models of brain angiogenesis such as development, wound healing and neural transplantation. All brain microvessels including pial ones stained for anti-EBA whereas those of the dura, median eminence and choroid plexus did not. Vessels of the iris which are characterized by tight junctions and barrier function expressed EBA strongly. Embryonic day 18 brain did not stain at all for anti-EBA although vessels were readily localized with anti-laminin. Following stab wounds to mature brain, directly injured and adjacent microvessels lacked EBA expression for a period of approximately 2 weeks which is a similar time frame of BBB breakdown. Following this period, EBA expression gradually returned to a normal pattern by 3-4 weeks. Likewise, in intraparenchymal transplants of fetal neocortex EBA expression was not observed for 2 weeks and while at later times transplant vessels expressed EBA whereas some interface vessels associated with inflammatory cells did not. Permeable choroid plexus vessels vascularizing intraventricular transplants did not stain for anti-EBA at any time period and neither did vessels in adrenal medulla transplants. The present study shows that while EBA expression is a postnatal event unlike the development of a barrier to serum protein, its expression may be lost or delayed in injured vessels or ones associated with inflammatory cells or reactive astrocytes.