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Structural racism contributes to health disparities between U.S. non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic white populations by differentially distributing resources used to maintain health. Policies that equitably redistribute resources may mitigate racialized health disparities. Using National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health data and time-to-event parametric g-formula methods, we investigate a hypothetical intervention to reduce Black-white family income inequities on racialized differences in self-rated health (N=11,312) and obesity (N=10,547). We first intervene to increase individual Black family incomes by $11,000, creating Black-white equity in median incomes in 1995. Then, we measure social multiplier effects by additionally increasing county-level Black median household incomes by $11,000. By Wave 4, individual, direct effects models comparing Black intervention to Black control groups show no risk differences in self-rated health (RD=-0.009; 95% CI: -0.026, 0.008) or obesity (RD=0.003; 95% CI: -0.017, 0.023). Social multiplier effects models suggestively reduce Black-white inequalities in obesity by increasing obesity in white intervention versus white control groups (RD=0.050=; 95% CI: -0.011, 0.110), but exacerbate Black-white disparities in self-rated health by reducing self-rated health in Black intervention versus white control groups (RD=0.184; 95% CI: 0.018, 0.351). In this cohort, income transfers may not reduce racialized disparities in obesity and self-rated health., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Adolescent violence victimisation is associated with a spectrum of adult social and behavioural health outcomes, including adverse mental health symptoms. However, underlying social stress mechanisms linking adolescent victimisation to adult cardiometabolic health remains poorly understood., Aim: The current study aims to reveal how adolescent and adult interpersonal violence exposures each get "under the skin" to affect adult metabolic syndrome, including direct victimisation and, additionally, witnessing violence., Subjects and Methods: We use a nationally representative longitudinal cohort, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, and leverage a quasi-experimental approach, propensity score matching regression analysis ( n  = 14,267)., Results: We find that adolescent violence exposure carries an enduring effect on young adult metabolic syndrome risk factor incidence and high-risk status, which is independent of young adult violence. Violence effects do not vary by sex or racial identity., Conclusion: In sum, adolescent exposure to direct interpersonal violence significantly affects young adult cardiometabolic health in ways suggesting adolescence is a sensitive period for the onset of harmful cardiometabolic effects in early adulthood. Findings warrant future study of underlying pathways and how these effects shape social inequities in cardiometabolic health among U.S. adults broadly.

Amid growing concern regarding the potential added burden of care due to population aging, we have very little understanding of what is the burden of care in aging populations. To answer this question, we introduce a novel metric that encompasses demographic complexity and social context to summarize unpaid family care work provided to children, elderly, and other family members across the life cycle at a population level. The measure (Care Life Expectancy), an application of the Sullivan method, estimates the number of years and proportion of adult life that people spend in an unpaid caregiving role. We demonstrate the value of the metric by using it to describe gender differences in unpaid care work in 23 European aging countries. We find that at age 15, women and men are expected to be in an unpaid caregiving role for over half of their remaining life. For women in most of the countries, over half of those years will involve high-level caregiving for a family member. We also find that men lag in caregiving across most countries, even when using the lowest threshold of caregiving. As we show here, demographic techniques can be used to enhance our understanding of the gendered implications of population aging, particularly as they relate to policy research and public debate., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11113-021-09640-z., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. part of Springer Nature 2021.)

Scholarship linking social contextual measures to health outcomes has grown in recent decades, but the role of individuals' intersecting identities in structuring social contexts to influence health remains unclear. Building on an existing intersectionality framework, we conceptualize how this may occur through social relationships. Then, we apply this framework to analyze whether adolescent peer social contextual disadvantage influences life-course obesity heterogeneously by individual gender, race, and early-life income. We take a life course approach as adolescence is a sensitive period for both social development and adult obesity development. In our analysis, we use cohort data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and leverage quasi-experimental variation in adolescent peers to addresses common sources of bias in prior observational studies. We find that among Black men from lower-income households in adolescence, there is a strong negative relationship between adolescent peer economic disadvantage and adult obesity that strengthens over time. By contrast, among Black women across adolescent household income levels, we find a strong positive relationship between adolescent peer economic disadvantage and obesity that emerges as women leave high school and endures into mid-adulthood. Among non-Black women, a more modest positive relationship appears between peer disadvantage and obesity. Among non-Black men, we find no relationship. These diverging patterns suggest that the pathways through which adolescent peer economic disadvantage influences health may differ or produce differential effects based on intersecting race, gender, and socioeconomic identities. Such heterogenous effects offer new insights, and future directions, for better understanding social life-course determinants of adult health and addressing inequities., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The prevalence of inflammatory child health conditions-such as asthma, eczema, and food allergy-and their associated costs have increased rapidly over the last 30 years. While environmental factors likely underpin these increases, recent studies explain only a fraction of the trend and rely on associational methods. Caesarean (or C-) section rates increased dramatically in the period of interest, and this method of delivery is an understudied environmental factor linked to child health outcomes via the gut microbiome. We fuse 22 years of birth cohort data from the United States National Surveys of Children's Health with C-section rates from the National Vital Statistics System generated for subgroups based on state, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and birth year. Then, we model the effects of C-section on rates of asthma, eczema, and food allergy using a quasi-experimental fixed effects design. We find that C-section significantly predicts food allergy, with qualitatively significant implications.