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Sol LeWitt, a pioneer of conceptual art, created during his career over 1350 wall drawings, including the Wall Drawing #736 (1993) at the Center for Contemporary Art Luigi Pecci in Prato (Prato, Italy). The painting, executed by Andrea Marescalchi and Antony Sansotta under LeWitt’s instructions, features a grid of coloured rectangles obtained by overlapping different layers of inks. During a 2021 restoration by the Wall Paintings and Stuccoes Department of the Opificio delle Pietre Dure (Firenze, Italy), an in-depth investigation of the composition and the materials used by LeWitt’s assistants in producing Wall Drawing #736 was performed. A multi-analytical approach entailing Raman spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and high-resolution mass spectrometry, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and pyrolysis coupled with GC–MS was applied. Our results revealed the use of animal glue, shellac resin, paraffin wax, linseed oil, and various organic pigments. The binder in the preparation layer was identified as poly(vinyl acetate), while poly(n-butyl methacrylate) was determined as a fixative. This research provided valuable insights into LeWitt’s techniques. The acquired knowledge on the paint technique is highly relevant in supporting conservators in restoration and consolidating the many wall drawings produced exploiting the same technique all over the world.

Abstract Bone fractures cause acute inflammation that, despite being important for initial repair, may delay the healing of the damaged bone. Parenteral injection of dietary protein has been shown to decrease inflammation and accelerate the repair of skin wounds and other inflammatory pathologies. Thus, our aim was to evaluate whether the intraperitoneal (i.p.) immunization with zein, an abundant protein in rodent chow, would favor bone healing. Wistar rats received i.p. immunization: saline (SG), adjuvant (AG) and zein associated with adjuvant (ZG). Then, a 2 mm of defect bone was performed on the right tibia, and on days 7, 14, 28 and 45 thereafter, analyses were performed. The results showed that the injection of zein reduced inflammation without impairing bone mineralization. Moreover, biomechanical tests demonstrated higher levels of maximum force (N) in ZG, indicating better mechanical resistance in relation to the others. The computerized tomography also indicated lower levels of medullary content in the ZG than in the SG, suggesting the absence of trabeculae in the medullary region in the ZG. These findings suggest that the injection of zein in previously tolerated animals may improve bone repair, leading to mechanically functional bone formation.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to report the experience of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ) in osteoporotic patients for nine years, and their associated initiating factors. Materials and methods: The numbers of invasive oral procedures (IOP) (tooth extraction, dental implant placement, and periodontal procedures) and removable prostheses performed from January 2012 to January 2021 were obtained from the digital records of a large public dental center. There were an estimated 6,742 procedures performed in patients under osteoporosis treatment. Results: Two cases (0.03%) of MRONJ were registered in nine years amongst patients with osteoporosis who had dental treatment at the center. From the 1,568 tooth extractions, one patient (0.06%) developed MRONJ. There was also one case from the 2,139 removable prostheses delivered (0.05%). Conclusions: The prevalence of MRONJ associated with osteoporosis treatment was very low. The protocols adopted seem to be adequate for the prevention of this complication. The findings of this study reinforce the rare frequency of MRONJ associated with dental procedures in patients submitted to the pharmacological management of osteoporosis. An integral analysis of systemic risk factors and oral preventive strategies may be considered regularly in the dental treatment of these patients.

Seat tilting wheelchair features can increase the comfort and safety of the user. Although many power wheelchairs have tilting mechanisms, they are often designed with a specific wheelchair model in mind. In this study, a design process for seat tilting mechanisms that can be applied to most rear-wheel drive wheelchair models is developed. Equations were developed to describe the geometrical and load constraints that were used to size the electric actuator that powers the system and define its position. Finally, the equations were used to create the seat tilting mechanism of a prototype wheelchair, which was then tested. The equations yielded coherent results which showed that advantageous actuator positions from a load minimization perspective usually require dimensions that cannot be found in commercial actuators. Also, there are positions in which the load increases exponentially, which should be avoided. The tests showed that the system was able to function properly on the prototype wheelchair and that the actuator position affected the time taken for the actuator to execute different parts of the tilting movement. The design process presented here was successful and modelled by general equations that can be applied to most front-wheel drive wheelchairs. It presents a low-cost option for the design of seat tilting systems, which can increase their accessibility. Developing new systems to provide improvements in assistive technologies is fundamental for social reintegration and quality of life improvement. Wheelchairs with a seat stabilization system for moving through inclined terrain can provide greater comfort and safety to the user. Adding low-cost functionalities to wheelchairs is essential to make them more accessible to people, therefore, this paper provides a design method of a new seat stabilization system applied to low-cost wheelchairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sol LeWitt, a pioneer of conceptual art, created during his career over 1350 wall drawings, including the Wall Drawing #736 (1993) at the Center for Contemporary Art Luigi Pecci in Prato (Prato, Italy). The painting, executed by Andrea Marescalchi and Antony Sansotta under LeWitt's instructions, features a grid of coloured rectangles obtained by overlapping different layers of inks. During a 2021 restoration by the Wall Paintings and Stuccoes Department of the Opificio delle Pietre Dure (Firenze, Italy), an in-depth investigation of the composition and the materials used by LeWitt's assistants in producing Wall Drawing #736 was performed. A multi-analytical approach entailing Raman spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and high-resolution mass spectrometry, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and pyrolysis coupled with GC–MS was applied. Our results revealed the use of animal glue, shellac resin, paraffin wax, linseed oil, and various organic pigments. The binder in the preparation layer was identified as poly(vinyl acetate), while poly(n-butyl methacrylate) was determined as a fixative. This research provided valuable insights into LeWitt's techniques. The acquired knowledge on the paint technique is highly relevant in supporting conservators in restoration and consolidating the many wall drawings produced exploiting the same technique all over the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos da prática do Pole Dance Fitness em pessoas que possuem lombalgia. Materiais e métodos: foram realizados: anamnese, avaliação antropométrica e de composição corporal, preenchimento do IPAQ, da EVAD, e a realização simultânea do Teste de Kendall (1995) e análise eletromiográfica dos músculos reto abdominal (RA), oblíquo externo (OE) e paravertebrais lombares (PL). A flexibilidade de coluna vertebral e membros inferiores foi avaliada pelo teste de sentar e alcançar de Wells. O aparelho Perina-Biofeedback foi utilizado para avaliação da força de contração dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (MAP). As sessões de treinamento foram realizadas por oito semanas. Resultados: Houve redução do peso corporal (1,4%), do percentual de gordura (3,72%), da circunferência abdominal (4,64%), do IMC (1,3%), da Razão cintura-quadril (13,54%) e da percepção de lombalgia (38,3%). A flexibilidade aumentou em (3,27%). A atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos RA e OE diminuiu (19,1% e 66,9%), respectivamente, enquanto dos PL aumentou (19%). O teste de Kendall (1995) revelou uma melhora na estabilização da coluna lombar. A avaliação da força dos MAP revelou melhora na coordenação de recrutamento. Conclusão: Conclui-se que oito semanas de treinamento na modalidade Pole Dance Fitness foram eficientes para a redução da percepção da dor lombar, do percentual de gordura corporal e da atividade mioelétrica dos músculos reto abdominal e oblíquo externo, aumento da força e da atividade mioelétrica dos músculos paravertebrais lombares.

We report a simple and efficient strategy to enhance the fluorescence of biocompatible biindole diketonates (bdks) in the visible spectrum through difluoroboronation (BF2bdks complexes). Emission spectroscopy testifies an increase in the fluorescence quantum yields from a few percent to as much as >0.7. This massive increment is essentially independent of substitutions at the indole (-H, -Cl, and -OCH3) and corresponds to a significant stabilization of the excited state with respect to non-radiative decay mechanisms: the non-radiative decay rates are reduced by as much as an order of magnitude, from 109 s−1 to 108 s−1, upon difluoroboronation. The stabilization of the excited state is large enough to enable sizeable 1O2 photosensitized production. Different time-dependent (TD) density functional theory (DFT) methods were assessed in their ability to model the electronic properties of the compounds, with TD-B3LYP-D3 providing the most accurate excitation energies. The calculations associate the first active optical transition in both the bdks and BF2bdks electronic spectra to the S0 → S1 transition, corresponding to a shift in the electronic density from the indoles to the oxygens or the O-BF2-O unit, respectively.

Introdução: Caminhada e corrida são atividades amplamente praticadas pela população que busca benefí­cios fí­sicos e mentais, pois contemplam o indiví­duo de forma integral. Objetivo: Investigar o perfil dos praticantes de atividade fí­sica ao livre em uma cidade de cidade do interior de Minas Gerais. Materiais e Métodos: Foi utilizado um questionário estruturado composto por 19 perguntas sobre atividade praticada, frequência, objetivos e dados referentes à prescrição e acompanhamento dessas atividades. Participaram deste estudo 228 sujeitos de ambos os sexos, acima de 18 anos, praticantes de corrida e/ou caminhada há pelo menos 3 meses nos espaços públicos da cidade de São João Del-Rei, Minas Gerais. Resultados: Dos 228 entrevistados, 50,66 % eram mulheres. Do total, a maioria, (68,44%) corre e 27,84% iniciaram a atividade para melhorar o condicionamento fí­sico, sendo que 61,5 % não possuem orientação de um profissional de Educação Fí­sica e 65,49 % não tenham tido lesões relacionadas à prática de corrida ou caminhada. A maior parte dos entrevistados (61,06 %) se sentem inseguros no local em que realizam a prática. Conclusão: Há uma equivalência entre os sexos sobre a prática de atividade, sendo que a maioria pratica a corrida. A maioria relatou não ter acompanhamento profissional e nunca ter tido lesões relacionadas à prática. A insegurança relacionada às condições de calçamento e trânsito de carros no local da prática foram mencionadas por mais da metade dos entrevistados.

Abstract We propose a new species of the troglobitic genus Spelaeogammarus da Silva Brum, 1975, with data on its distribution, ecology, aspects of behavior, and conservation status. Spelaeogammarus ginae sp. nov. occurs in a single cave in the Serra do Ramalho karst area, of the northeastern Brazilian semi-arid region. We also provide new data on the distribution and conservation status of its congener, Spelaeogammarus spinilacertus Koenemann and Holsinger, 2000 that occurs in the upper phreatic aquifer inside caves from Chapada Diamantina domain. Both species occur in caves in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil.

Periodontal disease (PD), characterized by chronic inflammation associated with dysbiosis, has been linked to several pathologies in the human body. Recent studies reveal a strong association between PD and cancer. The objective of this article was to carry out a narrative review of the literature on the relationship between both diseases. A search was performed in the Virtual Health Library (BVS), PubMed and Wiley Online Library databases, with the health descriptors (DECs) in Portuguese: “Doença Periodontal” and “Carcinogênese” and “Neoplasma”, and their correspondents in English, “Periodontal Disease” and “Carcinogenesis” and “Neoplasm”. The inclusion criteria were complete articles published in English, Portuguese and/or Spanish from 2010 to 2020, resulting in 22 articles. It was found that, although the inflammatory process resulting from PD occurs locally in the oral cavity, the inflammatory cells and their products, the periodontopathogens -- responsible for this inflammation together with the host’s immune response -- and the bacterial components can act on the organism in general. Consequences are possible changes in the cell cycle, cell proliferation, apoptosis, immune and inflammatory responses. In addition, periodontal pathogens are able to interact directly with cells in the body and thus stimulate carcinogenesis, tumor progression and/or metastasis. These facts studied in conjunction with epigenetics have revealed a positive association between several cancers and PD. It was concluded that, although some mechanisms involved in the association remain uncertain, epidemiological studies have added a new panorama for the correlation

In order to provide a profile of the elderly people assisted by the Naval Dental Center (Odontoclínica Central da Marinha), it was performed an epidemiological survey seeking to outline the oral conditions and reported changes in eating habits in this population. A cross-sectional study aimed to describe the prevalence of edentulism and functional dentition in a population of 675 elderly aged more than 60. The impact of functional dentition (FD) on quality of life of these people was assessed, and the association of FD with changes in eating habits was evaluated. The following variables were collected: number of full and partials removable dentures user, number of implants and natural teeth. The participants were inquired about changes on eating habits due to oral status. Data analysis has shown that the average number of natural teeth was 15.7 ± 7.9, 24.1 had severe dental loss, 64.0% did not present functional dentition and 23.5% reported changes in eating and chewing in the last 6 months. It was concluded that a large number of the elderly people evaluated presents several missing teeth which may negatively have impacted on their oral related quality of life.

Curcumin has been demonstrated to exhibit photosensitized bactericidal activity. However, the full exploitation of curcumin as a photo-pharmaceutical active principle is hindered by fast deactivation of the excited state through the transfer of the enol proton to the keto oxygen. Introducing an asymmetry in the molecular structure through acting on the phenyl substituents is expected to be a valuable strategy to impair this undesired de-excitation mechanism competing with the therapeutically relevant ones. In this study, two asymmetric curcumin analogs were synthesized and characterized as to their electronic-state transition spectroscopic properties. Fluorescence decay distributions were also reconstructed. Their analysis confirmed the substantial stabilization of the fluorescent state with respect to the parent compound. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments were performed with the aim of determining the structural features of the keto–enol ring and the strength of the keto–enol hydrogen bond. Electronic structure calculations were also undertaken to elucidate the effects of substitution on the features of the keto–enol semi-aromatic system and the proneness to proton transfer. Finally, their singlet oxygen-generation efficiency was compared to that of curcumin through the 9,10-dimethylanthracene fluorescent assay.

The novel zinc(II) µ-oxo-bridged-dimeric complex [Zn2(µ-O)2(BMIP)2] (BMIP = 1,3-bis(5-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)propane-1,3-dione), 1, was synthetized and fully characterized. The spectral data indicate a zincoxane molecular structure, with the BMIP ligand coordinating in its neutral form via its oxygen atoms. Structural changes in 1 in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were evidenced by means of spectroscopic techniques including infrared absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance, showing DMSO entrance in the coordination sphere of the metal ion. The resulting complex [Zn2(µ-O)2(BMIP)2(DMSO)], 2, readily reacts in the presence of N-methyl-imidazole (NMI), a liquid-phase nucleoside mimic, to form [Zn2(µ-O)2(BMIP)2(NMI)], 3, through DMSO displacement. The three complexes show high thermal stability, demonstrating that 1 has high affinity for hard nucleophiles. Finally, with the aim of probing the suitability of this system as model scaffold for new potential anticancer metallodrugs, the interactions of 1 with calf thymus DNA were investigated in vitro in pseudo-physiological environment through UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy, as well as time-resolved fluorescence studies. The latter analyses revealed that [Zn2(µ-O)2(BMIP)2(DMSO)] binds to DNA with high affinity upon DMSO displacement, opening new perspectives for the development of optimized drug substances.

OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological studies have shown a relationship between long-term use of proton pump inhibitors and bone metabolism. However, this relationship has not yet become established. The aim of the present study was to analyze the mechanical properties and bone mineral density (BMD) of rats that were subjected to long-term omeprazole use.METHODS: Fifty Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 240 g were divided equally into five groups: OMP300 (omeprazole intake at a dose of 300 µmoL/kg/day); OMP200 (200 µmoL/kg/day); OMP40 (40 µmoL/kg/day); OMP10 (10 µmoL/kg/day); and Cont (control group; intake of dilution vehicle). The solutions were administered for 90 consecutive days. After the rats had been sacrificed, their BMD, the mechanical properties of the dissected femurs and their serum Ca++ levels were analyzed.RESULTS: The BMD of the OMP300 group was lower than that of the controls (p = 0.006). There was no difference on comparing the OMP200, OMP40 and OMP10 groups with the controls. The maximum strength and rigidity of the femur did not differ in the experimental groups in comparison with the controls. The OMP300 group had a statistically lower serum Ca++ concentration than that of the controls (p = 0.049), but the other groups did not show any difference in relation to the controls.CONCLUSION: Daily intake of 300 µmoL/kg/day of omeprazole decreased the BMD of the femur, but without changes to the rigidity and strength of the femur in adult rats.

We report a simple and efficient strategy to enhance the fluorescence of biocompatible biindole diketonates (bdks) in the visible spectrum through difluoroboronation (BF2bdks complexes). Emission spectroscopy testifies an increase in the fluorescence quantum yields from a few percent to as much as >0.7. This massive increment is essentially independent of substitutions at the indole (-H, -Cl, and -OCH3) and corresponds to a significant stabilization of the excited state with respect to non-radiative decay mechanisms: the non-radiative decay rates are reduced by as much as an order of magnitude, from 109 s−1 to 108 s−1, upon difluoroboronation. The stabilization of the excited state is large enough to enable sizeable 1O2 photosensitized production. Different time-dependent (TD) density functional theory (DFT) methods were assessed in their ability to model the electronic properties of the compounds, with TD-B3LYP-D3 providing the most accurate excitation energies. The calculations associate the first active optical transition in both the bdks and BF2bdks electronic spectra to the S0 → S1 transition, corresponding to a shift in the electronic density from the indoles to the oxygens or the O-BF2-O unit, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bis-dehydroxycurcumin tert-butyl ester (K2T23) is a derivative of the natural spice curcumin. Curcumin is widely studied for its multiple therapeutic properties, including photosensitized cytotoxicity. However, the full exploitation of curcumin phototoxic potential is hindered by the extreme instability of its excited state, caused by very efficient non radiative decay by means of transfer of the enolic proton to the nearby keto oxygen. K2T23 is designed to exhibit a tautomeric equilibrium shifted toward the diketo conformers with respect to natural curcumin. This property should endow K2T23 with superior excited-state stability when excited in the UVB band, i.e., in correspondence of the diketo conformers absorption peaks, making this compound an interesting candidate for topical photodynamic therapy of, e.g., skin tumors or oral infections. In this work, the tautomeric equilibrium of K2T23 between the keto-enolic and diketo conformers is assessed in the ground state in several organic solvents by UV-visible absorption and by nuclear magnetic resonance. The same tautomeric equilibrium is also probed in the excited-state in the same environments by means of steady-state fluorescence and time-correlated single-photon counting measurements. These techniques are also exploited to elucidate the excited state dynamics and excited-state deactivation pathways of K2T23, which are compared to those determined for several other curcuminoids characterized in previous works of ours. The ability of K2T23 in photosensitizing the production of singlet oxygen is compared with that of curcumin.

A physalis (Physalis peruviana L.) é uma frutífera, pertencente à família Solanaceae, muito difundida no mercado internacional, principalmente por seu sabor e suas características medicinais, tornando-a atrativa para o mercado e comercialização. Objetivou-se determinar e correlacionar as características biométricas apresentadas por frutos e sementes e caracterizar física, físico-química e quimicamente o fruto de physalis, cultivado em casa de vegetação em Lavras-MG. Avaliaram-se nos frutos de physalis os caracteres diâmetros transversal e longitudinal do fruto, massa do fruto, massa do fruto com cálice, massa de sementes por fruto, massa de 100 sementes, massa de 1000 sementes e número de sementes por fruto, sendo que essas características foram avaliadas quando o cálice estava no estádio amarelo. Também foram avaliados a firmeza, coloração dos frutos, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, açúcares solúveis totais, pectina total e solúvel. O cultivo de physalis (P. peruviana L.) em casa de vegetação pode ser recomendado, pois essa condição possibilita a obtenção de frutos com características adequadas às normas de comercialização, tais como, conteúdo de sólidos solúveis de no mínimo 14ºBrix e ratio ≥ 6,0.

This article aims to investigate the role of the Armenian newspaper Agos, and consequently of the foundation Hrant Dink Vakfı, in rediscovering the Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey. One of their main priorities is the reconstruction of the Armenian presence in Anatolia before the Genocide of 1915, through a series of projects and research activities. Furthermore, this contribution aims specifically to understand the necessity for the Armenian community to rediscover the religious architectural heritage since ruins of churches are the only physical trace left of the Armenian presence in Anatolia. By means of an interdisciplinary (architectural heritage and memory studies) approach the case study of Kayseri, a central Anatolian city, is presented with specific references to the contributions by Agos and Hrant Dink Vakfı.

A fast and efficient protocol for the synthesis of N,N'-disubstituted urea derivatives from alkyl halides and primary or secondary amines has been developed. The synthetic pathway combines nucleophilic substitutions and a Staudinger–aza-Wittig reaction in the presence of polymer-bound diphenylphosphine under 14 bar of CO2 pressure and has been performed in a one-pot two-step process. The protocol has been optimized under microwave irradiation and the scale-up experiment has been conducted under conventional conditions in a Parr reactor. The final compounds were isolated after simple filtration in almost quantitative overall yields which makes this procedure facile and rapid to execute.

A library of new heterocyclic systems was synthesized starting from oxcarbazepine (OXC, Trileptal®, 10-oxo-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide). The key for these transformations is the α-enolizable ketone present on the [d]-side of our starting material OXC, thus, an in depth investigation of the literature to find heteroannulation reactions for substrates carrying an α-enolizable ketone gave us a boost to discover an excellent derivatization strategy and [3+2], [4+2] and [4+1] approaches were successfully developed. Almost always a pre-functionalization was needed, but also the direct one-pot heterocycle construction was also explored.

A nogueira-macadâmia produz nozes de alto valor no mercado internacional, devido às características nutricionais de suas amêndoas, consideradas uma excelente fonte energética. O objetivo do trabalho foi realizar a caracterização química e o perfil de ácidos graxos em 22 cultivares de nogueira-macadâmia. As cultivares utilizadas foram: 'Edson', 'HAES 788 (Pahala)', 'Beaumont 695', 'Flor Rosa', 'IAC 9-20X', 'HAES 344 (Kau)', 'Cannon', 'IAC 9-20', 'C160', 'HAES 849', 'IAC 4-12B', 'HAES 816', 'Doroti', '791 Fuji', 'IAC 4-20 (Keaumi)', 'HAES 814', 'HAES 722', 'África', 'IAC Campinas-B', 'HAES 246 (Keauhou)', 'HAES 741 (Mauka)' e 'HAES 842'. Foram quantificados a umidade, extrato etéreo, proteína, cinza e fibra bruta, além disso, extração de óleo e o perfil de ácidos graxos. A maior quantidade de proteína foi registrada na cultivar 'IAC 9-20X'. Quanto ao teor de fibra bruta, as maiores porcentagens foram observadas nas cultivares 'HAES 741' e 'HAES 842'. As amêndoas de todas as cultivares de nogueira-macadâmia analisadas possuem ácidos palmítico e oleico.The walnuts macadamia have a high value on the international market due to their almonds nutritional characteristics considered to be an excellent source of energy. The aim of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of 22 cultivars of almond walnut macadamia. The cultivars tested were: 'Edson', 'HAES 788 (Pahala)', 'Beaumont 695', 'Flor Rosa', 'IAC 9-20X', 'HAES 344 (Kau)', 'Cannon', 'IAC 9-20', 'C160', 'HAES 849', 'IAC 4-12B', 'HAES 816', 'Doroti', '791 Fuji', 'IAC 4-20 (Keaumi)', 'HAES 814', 'HAES 722', 'África', 'IAC Campinas-B', 'HAES 246 (Keauhou)', 'HAES 741 (Mauka)' and 'HAES 842'. Moisture, fat, protein, ash and crude fiber were analyzed and also oil extraction and fatty acid profile. The highest amount of protein was recorded in 'IAC 9-20X'. The highest percentages of crude fiber content were observed in cultivars 'HAES 741' and 'HAES 842'. The kernels of all walnut macadamia cultivars showed palmitic and oleic acids.

A nogueira-macadâmia produz frutos do tipo folículo, cuja parte comestível é a semente, com alto valor agregado no mercado internacional e com grande aceitação pelos consumidores. No Brasil, sabe-se que a época de colheita dos frutos da nogueira-macadâmia inicia-se em meados de fevereiro, porém, não se conhece o potencial produtivo dos diversos cultivares disponíveis nas condições brasileiras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a produção e a amplitude de colheita de cultivares de nogueira-macadâmia, no município de Itapira, SP. Para o experimento, foram utilizados dez cultivares de nogueira-macadâmia (HAES 722, IAC Campinas-B, 791 Fuji, HAES 842, HAES 849, HAES 814, HAES 344, IAC 9-20X, IAC 9-20 e HAES 816), sendo quantificadas durante três safras, em Itapira, SP, o número de frutos e a massa de colheita (produção e produtividade estimada), calculando-se, posteriormente, a massa média dos frutos. Concluiu-se que a produção da nogueira-macadâmia, em Itapira, SP, inicia-se em meados de fevereiro e estende-se até o final de junho. IAC 9-20 foi o cultivar mais precoce e, HAES 722, o mais tardio, enquanto o HAES 344 proporcionou a menor amplitude de colheita e 791 Fuji e HAES 849 as maiores. Os cultivares IAC 9-20X, IAC 9-20 e HAES 816 apresentaram o maior desempenho produtivo.Macadamia nuts achieve high values on the international market with widespread acceptance by consumers. In Brazil, harvesting of macadamia fruits starts in mid february, but it is not known the productive potential of different cultivars available in Brazilian conditions. The objective of this study was to quantify the production and extent of harvest of macadamia cultivars in Itapira, São Paulo State. Ten macadamia cultivars (HAES 722, IAC Campinas-B, 791 Fuji, HAES 842, HAES 849, HAES 814, HAES 344, IAC 9-20X, IAC 9-20 and HAES 816) were used in the experiment. The following characteristics were evaluated during three harvest seasons in Itapira-SP: the number of fruits and harvest mass (production and estimated yield), then calculating the average mass of fruits. It was concluded that the production of macadamia nuts in Itapira-SP began in mid February and runs until the end of June. Cultivar IAC 9-20 was the earliest and HAES 722 the latest, whereas HAES 344 provided the lowest range of harvest and 791 Fuji and HAES 849 the greatest. IAC 9-20X, IAC 9-20 and HAES 816 showed the highest growth performance.

A produção da nogueira-macadâmia é quantificada em "noz em casca" (casca e amêndoa). Assim, cultivares que possuam maior calibre detêm maior valor comercial. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar a análise de frutos e nozes de 22 cultivares de nogueira-macadâmia. As cultivares utilizados foram: 'África', 'Beaumont' (695), 'Cannon', 'C160', 'Doroti', 'Edson', 'Flor Rosa', 'HAES 722', 'HAES 814', 'HAES 816', 'HAES 842', 'HAES 849', 'IAC Campinas-B', 'IAC 9-20', 'IAC 9-20X', 'IAC 4-12B', 'Kau' ('HAES 344'), 'Keauhou' ('HAES 246'), 'Keaumi' ('IAC 4-20'), 'Mauka' ('HAES 741'), 'Pahala' ('HAES 788') e '791 Fuji'. Foram determinadas as dimensões (comprimento e diâmetro) e a massa fresca do carpelo, casca e amêndoa, além da massa fresca da "noz em casca" (casca e amêndoa), do TR (relação entre a massa das nozes em casca e a massa das amêndoas resgatadas). As cultivares apresentam diferenças quanto as dimensões dos frutos. A cultivar 'Edson' apresentou frutos e nozes com maiores dimensões e massa. Apenas as cultivares 'Pahala', 'Beaumont', 'IAC 9-20X' e 'Keaumi' apresentaram TR menor que 30%.The production of the macadamia walnut is measured in "nut in peel" (peel and almond). The cultivar that have higher caliber has greater commercial value. The objective of the present research was to analysis of fruits and nuts of 22 cultivars of macadamia walnut. The cultivars used were: 'África', 'Beaumont' (695), 'Cannon', 'C160', 'Doroti', 'Edson', 'Flor Rosa', 'HAES 722', 'HAES 814', 'HAES 816', 'HAES 842', 'HAES 849', 'IAC Campinas-B', 'IAC 9-20', 'IAC 9-20X', 'IAC 4-12B', 'Kau' ('HAES 344'), 'Keauhou' ('HAES 246'), 'Keaumi' ('IAC 4-20'), 'Mauka' ('HAES 741'), 'Pahala' ('HAES 788') and '791 Fuji'. It was determined the dimensions (length and diameter) and the fresh weight of the carpelo, peel and almond, besides the fresh weight of the "nut in peel" (peel and almond), besides TR (relationship among the weight of the nut in peel and the weight of the rescued almonds). The cultivars presented differences as the dimensions of the fruits. The cultivar 'Edson' presented fruits and nuts with larger dimensions and weight. The cultivars 'Pahala', 'Beaumont', 'IAC 9-20X' and 'Keaumi' presented TR lower than 30%.

Zinc powder in aqueous alkaline media was employed to perform reductive amination of aldehydes with primary amines. The corresponding secondary amines were obtained in good yields along with minor amounts of hydrodimerization byproducts. The protocol is a green alternative to the use of complex hydrides in chlorinated or highly flammable solvents.