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Abstract Nowadays, the whole world is moving very quickly into the field of seawater desalination. This is because the world suffers from a lack of potable water. Water and energy are adjoining linked fields. The present work aims at investigating the performance of a reverse osmosis (RO) plant integrated with Pelton Wheel under various operating conditions. The main reason for using Pelton turbine instead of the pressure exchanger (PX) is the low cost of Pelton compared to that of PX. The RO system integrated with the Pelton Wheel was tested under various operating pressures of 650, 700, 750, 800, and 850 kPa. Changing the feed water pressure affects the pressure of the reject entering the Pelton wheel and this, in turn, affects the velocity of the water jet. Also, the impact of varying the feed water salinity (total dissolved solids (TDS) = 400, 500, 600, 700, and 850 ppm) and temperature (20–39 °C) on the permeate and reject of RO was tested. In addition, a theoretical modeling was built to predict the performance of the RO system. The permeate flow rate was increased by raising the RO operating pressures. The permeate flow rate was augmented from 2.5 to 4.3 L min−1 when increasing the operating pressure from 650 to 850 kPa, respectively. Therefore, the permeate flow rate is enhanced by around 72% when increasing the operating pressure by only 30%. Besides, increasing the pressure by 30% (from 650 to 860 kPa) decreased the generated power of the Pelton Wheel by approximately 72% (from 960 to 270 W, respectively). Also, increasing the feed water salinity leads to raise the salinity of RO permeate, and vice versa. The RO permeate salinity is raised from 165 to 285 ppm when increasing the operating pressure from 650 to 850 kPa, respectively. As well, the more the increase in feed water temperature, the more improve in the permeate flux and salinity. The permeate TDS was decreased from 140 ppm at feed-water temperature 20 °C to 56 ppm at feed water temperature 39 °C. In this study, the Arduino program circuit was used to supply the required emergency loads by controlling the pressure values of high-pressure pump due to easy and open code program. Finally, the theoretical modelling results are in good correspondence with the experimental results. The average deviation among the theoretical and experimental results was 3.5%.

Nowadays, the whole world is moving very quickly into the field of seawater desalination. This is because the world suffers from a lack of potable water. Water and energy are adjoining linked fields. The present work aims at investigating the performance of a reverse osmosis (RO) plant integrated with Pelton Wheel under various operating conditions. The main reason for using Pelton turbine instead of the pressure exchanger (PX) is the low cost of Pelton compared to that of PX. The RO system integrated with the Pelton Wheel was tested under various operating pressures of 650, 700, 750, 800, and 850 kPa. Changing the feed water pressure affects the pressure of the reject entering the Pelton wheel and this, in turn, affects the velocity of the water jet. Also, the impact of varying the feed water salinity (total dissolved solids (TDS) = 400, 500, 600, 700, and 850 ppm) and temperature (20–39 °C) on the permeate and reject of RO was tested. In addition, a theoretical modeling was built to predict the performance of the RO system. The permeate flow rate was increased by raising the RO operating pressures. The permeate flow rate was augmented from 2.5 to 4.3 L min−1 when increasing the operating pressure from 650 to 850 kPa, respectively. Therefore, the permeate flow rate is enhanced by around 72% when increasing the operating pressure by only 30%. Besides, increasing the pressure by 30% (from 650 to 860 kPa) decreased the generated power of the Pelton Wheel by approximately 72% (from 960 to 270 W, respectively). Also, increasing the feed water salinity leads to raise the salinity of RO permeate, and vice versa. The RO permeate salinity is raised from 165 to 285 ppm when increasing the operating pressure from 650 to 850 kPa, respectively. As well, the more the increase in feed water temperature, the more improve in the permeate flux and salinity. The permeate TDS was decreased from 140 ppm at feed-water temperature 20 °C to 56 ppm at feed water temperature 39 °C. In this study, the Arduino program circuit was used to supply the required emergency loads by controlling the pressure values of high-pressure pump due to easy and open code program. Finally, the theoretical modelling results are in good correspondence with the experimental results. The average deviation among the theoretical and experimental results was 3.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In fluid mechanics courses of engineering curricula, theoretical performance curves of hydraulic turbines are obtained by means of simple analytical expressions that tend to overestimate experimental data. As we show here in the analysis of a laboratory-scale Pelton wheel, a much deeper physical insight can be achieved by means of general-purpose commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software programs, becoming a suitable tool for academic activities. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 684-690, 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• GWO with mutation strategy is used to identify Pelton wheel defects. • KEMI is defined as optimization objective function. • The optimal selection of TVF-EMD parameters is done by AGWO. • CNN is used as classifier which identifies the different health conditions. • 100% defect prediction accuracy has been achieved by the proposed scheme. A deep learning-based defect identification scheme for the Pelton wheel has been developed. Initially, the raw vibration signal is passed through a time-varying filter based empirical mode decomposition (TVF-EMD). Filter parameters of TVF-EMD are optimized by a newly developed optimization algorithm i.e., amended grey wolf optimization (AGWO) with Kernel estimate for mutual information (KEMI) as its fitness function. The prominent IMF obtained is used to construct scalogram and prepare dataset. The training dataset trains the convolutional neural network (CNN) model whose accuracy was evaluated by the test dataset and founds to be 100%. The proposed AGWO algorithm was evaluated on twenty-three classical benchmark functions and the Wilcoxon test. Results obtained at benchmark functions and the Wilcoxon test validate the efficiency and superiority of the proposed method as compared to other techniques. A CNN classifier is compared with other learning models which suggested that CNN outperforms all learning models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A laboratory-scale Pelton turbine for hydroelectric generation has been constructed and used in the educational curriculum of The Renewable Energy Programme at the University of Jyväskylä. The construction of the Pelton turbine, the experimental apparatus and the measurement procedure are described. The apparatus is simple to make and uses inexpensive components, most of which can be found in standard science laboratories. From the experimental results, the turbine was found to have a maximum mechanical efficiency of for a water flow rate of . The Pelton turbine and apparatus demonstrate the principles of hydropower and are well suited for education in renewable energy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper explains why Euler's equation and the airfoil theory, while analytically correct, sometimes produce disappointing results. It also emphasizes the merits of a recently developed approach and demonstrates its usefulness in solving problems encountered in practice. The subject matter relates, directly, only to rotodynamic pumps. However, with proper modifications, it can be easily expanded to other fluids machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the practical significance of the recent finding that the amount of liquid which is directly affected by a blade appears to be of the same order of magnitude as the volume which the blade is displacing. The paper discusses, primarily, cases related to rotodynamic pumps, but it is emphasized that this finding is also applicable to a wide spectrum of additional disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to design and build a control system to control the performance of the Pelton wheel and synchronous generator system at different upstream water flow and electrical load conditions. The turbine output power is determined by the upstream water flow and spear valve, whilst the generator output power is determined by the turbine output power and the electrical load. A spear valve is used to control the generator output power at different water and load conditions. An autotuning proportion integration (PI) arithmetic-based controller was built using a relay feedback tuning method. An on–off relay was used in the program in order to oscillate the system. The optimal PI gains can be estimated via the Ziegler–Nichols method. A fully open test was used to test the tuned PI gains. The performance of the original gains and the new tuned gains were discussed. A controller was used to maintain the frequency or voltage of the output power by automatic regulation of the turbine valve. The program could search for the maximum generation efficiency by entering the output current value of the generator into the program manually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]