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Safety and security are major concerns in the modern day. People and organizations can employ security mechanisms to safeguard their property for their homes or commercial enterprises. Present security systems involve the utilization of Assorted Sensors in cameras for video surveillance. This paper aims at providing one such idea to ensure the protection and security of one’s property. This technique performs Face Recognition as an authentication procedure when a new face is detected by a snapshot. We propose to present a sensible, smart and sustainable Closed - Circuit Television (CCTV) camera with intrusion detection using the LBPH-Local binary pattern histogram algorithm, SIM-Structural Similarity Index Measure, Haar Cascade Classifier, and TKinter. By utilizing intrusion detection, CCTV cameras record real-time videos and process the video at the time of recording to search out the unwanted people arriving within the surveillance area. Our GUI has different buttons supported with features. Adding DL support would create broad scope in this paper such as with DL we would be able to add up much more functionality. We can have future enhancements on this paper such as creating Portable CCTV, Deadly weapon detection, Accident Detection, Fire Detection.

The effect of extending the pen-feeding period of non-implanted feedlot steers beyond the 8.0 mm fat thickness (FT) endpoint on performance, carcass and meat traits was evaluated. Sixty-four medium-sized British steers (308 ± 26 kg) were grouped into four blocks by weight and housed in 16 pens. Pens within each block were assigned to one of four finishing periods: 64, 91, 119 and 147 days on feed (DOF). The first harvest (64 DOF) was defined as the projected days to attain 8.0 mm FT. From the 8.0-13.8 mm FT endpoints (64 and 147 DOF, respectively), daily shrunk body weight (SBW) feed conversion increased from 9.98 to 15.76 kg/kg (P < 0.001), while daily carcass weight (CW) feed conversion increased from 15.34 to 18.27 kg/kg (P < 0.001). Carcass transfer (CW gain to SBW gain ratio) increased from 0.67 to 0.86 kg/kg. FT and marbling score increased at increasing rates during the finishing period (P < 0.001), whereas rib eye area increased at decreasing rates (P < 0.001). Extending the feeding period tended to improve meat tenderness at three days of ageing (P = 0.066), while there was no response at 14 days of ageing (P > 0.10). Overall, the 8.0 mm FT endpoint for non-implanted steers corresponded to proper performance and adequate meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-eight Angus steers (289 kg) were finished on a high-concentrate diet (85% concentrate:15% roughage; CONC), or endophyte-free tall fescue pastures with corn grain supplement (0.52% of BW; PC), corn oil plus soybean hull supplement (0.10% of BW corn oil plus 0.45% of BW soybean hulls; PO), or no supplement (pasture only; PA). Subcutaneous adipose tissues were processed for total cellular RNA extraction and fatty acid composition by GLC. Relative expression of genes involved in lipogenesis [fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-CoA carboxylase, lipoprotein lipase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)] and activators of transcription [(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-[gamma]), C/[EBP.sub.[alpha]], sterol regulatory binding protein-l, signal transducer and activator of transcription-5, and Spot-14] was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Housekeeping gene (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and [beta]-actin) expression was used in analysis to normalize expression data. Total fatty acid content was greatest (P < 0.001) for CONC and least (P < 0.001) for PA. Supplementation of grazing cattle increased (P < 0.001) total fatty acid content compared with PA, but concentrations were less (P < 0.001) than for CONC. Myristic and palmitic acid contents were greater (P < 0.001) for CONC than for PO and PC, which were greater (P < 0.001) than for PA. Stearic acid content was greater (P < 0.01) for PO than for CONC, PC, and PA. Finishing on CONC increased (P < 0.001) total MUFA content by 68% compared with PA. Corn grain supplementation increased (P < 0.001) MUFA content compared with PA; in contrast, MUFA content did not differ (P > 0.05) between PO and PA. Corn oil supplementation increased (P < 0.001) trans-11 vaccenic acid content in subcutaneous fat by 1.2-, 1.7- and 5.6-fold relative to PA, PC, and CONC, respectively. Concentrations of the cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer were 54, 58, and 208% greater (P < 0.01) for PO than for PA, PC, and CONC, respectively. Corn grain supplementation to grazing steers did not alter (P > 0.05) the cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer compared with PA. Oil supplementation increased (P < 0.001) linoleic acid (C18:2) content by 56, 98 and 262% compared with CONC, PC, and PA, respectively. Relative mRNA expression of SCD was upregulated (P < 0.001) by 46-, 18- and 7-fold, respectively, for CONC, PC, and PO compared with PA. Relative FASN mRNA expression was also upregulated (P = 0.004) by 9- and 5-fold, respectively, for CONC and PC compared with PA. Grain feeding, either on CONC or supplemented on pasture, upregulated FASN and SCD mRNA to increase MUFA and de novo fatty acids in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Upregulation of SCD with grain feeding and reduced tissue CLA concentrations suggest that the decreased CLA concentrations were the result of limited substrate (trans-11 vaccenic acid) availability. Key words: beef, fatty acid, supplementation

Twenty-eight Angus (289 [+ or -] 3.8 kg) steers were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effect of isocaloric supplementation of 2 different energy sources to steers rotationally grazing tall fescue pastures for 197 d in comparison to positive and negative controls. Steers were supplemented with either corn grain (0.52% BW on a DM basis; PC) or soybean hulls plus corn oil (0.45% BW on a DM basis + 0.10% BW on an as-fed basis; PO) using Calan gates for individual intake measurement. Negative, pasture only (PA), and positive, high-concentrate control diets (85% concentrate:15% roughage on DM basis; C) were also included in the study. Steers on PC, PO, and PA treatments were managed together under a rotational grazing system, whereas C steers were fed a high-concentrate diet for the final 113 d using Calan gates. Forage DMI and apparent DM and NDF digestibility for the grazing treatments were evaluated using [Cr.sub.2][O.sub.5] and indigestible NDF as digesta markers. Energy supplementation decreased (P = 0.02) forage DMI (% of BW) with respect to PA, but not (P = 0.58) total DMI. There were no differences (P = 0.53) among grazing treatments on apparent total DM digestibility. However, NDF digestibility was less (P [less than or equal to] 0.05) in PC than in PO and PA; the latter 2 treatments did not differ (P > 0.05). Overall ADG was greater (P < 0.01) in supplemented, regardless of type, than in nonsupplemented grazing treatments. During the final 113 d, ADG was greater (P < 0.01) in C than in the grazing treatments. Overall supplement conversion did not differ (P = 0.73) between supplement types and was less (P = 0.006) than C. Carcass traits did not differ (P > 0.05) between energy sources. Dressing percentage and HCW were greater (P < 0.01) in supplemented cattle than in PA. Fat thickness and KPH percentage for PA were less (P < 0.05) than for PO but did not differ (P> 0.14) from PC. Marbling score, LM area, and quality grade did not differ (P > 0.05) between grazing treatments. Hot carcass weight for C was heavier (P < 0.001) than for pastured cattle. Quality and yield grades of C carcasses were also greater (P < 0.001) than carcasses from pastured steers. Energy supplementation, regardless of source, to grazing steers increased ADG, dressing percentage, and carcass weight compared with PA steers; however, supplemented steers had less ADG, efficiency, dressing percentage, and carcass weight compared with high-concentrate finished steers. Key words: beef, carcass, pasture

Eighteen steers were used to evaluate the effect of supplemental corn oil level to steers grazing endophyte-free tall fescue on fatty acid composition of LM, stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) activity and expression as well as cellularity in s.c. adipose. Corn oil was supplemented (g/kg of BW) at 0 (none), 0.75 (medium), and 1.5 (high). Cottonseed hulls were used as a carrier for the corn oil and were supplemented according to pasture availability (0.7 to 1% of BW). Steers were finished on a rotationally grazed, tall fescue pasture for 116 d. Fatty acid composition of LM, s.c. adipose, and diet was determined by GLC. Total linoleic acid intake increased linearly (P < 0.01) with corn oil supplementation (90.7, 265.1, and 406.7 g in none, medium, and high, respectively). Oil supplementation linearly reduced (P < 0.05) myristic, palmitic, and linolenic acid percentage in LM and s.c. adipose. Vaccenic acid (C18:1 t11; VA) percentage was 46 and 32% greater (linear, P = 0.02; quadratic, P = 0.01) for medium and high, respectively, than none, regardless of tissue. Effect of oil supplementation on CLA cis-9, trans-11 was affected by type of adipose tissue (P < 0.01). In the LM, CLA cis-9, trans-11 isomer was 25% greater for medium than for none and intermediate for high, whereas CLA cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer was 48 and 33% greater in s.c. adipose tissue for medium and high than for none, respectively. Corn oil linearly increased (P [less than or equal to] 0.01) trans-10 octadecenoic acid and CLA trans-10, cis-12; however, values were low ( 0.05) the percentage of total SFA, MUFA, or PUFA but linearly increased (P = 0.03) n-6:n-3 ratio from 2.4 to 2.9 in none and high, respectively. Among tissues, total SFA and MUFA were greater in s.c. adipose than LM, whereas total PUFA, n-6, and n-3 fatty acids and the n-6:n-3 ratio were lower. Trans-10 octadecenoic acid, VA, and CLA trans-10, cis-12 were greater (P < 0.01) in s.c. adipose than in LM. Oil supplementation did not alter (P > 0.05) stearoyl CoA desaturase activity or mRNA expression. Corn oil supplementation to grazing steers reduced the percentages of highly atherogenic fatty acids (myristic and palmitic acids) and increased the percentages of antiatherogenic and anticarcinogenic fatty acids (VA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA). Key words: beef, conjugated linoleic acid, fatty acid, forage

Eighteen Angus steers (438 [+ or -] 4 kg of BW) were supplemented with varying levels of corn oil (0 g/kg of BW, none; 0.75 g/kg of BW, MED; or 1.5 g/ kg of BW, HI) on rotationally stocked, endophyte-free tall fescue to determine the effect of supplemental oil level on in vivo digestibility, intake, performance, and carcass traits. Pelleted cottonseed hulls were used as a carrier for the oil supplements, and all supplements were offered to steers using Calan gate feeders for individual intake determination. On d 49, each steer was dosed with a controlled-release capsule containing chromium sesquioxide, and fecal samples were obtained 12 d later over a 7-d period to estimate fecal output that, with forage, supplement, and fecal indigestible NDF concentration, was used to estimate DMI and in vivo total diet digestibility. Steers were slaughtered at the end of the 116-d grazing period, and carcass data were collected at 24 h postmortem. Total fatty acid intake linearly increased with corn oil supplementation, and forage DMI, total DMI, and total DE intake were lin early decreased (P < 0.01). The decrease in total DMI was reflected in forage substitution rates greater (P [less that or equal to] 0.01) than 1, with a trend (P = 0.09) for a greater substitution rate in HI than in MED. In vivo DM, OM, and NDF digestibility were linearly decreased (P < 0.01) by corn oil supplementation. Average daily gain and final BW tended (P = 0.09) to increase linearly in response to oil level. Oil conversion (0.36 kg of BW gain/ kg of corn oil) was greater (P[less that or equal to]0.05) than zero and did not differ (P = 0.15) between MED and HI. Dressing percent (P = 0.09), carcass weight (P = 0.01), and carcass backfat thickness (P = 0.01) increased linearly with oil supplementation. No treatment effect was observed for carcass LM area, KPH percentage, marbling score, or yield grade (P > 0.10). Oil supplementation to grazing steers linearly reduced forage DMI intake; however, animal performance was maintained and tended to be greater for oil-supplemented cattle. Oil supplementation increased carcass fat thickness and weight without altering other carcass quality parameters. Key words: beef, carcass, corn oil supplementation, digestibility, forage

To evaluate the effect of grazing cattle temperament on performance, as well as carcass and meat quality traits, exit velocity (EV) was assessed throughout two production cycles (PC1, n = 38 and PC2, n = 52). Individual EV determinations were assessed throughout each PC and then 100-days period averages were calculated for each animal. Animals were ranked based on their EV (EV-RANK) in the first 100-days period as SLOW, FAST and MEDIUM. The EV decreased from weaning to slaughter in FAST and MEDIUM (P < 0.05); but did not change in SLOW (P > 0.10). Initial liveweight was lowest in FAST and highest in MEDIUM (P = 0.03). DM intake (P = 0.08) and average daily gain (P = 0.94) were not affected by EV-RANK, but carcass subcutaneous fat thickness was lowest in FAST and highest in MEDIUM (P = 0.02). Longissimus muscle colour and shear-force were not affected by EV-RANK (P > 0.05), but muscle glycogen content at slaughter was higher in MEDIUM than in SLOW or FAST (P = 0.047). No EV-RANK effects were observed in the present study on meat colour and shear-force. However, its effects on subcutaneous fat thickness and muscle glycogen could result in low meat quality of temperamental cattle under more stressful handling situations. Animal temperament could affect not only meat production but also quality. Though temperamental animals, i.e. more reactive ones, get used to the production system as they spend time on it, they produce carcasses with less fat cover and lower glycogen content in the muscles. These traits could increase the risk of low meat quality obtained from temperamental cattle under severe stressful situations. Additional feeding or animal management strategies should be considered for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lower lignin content in brown-midrib corn silage (BMRCS) than in conventional corn silage results in greater digestibility and dry-matter intake. Despite this advantage, the use of BMRCS has not been widely evaluated in beef cattle. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of BMRCS chopped at 22-mm as the main component (79% DM basis) for finishing steer diet on digestion, animal performance and ruminal kinetics disappearance. In a first trial, 56 Angus and crossbred steers (339 ± 18 kg initial bodyweight) were divided into 14 pens that were randomly assigned to one of the following two treatments: BMR total mixed ration (BMRT) or conventional total mixed ration. Data were analysed under a completely randomised design using pen as the experimental unit (n = 7). In a second trial, BMRCS and conventional corn silage were incubated (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 72 and 120 h) in the rumen of three ruminally cannulated cows. Data were analysed under a completely randomised block (cow) design. The inclusion of BMRCS in 79% corn silage diet for finishing steers improved total diet neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibility, but did not improve DM digestibility. While there was no significant improvement in animal performance, carcass yield was improved in BMRT. Future studies are needed to evaluate the improvement of carcass weight in steers fed BMRT. Brown-midrib corn silage (BMRCS) presents higher fibre digestibility than does conventional corn silage, which may allow greater animal intake and efficiency to enhance beef cattle production. In the current study, total dietary fibre digestibility was increased by the inclusion of BMRCS in a diet of finishing steers. While there was no significant improvement in animal performance, the carcass yield was enhanced. The present results show that further research is necessary to evaluate the potential of BMRCS as a tool in beef cattle production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-two steers were used to examine forage type (legumes [Medicago sativa and Glycine max] vs. grasses [Lolium arundinaceum and Sorghum bicolor]) with or without individual corn grain supplementation (0 vs. 0.75% of live weight [LW]/d) on beef fatty acid composition and palatability. In each year, steers (n = 16/yr) were randomly assigned to forage type (n = 8/forage type per yr) and to supplementation treatments within forage type (n = 4/supplementation treatment/forage type per yr). Forage types (grasses vs. legumes) were replicated in 2 paddocks of perennial and annual forage type pastures. A mixed model was developed with forage type, corn grain supplementation, and the 2-way interaction as fixed effects and 2 different error terms, one for testing forage and another for testing grain supplement and grain supplement x forage interaction. Corn grain supplementation increased (P = 0.01) ADG by 0.29 kg/d and final LW by 13 kg. Hot carcass weight, dressing percentage (DP), and KPH were greater (P < 0.05) for steers supplemented with corn grain. Carcasses from steers grazing legumes had greater (P = 0.04) DP compared with carcasses from steers grazing grasses. Alpha-linolenic acid concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in LM of steers grazing legumes than in LM of steers grazing grasses, both without supplementation. Supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) linolenic acid levels for both forage types; however, the magnitude of this reduction was greater for legumes than for grasses. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFA was greater (P = 0.03) in the LM of corn grain--supplemented steers than in the LM of nonsupplemented steers. Supplementation of corn grain decreased (P < 0.05) the percentage of odd-chain fatty acids and increased (P < 0.05) the percentage of MUFA in the LM. Warner--Bratzler shear force values were not altered (P > 0.05) by forage type, supplementation, or the 2-way interaction. Beef finished on legumes had greater concentrations of n-3 PUFA, whereas beef supplemented with corn grain had a greater ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids. On a gravimetric basis (mg/100 g LM), n-3 PUFA and CLA contents were not altered with supplementation, indicating that corn grain can be supplemented at this level in a forage-finishing beef system without negative consequences on perceived beneficial fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports relationships between fatty acids (FAs) and intramuscular fat (IMF)% in M. longissimus lumborum samples from 108 pasture-fed ewe lambs. Samples ranged in IMF from 1 to 6%. Relationships between %FA with total IMF% were mainly linear with percentages of saturated and monounsaturated FAs (MUFA), including trans -FAs, increasing and polyunsaturated FAs decreasing as IMF% increased. Normalized FA content data at 5.5% relative to 1.5% IMF, showed the highest relative increase for C14:0 as rates of endogenous synthesis increase with higher IMF deposition. This can be related to enhanced C12:0 elongation and lower rates of C14:0 desaturation, supported by a preferential desaturation of C18:1 trans -11 and C18:0 compared with C14:0 and C16:0 as IMF increased. The greatest normalized increase after C14:0 was anteisoC17:0 followed by other branched chain FAs and then trans -MUFA and C18:2 cis -9, trans -11. Finally, C22:6 and C22:5 showed higher relative increase than C20:5 indicating greater rates of elongation and desaturation past C20:5 at higher levels of fatness. • Changes in fatty acids (FA) with increasing lamb intramuscular fat were reported. • Results confirm the increased saturation at higher levels of fatness. • C14:0 showed the highest relative increase followed by anteiso-C17:0 and other BCFA. • trans -Monounsaturated FA and C18:2c9,t11 showed the next greatest relative increase. • C22:6n-3 and C22:5n-3 showed higher relative increase than C20:5n-3 with increased fatness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The purpose of the present work was to develop a tool for preoperatively planning the Total Hip Replacement (THR). Starting from the MR images, the 3D surface model of both the pelvis and the femur was built and the surgical operation was virtually performed. Data coming from gait analysis were added to visualize the physiologic movement of the hip joint. The resulting triangular mesh was sufficiently accurate to allow the building of the stereolithographic model of the joint by means of rapid prototyping technique. The plastic bones allow the user to have an enhanced vision of the surgical procedure to be performed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To evaluate the effect of corn and flaxseed supplementation at finishing on longissimus thoracis color and shear-force and on subcutaneous fat color, forty-eight angus steers were assigned to four dietary treatments (DIET): no-supplement, supplemented with 0.7% live weight (LW) of cracked corn grain plus 0.0%, 0.125% and 0.25% LW of whole flaxseed in two finishing trials (Trial-1, early spring and Trial-2, late spring). None of the evaluated variables were affected by DIET in either trial, nor in a combined statistical analysis of the pooled data. The lack of DIET effect observed on muscle color and shear-force, are in agreement with the similar longissimus muscle pH@45 min, temp@45 min, pH@24 h, and glycogen content at slaughter observed between DIET. Lack of shear force difference between supplementation treatments is in agreement with their similar muscle sarcomere length, total and soluble collagen content and proportion of intact troponin-T. Subcutaneous fat color was also similar between supplementation treatments. Corn or flaxseed supplementation of steers grazing a high-quality pasture did not improve meat or subcutaneous fat color and meat shear force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty eight Angus (289 ± 3.8 kg) steers were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effect of isoenergetic supplementation of two different energy sources to steers rotationally grazing tall fescue pastures for 197 d. Steers were supplemented with either corn grain (0.52% BW; PC) or soybean hulls plus corn oil (0.45% BW + 0.10% corn oil; PO) using Calan gates for individual intake measurement. Negative (pasture only; P) and positive (85% concentrate/15% roughage; C) control diets were also included in the study to compare with the performance of the supplemented steers. Steers on PC, PO and P treatments were managed together under a rotational grazing system; whereas, C steers were maintained on an adjacent tall fescue pasture for the initial 105 d and then fed a high concentrate diet also using Calan gates. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS; LS-means were separated using pdiff option. The ADG for PC and PO was higher (P < 0.01) than in P and lower (P < 0.01) than C. ADG tended (P = 0.09) to be greater for PC than PO during the first 105 d period but ADG did not differ among supplement sources during final 92 d or overall. Hot carcass weights for PO and PC were 36 kg greater (P < 0.01) than P and 67 kg lighter (P < 0.01) than C. However, efficiency of concentrate utilization (overall kg of gain above P/kg supplement or overall kg of gain/kg high concentrate intake) did not differ among energy supplement sources or compared to concentrate finished. Dressing percentage, s.c. fat thickness, KPH percentage and yield grade were lower (P < 0.01) for PO and PC than C and higher (P < 0.01) for PO than P. Only dressing percentage was higher for PC than P, for the other variables PC was similar (P > 0.05) to either P or PO. Marbling score, quality grade, and LMA were also lower (P < 0.01) in PO and PC than in C, but did not differ (P > 0.05) from P. Energy supplementation, regardless of energy source, to grazing steers increased performance and carcass weight but did not alter carcass quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty eight Angus (289 ± 3.8 kg) steers were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effect of isoenergetic supplementation of two different energy sources to steers rotationally grazing tall fescue pastures for 197 d on meat quality. Steers were supplemented with either corn grain (0.52% BW; PC) or soybean hulls plus corn oil (0.45% BW + 0.10% corn oil; PO). Negative (pasture only; P) and positive (85% concentrate/15% roughage; C) control treatments were also included in the study to compare with the supplemented steers (S). Steers on C were maintained on an adjacent tall fescue pasture for the initial 105 d and then fed a high concentrate diet. At the end of the feeding period steers were slaughtered and carcass temperature and pH were determined during the first 24 h post-mortem. LM color was determined, samples obtained, and aged for a total of 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 d for subsequent Warner-Bratzler shear force and trained sensory panel evaluation. Carcass temperature decline was slowest (P ≤ 0.05) in C than in PC, PO or P. LM pH at 3 h and 24 h postmortem was lower (P ≤ 0.01) for C than PC or P with PO being intermediate. LM lightness was higher (P ≤ 0.05) for C than PO, PC, or P and was also higher (P ≤ 0.01) for PC and PO than P. Yellowness of s.c. fat was higher (P ≤ 0.01) for PO and PC than C or P, which did not differ. WBSF was lower (P ≤ 0.05) for C than for PC and P, with PO being intermediate. Trained sensory panel ratings for tenderness and beef-flavor intensity were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for C than for PC, PO, or P. Off-flavor scores were lower (P ≤ 0.01) for C than P with PC and PO being intermediate. Oil supplementation to forage-finished steers alters muscle pH, tenderness, color and off-flavors scores; the latter two variables are also affected by corn grain supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of s.c. and i.m. fat were obtained from 28 Angus steers after slaughter to determine the effect of energy supplementation of steers grazing tall fescue pastures. Steers (289 ± 3.8 kg) were supplemented with either corn grain (0.52% BW; PC) or soybean hulls plus corn oil (0.45% BW + 0.10% corn oil; PO). Negative (pasture only; P) and positive (85% concentrate/15% roughage; C) controls were also included in the study. Steers were slaughter at similar time-on-feed endpoint. Fatty acid (FA) composition from the s.c. and i.m. were determined by GLC and analyzed with dietary treatment in the model by fat depot. Total fatty acid content of longissimus muscle was 55% greater (P < 0.01) for C than PC, PO, or P. In i.m. fat, forage-finished beef contained lower (P < 0.01) percentages of myristic and palmitic acids. Stearic acid concentration was greater (P < 0.01) for PO than PC or P, which were greater (P < 0.01) than C. Concentrations of trans-11 vaccenic acid (TVA) were increased (P < 0.01) by 90% and 467% with PO compared to P and C, respectively. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; cis-9 trans-11) concentration was 24% and 217% greater (P < 0.01) for PO than P and C, respectively. Omega-6 fatty acid concentration was greater (P < 0.01) for PO than PC or P, which were greater (P < 0.01) than C. Supplementation reduced (P < 0.01) omega-3 fatty acid concentration compared to P but levels were greater (P < 0.01) than C. In s.c. fat, PO reduced (P < 0.01) palmitic acid percentages compared to PC and P; however, all forage-finished beef were lower (P < 0.01) in palmitic acid than C. Oil supplementation increased (P < 0.01) concentration of TVA and CLA by 71% and 27%, respectively, compared to P and by 629% and 443%, respectively, compared to C. PO had the highest (P < 0.01) omega-6 fatty acid concentration and P the lowest (P < 0.01). Oil supplementation lowered (P < 0.01) omega-3 fatty acid concentration compared to P to levels of C. Oil supplementation to grazing steers reduced the level of atherogenic fatty acids and increased anticarcinogenic fatty acids in forage finished beef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-seven Angus-crossbred steers were used to evaluate the effects of forage species grazed in the last 41 d of the finishing period on rib composition, color, and palatability in forage-finished beef and compared to traditional high concentrate finished. Steers grazed naturalized pastures (bluegrass/white clover) for 93 d and then grazed alfalfa (AL; n = 12), pearl millet (PM; n = 12), or naturalized pastures (NP; n = 12) pastures for the final 41 d of finishing. Steers (n = 11) were also finished on a high concentrate diet (C) for 134 d. Data were analyzed with finishing treatment in the model. Total lipid content of longissimus muscle was 57% lower (P < 0.01) for forage-finished than C with no differences among forage species. Saturated fatty acid percentage was higher (P < 0.05) for AL than PM and C due to greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of stearic acid. Monounsaturated fatty acid percentage was higher (P < 0.05) for C than all forage-finished treatments indicating greater activity of delta-9 desaturase enzyme. Omega-6 fatty acid concentration did not differ among treatments. Omega-3 fatty acid concentration was higher (P < 0.05) for AL, PM and NA than C. Linolenic acid percentage was greater (P < 0.05) for AL than PM and NA, which were greater (P < 0.05) than C. The ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids was lower (P < 0.05), hence more desirable from a human health standpoint, for forage-finished than C (1.32 vs. 6.37, respectively). Trans-11 vaccenic acid concentration was greater (P < 0.05) for forage-finished than C; whereas, trans-10 octadecenoic acid concentration was greater (P < 0.05) for C than forage-finished. The cis-9 trans-11 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid concentration was 150% greater (P < 0.05) for forage-finished than C. Overall, forage-finished beef was leaner and contained greater concentrations of desirable fatty acids compared to concentrate finished. However, only minor changes in fatty acid composition as related to finishing on different forage species were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of s.c. fat were obtained from 28 Angus steers after slaughter to determine the effect of energy supplementation of steers grazing tall fescue pastures. Steers (n = 8/ treatment; 289 ± 3.8 kg) were supplemented with either corn grain (0.52% BW; PC) or soybean hulls plus corn oil (0.45% BW + 0.10% corn oil; PO). Negative (pasture only; P) and positive (85% concentrate/15% roughage; C) controls were also included in the study. RNA was extracted from the s.c. adipose tissue using TRIzol reagent (Gibco Invitrogen Corp.). RNA from each treatment was pooled (10 μg/steer) and five replicates from the same RNA pool were used for microarray hybridization. GeneChip Bovine Genome array (Affymetrix) was used for hybridization of the extracted mRNA's according to the Affymetrix protocol. The data was normalized and analyzed using a simple linear (ANOVA) model. Treatments effects were compared using non-orthogonal contrasts between all possible comparisons, the Benjamini and Hochberg method of false discovery rate (FDR) was used to control the experimentwise error rate. Genes were identified as being differntially expressed using a FDR of 0.05. At a FDR of 0.01 a total of 89, 39 and 1133 genes were detected to be differently expressed between P and PO, P or C, respectively, 757 and 113 between C and PO or PC, and 183 between PO and PC. Lipoprotein lipase was differently (P < 0.01) expressed between PO and C and acetyl-coA carboxilase (P < 0.01) between P and C. Fatty acid synthase was differently expressed (P < 0.01) between C and either P or PO. Stearoyl-coA desaturase was differently expressed (P < 0.01) between PC and P, C or PO and between C and P, whereas did not differ (FDR > 0.05) between PO and either P or C. The gene encoding the soluble form of isocitrate dehydrogenase was differently expressed (P < 0.01) between PO and P, PC and C as well among C and either PC or P. The expression of glycerol phosphate acyltransferase differ (P < 0.01) between all comparison evaluated. Gene expression of the adipocyte lipogenic enzymes from beef steers may be manipulated through diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the trial was to assess the impact of the pasture type and time supplementation before slaughter on meat fatty acid profile. Forty heifers (264±5.16 Kg) were allotted to one of five dietary treatments (n=8). Heifer grazed a ryegrass red pasture with no supplementation (RG) or a red clover pasture for 42 d; heifer grazing red clover were supplemented with 1.3% BW of cracked corn grain for 0, 14, 28, or 42 d before slaughter (RC, RC14, RC28 or RC42 respectively). Heifers were slaughtered the same day in commercial abattoir and the carcasses were cooled for 24 h at 3°C. Samples of longissimus dorsi at 10-12 ribs were obtained and frozen at -18°C for fatty acid (FA) analysis. Preplanned contrasts were used to test: effects of pasture type (RG vs RC), and linear and quadratic effects of supplementation time. Beef of RC had higher percentage of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), linoleic acid and n-6/n-3 ratio than RG pasture. CLA decreased linearly and linoleic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-6 and PUFA/SFA ratio increased linearly as time of supplementation increased. Quadratic effect of time on supplementation was observed (P=0.08) for n-6/n-3 ratio only. Neither type of pasture nor time of supplementation affected the ether extract percentage (2.12±0.24), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA). These results show that short time of supplementation before slaughter affect meat fatty acid composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the trial was to evaluate the meat quality of heifers grazing different pasture type and time supplementation before slaughter. Forty heifers of 264±4.10 Kg were allotted to one of five dietary treatments (n=8). Heifer grazed a ryegrass red pasture with no supplementation (RG) or a red clover pasture for 42 d; heifer grazing red clover were supplemented with 1.3%BW of cracked corn grain for 0, 14, 28, or 42 d before slaughter (RC, RC14, RC28 or RC42 respectively).Heifers were slaughtered the same day in commercial abattoir and the carcasses were cooled for 24 h at 3°C. Ultimate pH was measured at the 12th rib at 24 h post mortem. Samples of longissimus dorsi at 10-12 ribs were obtained and frozen at -18°C for subsequent colour (CIELAB), tenderness (shear force) and water holding capacity (WHC) assessment. Preplanned contrasts were used to test: effects of pasture type (RG vs RC), and linear and quadratic effects of supplementation time. Neither the type of pasture nor the length of the supplementation period had any effect (P > 0.05) on meat quality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-seven Angus-crossbred steers were used to evaluate the effects of forage species grazed in the last 41 d of the finishing period on rib composition, color, and palatability in forage-finished beef and compared to traditional high concentrate finished. Steers grazed naturalized pastures (bluegrass/white clover) for 93 d and then grazed alfalfa (AL; n = 12), pearl millet (PM; n = 12), or naturalized pastures (NP; n = 12), pasture for the final 41 d of finishing. Steers (n = 11) were also finished on traditional high concentrate diets (C) for 134 d. Data were analyzed with finishing treatment in the model. Hot carcass weight (HCW) was 99 kg heavier (P < 0.01) for C finished than NP, AL, and PM with no differences among forage types. Ultimate longissimus muscle pH was lower for C than PM or NP with AL being intermediate. Percentage total fat was 43% lower (P < 0.05) and percent fat-free lean was 17% greater for forage-finished than C in the 9-10-11th rib section. No differences were detected in lean, fat and bone composition among forage species. Longissimus muscle color was darker (P < 0.05; lower L* value) for forage-finished than C. Muscle color was also darker (P < 0.05) for PM than AL with NA being intermediate. Yellowness (b*) of LMA was higher (P < 0.01) for C than NA or PM with AL being intermediate. Yellowness of s.c. fat was higher (P < 0.01) for forage-finished than C. Steak juiciness as rated by trained sensory panelist was highest (P < 0.01) for AL and lowest (P < 0.05) for C. Initial and overall tenderness scores were highest (P < 0.01) for AL. Panelists rated initial and overall tenderness lower (P < 0.01) for NP than PM with C being intermediate. Beef flavor intensity was greater (P < 0.01) and off-flavor intensity lower (P < 0.01) for C than F. Beef flavor intensity ranked higher (P < 0.01) and off-flavor intensity ranked lower (P < 0.05) for C than forage-finished treatments. Beef flavor intensity was higher (P < 0.05) for AL than NP with PM intermediate. No differences in off-flavor intensity among forage types were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beef samples from grazing steers finished with different seed-supplemented diets were vacuum packaged for 3, 14 and 56 days (VC) and subsequently exposed to aerobic conditions (AE) for 0 and 5 days. Different fluorescent compounds of interest in the oxidation process were detected in meat, namely tryptophan residues, Schiff bases and porphyrins. Tryptophan intensity fluorescence increased with 14 days of VC; while Schiff bases intensity increased (P < 0.05) in beef samples stored under VC-56 and in all samples after AE-5 days. Porphyrins increased (P < 0.05) gradually with the extension of vacuum storage time, but were degraded in beef with long vacuum storage and 5 days of AE. Higher levels of porphyrins in beef under VC were correlated (P < 0.05) with lower redness and higher TBARS after AE-5. This study revealed the potential of fluorescence signals to detect oxidative changes in beef under different storage conditions using a fast and nondestructive method such as fluorescence spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine whether the amount of protein provided to cows during late gestation would affect postnatal growth and lead to changes in glucose and insulin concentrations. At 129 d of gestation, 10 mature multiparous Angus cows were stratified by body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) and allotted to either low protein level (LP, 6% crude protein [CP]) or high protein level (HP, 12% CP) groups. After calving, cows were managed together on improved pastures, which provided forage in excess of requirements until weaning. Male calves were maintained as a group after weaning on native range until 23 mo of age when individual steers were placed in single pens and fed a finishing diet for 84 d. The 12th rib fat thickness and longissimus muscle area were measured during finishing phase by ultrasound. Twenty days before the end of the finishing phase, steers were subjected to an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Steers were harvested and carcass characteristics collected. Cows' BW and BCS were similar at the initiation of treatment. During treatment HP dams gained 21 kg, whereas LP dams lost 7 kg (P = 0.04). Protein nutrition during late gestation did not influence calf birth weight, BW at weaning, adjusted 205 d BW, or average daily gain during lactation (P > 0.10). Longissimus muscle area measure by ultrasound was greater (P = 0.02) in HP steers at the beginning and end of finishing phase. Fat thickness of the 12th rib was not different (P > 0.10) between treatments. Glucose concentration after intravenous administration decreased (P = 0.002) in LP compared with HP steers. Peak of serum insulin concentration was greater (P = 0.04) and serum insulin concentration tended to decrease (P = 0.08) more rapidly in LP compared with HP steers after glucose infusion. At harvest, hot carcass weight was similar between treatments, but dressing percentage was increased (P = 0.05) in HP compared with LP steers. These data demonstrate that a lower protein nutrition level of dams during late gestation affect carcass characteristics and alter glucose regulation enhancing insulin secretion in steer progeny. • Undernutrition during late gestation does not affect growth rate and final body weight of offspring. • Low protein intake during late gestation in beef cows reduces longissimus muscle area and dressing percentage of steers progeny. • Level of protein intake during late gestation compromises glucose regulation in 2-yr-old steer progeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was determine whether the amount of protein provided to cows during late gestation would affect postnatal growth and lead to changes on glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor concentrations. At 134 d prepartum, 68 multiparous Angus cows were blocked by BW and expected calving date and randomly assigned to low protein level (LP, 6% CP) or high protein level (HP, 12% CP) and were allotted in 12 pens per treatment. At calving, cows were managed together on improved pastures until weaning. Calves were weighed and body measurements were recorded at birth. Blood samples were taken at birth and each 30 d until weaning at 180 d of age. Body weight at birth on HP progeny tended to be great than LP progeny ( P   =  0.06). At birth, calves from LP dams had greater head circumference ( P 〈 0.01), heart girth ( P  = 0.01) and cannon bone circumference ( P  = 0.02). However, head circumference /birth BW ratio ( P  = 0.04), heart girth /birth BW ratio ( P  = 0.01), body length /birth BW ratio ( P  = 0.05) and height /birth BW ratio ( P  = 0.01) was greater on LP calves. Body mass index was greater in HP calves ( P  = 0.04). No differences were found on BW of calves at weaning, adjusted 205d BW and ADG during lactation ( P 〉 0.10). Glucose concentrations were greater on LP calves than HP calves from birth to weaning (81.0 ± 1.5 vs. 76.4 ± 1.2 mg/dl; P 〈 0.001) without any change in insulin concentrations during preweaning growth (LP = 1.61 ± 0.04 ng/ml; HP = 1.61 ± 0.04 ng/ml; P 〉 0.10). Insulin-like growth factor concentrations was less on LP calves at birth ( P 〈 0.05) and similar to HP calves during postnatal growth ( P 〉 0.10). These data demonstrate that low protein during late gestation in bovine dams may affect fetal growth with proportional increasing of head circumference and low body mass index. Level of protein compromised glucose regulation in early life and affected the IGF-I concentration of newborn calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angus steers were grazed on unsupplemented pasture (CNTRL), pasture supplemented with 0.7% BW cracked corn (FLAX-0), FLAX-0 with 0.125% and 0.250% BW of whole flaxseed (FLAX-1 and FLAX-2). Six steers were grazed per treatment for 70 days, with start and finish weights of 458 and 508 kg. At 24 h post slaughter, longissimus thoracis were harvested, and steaks assigned to treatments of postmortem aging time under vacuum (PM; 3, 14 and 56 days) with or without five days of aerobic exposure (AE). Meat antioxidant status was higher ( P < 0.05) when feeding CNTRL and FLAX-1 than FLAX-0 and FLAX-2. Under AE, lipid oxidation was highest for FLAX-2 ( P < 0.05), and lowest for FLAX-1. Greatest TBARs and lowest antioxidant capacity and redness values were obtained with AE and the longer PM ( P < 0.05). Beef oxidative stability through AE improved by adding a low flaxseed level to supplemented corn grain, but deteriorated by adding a high flaxseed level or by extending PM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial and temporal parameters of gait have clinical relevance in the assessment of motor pathologies, particularly in orthopaedics. A new gait analysis system is proposed which consists of (a) an ambulatory device (Physilog®) including a set of miniature gyroscopes and a portable datalogger, and (b) an algorithm for gait analysis. The aim of this study was the validation of this system, for accuracy and clinical applicability. Eleven patients with coxarthrosis, eight patients with total hip arthroplasty and nine control subjects were studied using this portable system and also a reference motion analyzer and force plate. The small differences in the stance period (19±31 ms), stride length and velocity (0.4±9.6 cm and 2.5±8.3 cm/s, respectively), as well as thigh and shank rotations (2.4±4.3° and 0.3±3.3°, respectively), confirmed good agreement of the proposed system with the reference system. In addition, nearly the same accuracy was obtained for all three groups. Gait analysis based on Physilog® was also in agreement with their Harris Hip Scores (HHS): the subjects with lower scores had a greater limp, a slower walking speed and a shorter stride. This ambulatory gait analysis system provides an easy, reproducible and objective method of quantifying changes in gait after joint replacement surgery for coxarthrosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]