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Background: Minimally invasive dentistry (MID) includes caries detection using caries risk assessment (CRA), early localization of nascent carious sores including necessary and voluntary avoidance, and remineralization of demineralized veneer and dentin when diagnosed early for these reasons. Although the dentistry curriculum prioritizes the benefits of MID in tooth protection, this research is seldom included in classroom instruction. Aim: The purpose of this research was to gauge the level of understanding that dental professionals have about MID ideas. Methods: An online questionnaire measuring MID knowledge and application was used to compile the data. The Chi-square tests were run for statistical analysis in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: Just 42.2% of the dentists who replied had MID training during their undergraduate or internship years, and the majority of that training came via lectures (45.2%). The majority (almost 81%) of respondents believed that CRA should be performed on all patients. Differences in knowledge and experience with atraumatic restorative therapy and the sandwich approach for treating caries in permanent teeth and high caries risk children were shown to be statistically significant (P 0.05). Conclusion: Dentists know about the benefits of MID, but their patients are not reaping those benefits since so many dentists still use the old methods of treating complete caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this research was to examine patients' periodontal health before, during, and after treatment using a fixed orthodontic device. Methods: Forty normal teenagers with full sets of permanent teeth and a clinical need for fixed orthodontics participated. Individuals were chosen from the Class I population who would benefit from utilizing traditional orthodontic braces and techniques that did not need extractions. Respondents were sent to the periodontist for required checkups after the placement of a fixed orthodontic device at 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-month intervals, respectively, till the conclusion of orthodontic treatment. Results: After having a fixed orthodontic device put in place, patients had a rise in the average values of the Plaque Index and Sulcus Bleeding Index at each checkup. Keeping an eye on the progression three months, six months, a year, and two years after the initiation of orthodontic treatment reveals a statistically significant difference in the presence of gingival hyperplasia. Conclusion: Patients' periodontal health before, during, and after fixed orthodontic treatment shows the need for close collaboration between the orthodontist and the periodontist [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this epidemiological research was to determine how common temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms are. Materials and Methods: Among the outpatient population, a sample of 100 people was chosen at random. A patient survey was presented to each person, and points were allotted based on their responses. Participants were categorized as having no symptoms of TMD, mild TMD, moderate TMD, or severe TMD based on their total score. Results: One hundred adults aged 18 and above were selected from the general public to take part in the research. Temporomandibular disorder was present in no more than 30% of those studied, in the mild range in 50%, in the moderate range in 15%, and in the severe range in 5%. 0.602 was determined to be the dependability of Fonseca's questionnaire. Conclusion: The Fonseca questionnaire is a useful instrument for gauging the extent to which TMD symptoms are present in a given population. The screening questionnaire may be received in a short amount of time and for little money, making it a good option for public health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the light of computational chemistry, based on morpholinium cation-based Ionic Liquid, their different types of physical, chemical, and biological properties is highlighted. The physical properties are evaluated through the Density Functional Theory (DFT) of Molecular Mechanics and also examine the chemical and biological properties. The difference between Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) is starting from 11.19 to 4.00, which means that their chemical reactions change as soon as an anion change is done. Biological activity of predictions given by QSAR calculation is forecasted. Where the value of all the LogP that is available is positive, which indicates hydrophobic, on the other hand, PIC50 calculations are found that all the values below 5 are biologically active. To identify these molecules, computational data is used to determine the vibrational spectrum and electronic spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and convenient method for the construction of substituted cycloheptenones from 1-bromoocta-1,7-diene-3-ols has been developed. The reaction involves Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular 7-exo-trig cyclization followed by Pd(ii)-catalyzed oxidation of cyclic alcohol. The course of the reaction pathway has been evaluated using DFT calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Various fluoren-9-one derivatives were prepared efficiently by a one-pot reaction involving sequential Suzuki coupling of 2-bromophenyl boronic acid with 2-bromocarboxaldehyde followed by intramolecular arylpalladium addition to aldehyde. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A simple and convenient synthetic protocol for the construction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been developed. A variety of phenanthrene, benzo[c]phenanthrene and chrysene derivatives was synthesized via Pd-catalyzed intramolecular C-H activation followed by acid-catalyzed water elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We have developed a novel one-pot reaction to generate highly substituted furan through the addition of water followed by oxidation and unusual cyclization to naphthofuran ring under the same reaction condition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A small non-coding, evolutionarily conserved regulatory RNA molecule known as microRNA (miRNA) regulates various cellular activities and pathways. MicroRNAs remain evolutionarily conserved in different species of same taxa. They are present in all organisms including viruses. Viral miRNAs are small, less conserved and less stable and have higher negative minimal folding free energy than miRNAs of different organisms. The size of viral precursor miRNA is approximately 60–119 nucleotides in length. The structure of the mature miRNA sequences is predicted by using higher negative MFE (ΔG) value. Rous sarcoma Virus (RSV), named after its inventor Peyton Rous, has been known for causing tumors in the chicken for which it is known as an oncogenic retrovirus. Using specific criteria we have predicted 5 potential miRNAs in RSV which targeted 8 tumor suppressor genes in Gallus gallus. This study aims to predict the potential miRNAs, secondary structures and their targets for better understanding of the regulatory network of Rous sarcoma virus miRNA in forming sarcoma. • Five novel mature miRNAs are identified in Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). • These miRNAs target 8 tumor suppressor genes in chicken (Gallus gallus). • Viral miRNAs are shorter in size and less stable than those of plants and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An efficient and convenient method for the construction of substituted cyclopentenones via palladium-catalyzed intramolecular 5-endo–trig oxidative cyclization has been introduced as a powerful new strategy for the synthesis of sesquiterpenes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Pancreatic cancer genes were found to be GC-rich. • CUB was low in the genes associated with pancreatic cancer. • Both mutation pressure and natural selection might have influenced CUB. • Low compAI values of coding sequences suggested low translation rate of the genes. Pancreatic cancer is a fatal disorder which originates in pancreas. Its mortality rate is increasing with time. Some studies also reported that pancreatic cancer would be ranked 2nd by the year 2030. Codon usage bias (CUB) arises when synonymous codons for each amino acid are not used randomly in the coding sequences of genes. We used bioinformatic methods to analyze the compositional properties, codon context and codon usage trend of the genes associated with pancreatic cancer as no work was reported yet. From the base composition analysis, the pancreatic cancer genes were found to be GC-rich and at the 3rd codon position the G/C ending codons were more preferred to A/T ending ones. The CUB was low in genes associated with pancreatic cancer. Correspondence analysis proposed that other than base constraints, CUB might also be affected by some other factors such as natural selection. Moreover, results of correlation analysis indicated that CUB and various GC contents i.e. GC, GC1, GC2, GC3 played important role in the release of free energy by transcripts of the genes associated with pancreatic cancer. The low compAI values of coding sequences suggested a low translation rate of the genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nucleotide composition analysis of mitochondrial CO genes across three reptilian orders showed strong AT bias. • GC1 content was the highest in three CO genes across reptilian orders. • SCUO values indicated lower CUB for three CO genes in reptiles. • Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values revealed mostly A-ending codons were preferred. • Neutrality plot showed the dominance of natural selection. The phenomenon of non-random occurrence of synonymous nucleotide triplets (codons) in the coding sequences of genes is the codon usage bias (CUB). In this study, we used bioinformatic tool kit to analyze the compositional pattern and CUB of mitogenes namely COI, COII and COIII across different orders of reptiles. Estimation of overall base composition in the protein-coding sequences of COI, COII and COIII genes of the reptilian orders revealed an uneven usage of nucleotides. The overall count of A nucleotide was found to be the highest while the overall count of G nucleotide was the least. The CO genes across the three reptilian orders were prominently AT biased. Comparison of the GC proportion at each codon position displayed that GC1 percentage ranked the highest in all the three CO genes of the reptilian orders. SCUO values indicated weaker CUB, while considerable variation of SCUO values existed in the three CO genes across the studied reptiles. Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values indicated that mostly the A ending codons were preferred. Based on the parameters namely neutrality plot, mutational responsive index and translational selection, we could conclude that natural selection was the major evolutionary force in COI, COII and COIII genes in the studied reptilian orders. However, correspondence analysis, parity plot and correlation studies indicated the existence of mutation pressure as well on the CO genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, an adipocytokine, is closely linked to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and insulin resistance (IR) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) subjects. The relationship between the polymorphisms in the TNF-α gene and IR in Bangladeshi prediabetes and T2D subjects has not yet been fully identified. This study aims to reveal the association between TNF-α gene polymorphism and IR in hyperglycaemic patients of Bangladeshi origin., Methods: In our study, 106 IGT, 100 T2D, and 109 healthy subjects of Bangladeshi origin were recruited to identify the impact of TNF-α gene polymorphism at position -308 with a G>A transition using PCR and subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)., Results: The -308G>A TNF-α genotype frequency distribution within the control, IGT, and T2D groups showed a significant association (χ 2  = 21.077; P  = 0.001), although allele frequency distribution within the groups showed a statistically non-significant difference (χ 2  = 1.696; P  = 0.091). β-cell functional deficiency (HOMA-B%) was observed to be significantly ( P  = 0.034) lower in subjects with a variant genotype. In addition, our results indicate that the study subjects' body mass index (BMI) and residence status were positively correlated ( P  ≤ 0.05) with -308G>A TNF-α gene polymorphism., Conclusions: Therefore, it can be concluded that -308G>A TNF-α gene polymorphism may have a causative relationship with lower insulin secretory capacity and higher BMI in Bangladeshi IGT and T2D populations, while the urban population's lifestyle might be associated with this polymorphism., (© 2021 The Authors.)