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The introduction of microprocessor technology enabled multiple protection functions to be integrated into a common protection platform which has advantages when applied to generator protection. This paper provides an insight into industry application experience in using multifunction generator protection systems on various sizes and types of generators. Included are discussions on application and performance differences between multifunction protection systems and single function static and electromechanical relaying devices. Also included is a summary of the various types of tests performed on the multifunction protection systems by the user. The paper additionally addresses the need for application of redundancy and backup protection when applying multifunction generator protection systems on large or important generators. Keywords: Multifunctional Protection System, Generator Protective Relay, Redundant, Tripping, Signal Processing

Upgrading of power plant systems and equipment is becoming a major theme for many utilities. Due to operational cost pressures, competitiveness, life extension, and the desire for better productivity, condition assessment programs are being implemented. One aspect of this is the enhancement/upgrade of existing generator protection schemes with digital systems. Traditionally this protection has been provided by a complement of discrete component relays. These relays have included both electromechanical and static types. Considering a digital enhancement/upgrade offers the owner of installed generation equipment several unique advantages. These include more complete machine protection, diagnostics capabilities for greater productivity and maintenance optimization, life extension with minimal implementation, and the operational advantages of sequence of events, present values and communications capabilities.

The Main Central Thrust Zone (MCTZ) in the Alaknanda valley, NW Himalaya, affected the Lesser Himalayan Crystalline Sequence and has a gradual transition to the structurally overlying Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence (HHCS). This boundary is defined on the basis of the following petrographic features in pelitic rocks at the base of the HHCS: (i) first appearance of microscopic needles of kyanite upon moving up-section along the transect; (ii) garnet porphyroblasts with random inclusion pattern and non-rotational growth history, which contrast with the garnet porphyroblasts in MCTZ rocks with spiral inclusion trails; and (iii) chemically homogeneous garnet porphyroblasts as opposed to the growth-zoned garnets in MCTZ rocks. Pseudosection modelling and garnet isopleth thermobarometry of pelitic rocks yield peak metamorphic conditions of 6.3-7.5 kbar and 550-582°C in the MCTZ, and 8.0-10.0 kbar and 610-650°C in the basal part of the HHCS. The results indicate continuity in the P-T field gradient across the contact between the MCTZ and HHCS. The MCTZ shows an inverted metamorphic sequence from biotite to garnet zones. Metamorphism in the basal part of the HHCS is in the kyanite zone, which is continuous with the inverted metamorphic sequence. Both P and T increase up-section, peak in the lower HHCS and then decrease higher up in the HHCS unit. The observations are consistent with predictions of a recently proposed thermomechanical model in which temperature in the shear zone rises due to viscous heating and pressure rises as a result of weakening of the rocks. Keywords Inverted metamorphism * Pseudosection * Main central thrust zone * Garhwal Himalaya, Introduction The Main Central Thrust Zone (MCTZ) has long been recognised as one of the major terrane boundary shear zones of the Himalayan orogen that accommodated a significant amount of [...]

Twenty-five hypertensive patients were treated in an open trial with indoramin and hydrochlorothiazide for periods up to 43 months (mean 13 months). The average standing blood pressure decreased from 180/115 mm Hg to 148/94 mm Hg. Sixteen (64%) patients maintained satisfactory response with a mean daily dose of 101.5 mg of indoramin., Postural hypotension, reflex tachycardia or weight gain were not found in any patient. Eight patients (32%) taking high doses experienced troublesome giddiness, drowsiness and depression necessitating withdrawal of the drug. No electrocardiographic or biochemical adverse effects were noted., Normotension was prolonged in three patients when the drug was abruptly withdrawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon (δ 13 C PDB ) and oxygen (δ 18 O SMOW ) isotopic compositions of auriferous quartz-carbonate veins (QCVs) of gold deposits from Sangli, Kabuliyatkatti, Nagavi, Nabapur and Mysore mining areas developed on the Central Lode system of the Gadag Gold Field (GGF) in the Neoarchaean Gadag schist belt of the Dharwar Craton, southern India have been examined for the first time to understand the origin of the mineralising fluids. In majority of the samples (46 out of 49), δ 13 C pdb of carbonates of the QCVs fall in the range from − 2.2‰ to − 9.7‰ and the δ 18 O values range from 12.0‰ to 30.5‰ SMOW. The calculated fluid δ 13 C ∑ C compositions for these deposits range from − 2.1‰ to − 9.6‰ and δ 18 O H 2 O from 6.8‰ to 25.9‰, respectively. Carbonate δ 13 C and fluid δ 13 C ∑ C compositions of the carbonates of the QCVs of the GGF are not only distinct from the carbon isotope range of marine carbonates or meta-sedimentary carbonates of the Chitradurga schist belt, but are consistent with C-isotope values of magmatic (− 5 ± 3‰, Burrows et al., 1986) and/or mantle (− 6 ± 2‰, Ohmoto, 1986) carbonates. As dissolution/decarbonation reactions during metamorphism of pre-existing carbonate/carbonated rocks produce CO 2 with δ 13 C values similar to or more enriched than parent rock, the carbonate or fluid δ 13 C ratios of the QCVs (which fall in the compositional range of mantle/magmatic derived CO 2 or carbonates) obtained in this work cannot be the result of metamorphism. The present study corroborates our previous reports from Ajjanahalli and G.R. Halli gold deposits ( Sarangi et al., 2012 ) occurring in the vicinity of the southern extension of the same crustal scale shear zone on which all the GGF deposits are located. The age of gold mineralisation in this area has been reported to be 2522 ± 6 Ma by Sarma et al., 2011. Chardon et al. (2011) have proposed large-scale remobilization of the older gneissic basement, as well as, emplacement of juvenile granites between 2559 Ma and 2507 Ma, close to the crustal scale shear zone along the eastern margin of the Chitradurga schist belt. Based on these observations and our isotope studies, it is proposed that gold mineralising fluids were derived from mantle/juvenile magmatic melts and were channelled through crustal scale shear zones to give rise to the gold deposits in the GGF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is an inherited disorder that is characterized biochemically by cellular cholesterol and glycolipid storage, and clinically by progressive neurodegeneration. Most cases of NP-C are caused by inactivating mutations of the npc1 gene, but about 5% are linked to npc2, which encodes a soluble cholesterol binding protein, previously identified as epididymal secretory glycoprotein 1 (HE1). The present study was carried out to investigate the immunocytochemical localization of HE1/NPC2 protein in the mouse brain. Using an antibody against recombinant HE1/NPC2, we found HE1/NPC2 to be localized predominantly in neurons in the brain. Immunoreactivity for HE1/NPC2 was observed in pyramidal or projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and amygdala, and Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum. Neurons in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and globus pallidus were lightly labeled, or unlabeled. This regional pattern of expression of HE1/NPC2 is similar to our previous findings with NPC1, with a low level of expression of both NPC1 and HE1/NPC2 proteins in regions derived from the diencephalon, such as the thalamus and hypothalamus. In contrast to NPC1, however, which is predominantly in astrocytes, HE1/NPC2 was observed mainly in neurons. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry showed that HE1/NPC2 is present in the cytosol of dendrites and on post-synaptic densities (PSD). The occurrence of HE1/NPC2 in the PSD was confirmed by Western blots of PSD-enriched brain subcellular fractions that showed the presence of HE1/NPC2 together with the PSD-associated protein, PSD-95. These results suggest that NPC1 and HE1/NPC2 are differentially enriched in astrocytes and neurons, respectively, and that HE1/NPC2 may function in supporting the integrity of the PSD of neurons. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Examines the cellular location of Niemann-Pick C2 (NPC2) protein in cultured human fibroblasts and Chinese hamster ovary cells. Presence of NPC2 in the lysosomes of both cholesterol-depleted and -replenished cells; Occurrence of a partial overlap in the trafficking and organellar sites of accumulation of NPC2 and Niemann-Pick C1 proteins.