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As part of efforts to modernize the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, the national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) is moving from paper-and-pencil instrument (PAPI) administration to electronic administration using tablets. This study aimed to examine differences in demographic characteristics and the reporting of health behaviors and experiences between the PAPI- and tablet-administered 2021 national YRBS questionnaire. High school students (grades 9–12) in classrooms from 57 schools participating in the 2021 national YRBS were assigned randomly to complete the survey using PAPI (n = 4,684 students) or using tablets (n = 3,645 students). Eighty-nine behavior and experience items were examined to compare the missingness in reporting and the prevalence estimation (i.e., proportions) by administration mode. Demographic characteristics (sex, race/ethnicity, grade, and sexual identity) did not differ by mode (PAPI vs. tablet). For the majority (93.2%, 83 out of 89) of YRBS behavior and experience items, mode was not significantly associated with the reported proportions, adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, grade, and sexual identity. However, 30 out of 89 (33.7%) items showed significant variation in missingness by mode; 10 items had higher missingness with PAPI administration while 20 had higher missingness with tablet administration. Survey administration mode was not significantly associated with behavior and experience reporting among high school students. More research is needed to understand differential patterns of missingness by mode. Aligning with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Data Modernization Initiative, findings from this study provide evidence to support electronic survey administration for the national YRBS, particularly using tablet data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognising the relevance of learning Geometry, and in particular 3D Geometry, this study aims to discuss the contributions that digital technology and paper and pencil approaches can bring to students’ learning. We seek, therefore, to identify the differences between the two approaches, and specifically: What factors are relevant in one and the other approach? What does one approach facilitate over the other? A quantitative and a qualitative and interpretive methodology was adopted, and based on a didactic intervention, the students' resolutions of the proposed tasks were analysed. The results obtained show that the experience and prior knowledge of the students with each of the solids involved seems to be decisive in the approach with paper and pencil. However, technology emerges as an enhancing resource when prior knowledge is more fragile. The study also shows differences between the representations supported by the two resources, suggesting the mobilisation of different knowledge by the students in relation to each of the resources.Recognising the relevance of learning Geometry, and in particular 3D Geometry, this study aims to discuss the contributions that digital technology and paper and pencil approaches can bring to students’ learning. We seek, therefore, to identify the differences between the two approaches, and specifically: What factors are relevant in one and the other approach? What does one approach facilitate over the other? A quantitative and a qualitative and interpretive methodology was adopted, and based on a didactic intervention, the students' resolutions of the proposed tasks were analysed. The results obtained show that the experience and prior knowledge of the students with each of the solids involved seems to be decisive in the approach with paper and pencil. However, technology emerges as an enhancing resource when prior knowledge is more fragile. The study also shows differences between the representations supported by the two resources, suggesting the mobilisation of different knowledge by the students in relation to each of the resources.

This paper reports on a fabrication method to obtain multiple thermal sensors by employing an array of graphite thermocouple patterns on commonly available Xerox paper. The graphite thermocouples are patterned using two different grade graphite pencils, which show a stable and reproducible thermal sensitivity. The fabricated paper devices with multiple thermocouple arrays are capable of producing temperature mapping of the desired area. Different thermal conditions were applied to test and confirm the working of these devices. The present work shows that simple graphite trace patterns can convert a piece of paper into a thermal mapping device.

This study examined the extent, motives and impact of mobile phone photo note-taking on students' learning at Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE) in Tanzania. It employed the mixed methods approach. A sample of 310 respondents was drawn using a multi stage sampling technique which involved stratified random sampling at the first stage and convenient sampling at the second stage. Questionnaires and interviews were used to obtain data for the study. The findings revealed that mobile photo note-taking was a common practice at DUCE. The time consuming nature of handwritten notes, Speedy lecturing, easy access to notes, peer and technological influence were claimed to be the motives behind students' fondness to the practice. It was also revealed that the distraction of concentration, impairment of handwriting skills and speed, poor attendance to the lecture sessions, and distortion of students' ability to compose and organize their own work were the impact of the practice. The study recommends that the University should create better teaching and learning environment to allow university students to use variables and multiple note-taking methods for best results underlying each method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current taxonomies of intelligence comprise two factors of mental speed, clerical speed (Gs), and elementary cognitive speed (Gt). Both originated from different research traditions and are conceptualized as dissociable constructs in current taxonomies. However, previous research suggests that tasks of one category can be transferred into the other category by simply changing the mode of administration, i.e., in form of a paper-and-pencil test or in from of a computer-based elementary cognitive task. However, cross-mode correlations for specific tasks are usually only moderate. In the present study, mental speed was assessed as a broad construct across different tasks and stimulus materials. This allowed modeling mental speed as a hierarchical construct for paper-and-pencil as well as for computer-based tests. Cross-mode correlations of the respective general factors were moderate (r = 0.64), while the cross-mode correlations of task-specific components depended on task type (r = 0.12 to r = 0.71). Only the g factors of mental speed, but not the task-specific components, were found to be related with working memory capacity as a marker of cognitive ability. The speed general factor modeled across computer-based tests was more highly correlated with working memory capacity (r = 0.66) than the general factor modeled across paper-and-pencil tests (r = 0.46). These findings corroborate a crucial role of the assessment method and imply that validity of speed tests is affected by the choice of the test format.

The study analyzes and compares the validity of computerized adaptive testing, paper and pencil and computer-based forms of cognitive abilities tests. The research was conducted on a sample of 803 secondary school students (567 paper and pencil, 236 computer-based/computerized adaptive administration; 363 males, 440 females), their mean age was 16.8 years (SD = 1.33). The test set consisted of the Test of Intellect Potential and the Vienna Matrices Test. Overall results showed that the validity of CAT was reasonably comparable across administration modes. Consistent with previous research, CAT selecting only a small number of items gave results which, in terms of validity, were only marginally different from the results of traditional administration. CAT simulated administration of the TIP was roughly 55% and VMT 54% more economical than the traditional version. These results indicate that CAT is a useful way of improving methodology of psychological testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs; self-report assessments) are increasingly important in evaluating medical care and treatment efficacy. Electronic administration of PROs via computer is becoming widespread. This article reviews the literature addressing whether computer-administered tests are equivalent to their paper-and-pencil forms. Methods: Meta-analysis was used to synthesize 65 studies that directly assessed the equivalence of computer versus paper versions of PROs used in clinical trials. A total of 46 unique studies, evaluating 278 scales, provided sufficient detail to allow quantitative analysis. Results: Among 233 direct comparisons, the average mean difference between modes averaged 0.2% of the scale range (e.g., 0.02 points on a 10-point scale), and 93% were within ±5% of the scale range. Among 207 correlation coefficients between paper and computer instruments (typically intraclass correlation coefficients), the average weighted correlation was 0.90; 94% of correlations were at least 0.75. Because the cross-mode correlation (paper vs. computer) is also a test–retest correlation, with potential variation because of retest, we compared it to the within-mode (paper vs. paper) test–retest correlation. In four comparisons that evaluated both, the average cross-mode paper-to-computer correlation was almost identical to the within-mode correlation for readministration of a paper measure (0.88 vs. 0.91). Conclusions: Extensive evidence indicates that paper- and computer-administered PROs are equivalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the effect on assessment of ‘translating’ paper and pencil test items into their computer equivalents. Computer versions of a set of mathematics questions derived from the paper-based end of key stage 2 and 3 assessments in England were administered to age appropriate pupil samples, and the outcomes compared. Although in most cases the change to the different medium seems to make little difference, for some items the affordances of the computer profoundly affect how the question is attempted, and therefore what is being assessed when the item is used in a test. These differences are considered in terms of validity and legitimacy, that is whether the means used to answer a question in a particular medium are appropriate to the assessment intention. The conclusion is not only that translating paper and pencil items into the computer format sometimes undermines their validity as assessments, it is also that some paper and pencil items are less valid as assessments than their computer equivalents would be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a fabrication method to obtain multiple thermal sensors by employing an array of graphite thermocouple patterns on commonly available Xerox paper. The graphite thermocouples are patterned using two different grade graphite pencils, which show a stable and reproducible thermal sensitivity. The fabricated paper devices with multiple thermocouple arrays are capable of producing temperature mapping of the desired area. Different thermal conditions were applied to test and confirm the working of these devices. The present work shows that simple graphite trace patterns can convert a piece of paper into a thermal mapping device., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2021 The Authors.)

Current taxonomies of intelligence comprise two factors of mental speed, clerical speed (Gs), and elementary cognitive speed (Gt). Both originated from different research traditions and are conceptualized as dissociable constructs in current taxonomies. However, previous research suggests that tasks of one category can be transferred into the other category by simply changing the mode of administration, i.e., in form of a paper-and-pencil test or in from of a computer-based elementary cognitive task. However, cross-mode correlations for specific tasks are usually only moderate. In the present study, mental speed was assessed as a broad construct across different tasks and stimulus materials. This allowed modeling mental speed as a hierarchical construct for paper-and-pencil as well as for computer-based tests. Cross-mode correlations of the respective general factors were moderate (r = 0.64), while the cross-mode correlations of task-specific components depended on task type (r = 0.12 to r = 0.71). Only the g factors of mental speed, but not the task-specific components, were found to be related with working memory capacity as a marker of cognitive ability. The speed general factor modeled across computer-based tests was more highly correlated with working memory capacity (r = 0.66) than the general factor modeled across paper-and-pencil tests (r = 0.46). These findings corroborate a crucial role of the assessment method and imply that validity of speed tests is affected by the choice of the test format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]