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Paraoesophageal hernias are an extremely rare variety of hiatal hernias commonly encountered in elderly. This article illustrates the case of a 3-year-old child with features of urinary tract infection but incidentally diagnosed with paraesophageal hiatal hernia with associated organoaxial gastric rotation and a preprandial intrathoracic stomach with no symptoms congruent with his diagnosis. The diagnosis was suspected initially on ultrasonography of the right hemithorax and confirmed with barium studies and computed tomography with oral contrast. Although an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was advised by the clinician, the patient never underwent the procedure during our follow-up period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transmission of prions across species is a critical aspect of their dissemination among mammalian hosts, including humans. This process often necessitates strain adaptation. In this study, we sought to investigate the mechanisms underlying prion adaptation while mitigating biases associated with the history of cross-species transmission of natural prion strains. To achieve this, we utilized the synthetic hamster prion strain S05. Propagation of S05 using mouse PrPC in Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification did not immediately overcome the species barrier. This finding underscores the involvement of factors beyond disparities in primary protein structures. Subsequently, we performed five serial passages to stabilize the incubation time to disease in mice. The levels of PrPSc increased with each passage, reaching a maximum at the third passage, and declining thereafter. This suggests that only the initial stage of adaptation is primarily driven by an acceleration in PrPSc replication. During the protracted adaptation to a new host, we observed significant alterations in the glycoform ratio and sialylation status of PrPSc N-glycans. These changes support the notion that qualitative modifications in PrPSc contribute to a more rapid disease progression. Furthermore, consistent with the decline in sialylation, a cue for "eat me" signaling, the newly adapted strain exhibited preferential colocalization with microglia. In contrast to PrPSc dynamics, the intensity of microglia activation continued to increase after the third passage in the new host. In summary, our study elucidates that the adaptation of a prion strain to a new host is a multistep process driven by several factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Acute appendicitis is a common cause of hospital admission and emergency laparotomy among children and young adults. Although the diagnosis is clinical, the use of radiological imaging has emerged over the past decades. Its principal use is as a problem-solving tool in equivocal cases. Owing to the increased use of imaging in the last few years, the negative appendicectomy rate has dropped significantly. In this prospective observational study, we compared the diagnostic accuracy of Ultrasonography and Non-Contrast Computed Tomography. METHOD: One hundred and eighteen patients with clinically suspected appendicitis followed a designed protocol. Patients underwent appendicectomy after a first performed positive ultrasonography or after a positive Non-Contrast Computed Tomography when Ultrasonography was equivocal or nonspecific. When any other diagnosis was apparent in either imaging modality which could explain the symptomatology in the patient, they were considered negative for acute appendicitis and treated accordingly. RESULTS: The respective sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for Ultrasonography, Non-Contrast Computed Tomography, and the whole diagnostic pathway for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis were 70.73%,80.83%, and 78.54; 100%,100%,100%, and 83.6%; and 100%,83.33% and 94.92%. CONCLUSION: Using Ultrasonography as the first-line diagnostic tool and Non-Contrast Computed Tomography as a complementary second-line diagnostic tool, appendicitis can be diagnosed with high accuracy and the negative laparotomy rate can be brought down significantly without any increase in the risk of complications. Computed Tomography is superior to Ultrasonography for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diastematomyelia also called a split cord syndrome is a rare clinical entity. A group of concealed spinal dysraphisms includes this unusual congenital spinal cord defect known as diastematomyelia. The condition is characterized by a sagittal split of the spinal cord, conus medullaris, or filum terminale. There is often a fibrous, boney, or cartilaginous septum identified by dividing the two cords. It is frequently associated with other congenital anomalies of the spine and the cord. Presentation is varied from asymptomatic to lower back pain, lower extremity weakness, and spinal cord dysfunction. Imaging plays a vital role in the diagnosis. We present a series of 2 cases of diastematomyelia along with imaging features. One of the patients is also a case of Jarcho Levine syndrome(JLS) making it the eighth case in world medical literature to report a case of JLS with diastematomyelia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility that the etiology of late onset Alzheimer's disease is linked to viral infections of the CNS has been actively debated in recent years. According to the antiviral protection hypothesis, viral pathogens trigger aggregation of Aβ peptides that are produced as a defense mechanism in response to infection to entrap and neutralize pathogens. To test the causative relationship between viral infection and Aβ aggregation, the current study examined whether Aβ plaques protect the mouse brain against Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV‐1) infection introduced via a physiological route and whether HSV‐1 infection triggers formation of Aβ plaques in a mouse model of late‐onset AD that does not develop Aβ pathology spontaneously. In aged 5XFAD mice infected via eye scarification, high density of Aβ aggregates did not improve survival time or rate when compared with wild type controls. In 5XFADs, viral replication sites were found in brain areas with a high density of extracellular Aβ deposits, however, no association between HSV‐1 and Aβ aggregates could be found. To test whether HSV‐1 triggers Aβ aggregation in a mouse model that lacks spontaneous Aβ pathology, 13‐month‐old hAβ/APOE4/Trem2*R47H mice were infected with HSV‐1 via eye scarification with the McKrae HSV‐1 strain, intracranial inoculation with McKrae, intracranial inoculation after priming with LPS for 6 weeks, or intracranial inoculation with high doses of McKrae or 17syn + strains that represent different degrees of neurovirulence. No signs of Aβ aggregation were found in any of the experimental groups. Instead, extensive infiltration of peripheral leukocytes was observed during the acute stage of HSV‐1 infection, and phagocytic activity of myeloid cells was identified as the primary defense mechanism against HSV‐1. The current results argue against a direct causative relationship between HSV‐1 infection and Aβ pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating fatal neurodegenerative disease. An alternative to the amyloid cascade hypothesis is that a viral infection is key to the etiology of late-onset AD, with ß-amyloid (Aß) peptides playing a protective role. In the current study, young 5XFAD mice that overexpress mutant human amyloid precursor protein with the Swedish, Florida, and London familial AD mutations were infected with one of two strains of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), 17syn+ and McKrae, at three different doses. Contrary to previous work, 5XFAD genotype failed to protect mice against HSV-1 infection. The region- and cell-specific tropisms of HSV-1 were not affected by the 5XFAD genotype, indicating that host-pathogen interactions were not altered. Seven-to ten-monthold 5XFAD animals in which extracellular Aß aggregates were abundant showed slightly better survival rate relative to their wild-type (WT) littermates, although the difference was not statistically significant. In these 5XFAD mice, HSV-1 replication centers were partially excluded from the brain areas with high densities of Aß aggregates. Aß aggregates were free of HSV-1 viral particles, and the limited viral invasion to areas with a high density of Aß aggregates was attributed to phagocytic activity of reactive microglia. In the oldest mice (12-15 months old), the survival rate did not differ between 5XFAD and WT littermates. While the current study questions the antiviral role of Aß, it neither supports nor refutes the viral etiology hypothesis of late-onset AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Hemophilia is a common X-linked recessive coagulopathy causing recurrent bleeding into the synovial joints and results in articular and periarticular abnormalities. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study aimed at studying the clinico-radiological joint score evaluation in hemophilic arthropathy in children from a developing country and its possible impact on the quality of life. Methods: In this hospital-based, prospective, descriptive study, all children presenting to the pediatric rheumatology clinic were studied. The joint physical examination was scored using the Hemophilia Joint Health Score 2.1 (HJHS 2.1). The patients were then subjected to imaging of the most affected joint using ultrasonography (USG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Detailed USG and MRI radiological evaluation was recorded in the predesigned proforma using the Hemophilia Early Arthropathy Detection with Ultra Sound (HEAD-US) score and MRI DENVER score. The physical quality of life as per Functional Independence Score in Hemophilia (FISH) was noted. The clinical, radiological, and functional scores were analyzed with an appropriate statistical measure. Results: The mean age at presentation was 7.4 years (interquartile range 4.9-10), with the knee being the most common joint involved. All of the USG score, MRI score, and FISH score have a significant correlation (p<0.05), with the HJHS 2.1 score with correlation coefficients of 0.7086, -0.8916, and 0.8607, respectively. USG and MRI had a correlation coefficient of -0.7145 and -0.8326 with FISH, respectively. Conclusion: The degree of association between HJHS 2.1 score was found to be maximum with HEADUS score, whereas a negative correlation was seen evaluating FISH score with both HEAD-US and MRI DENVER scores. Use of these scores, specifically HEAD-US score, will result in consistent assessment of hemophilic joints, optimizing the management of the destructive changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Mahua. Roy, Jagabandhu. Ghosh, Sujit. Deb, Narayan. Pandit Ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM) is characterized by recurrent attacks of headache with paresis of ocular cranial nerves. Previously, it was classified as [...]

An experiment was carried to assess the effect of red algal bloom on growth and production of carp, water quality and profit from carp for 120 days at Aquaculture Farm of Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan. The experiment included two treatments: carp polyculture in non-red pond and carp polyculture in red pond with algal bloom each with three replicates. Carp fingerlings were stocked at 1 fish/m² and fed with pellet containing 24% CP at 3% body weight. Net yield of rohu was found significantly higher (p<0.05) in non-red ponds (0.38±0.01 t ha-1) than red ponds (0.24±0.05 t ha-1). Survival of rohu (84.9±1.4%), bighead (95.2±2.0%) and mrigal (88.1±14.4%) were also significantly higher (p<0.05) in non-red ponds than red ponds. Red algal bloom affected DO, nitrate and chlorophyll-a, nitrite, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total dissolved solids and conductivity. However, overall carp production and profit from carp remained unaffected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primitive carotido vertebral anastomosis is a well-recognized entity. During intrauterine development, craniovertebral blood circulation is characterized by temporary connections between the primitive internal carotid and dorsal longitudinal neural arteries. With normal development, they regress in the prenatal period. The most common of these is a persistent primitive trigeminal artery(PPTA) We report the case of a young male patient with intracranial bleed in the left capsuloganglionic region who was subsequently found to have a persistent primitive trigeminal artery on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Angiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study determines the causes and seasonal variation of red bloom in fishponds of Eastern, Western and Central regions of Nepal. Monthly monitoring of water quality and phytoplankton was carried out for one year. Water parameters such as NH3-N, total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total dissolved solids (TDS) and conductivity were significantly higher (p<0.05) in red bloom fishponds than non-red bloom fishponds. The total density of euglenophytes in red-bloom fishponds was significantly higher (P<0.05) (1970±260 cells L-1) than non-red bloom fishponds (410±30 cells L-1). Euglenophyte density varied seasonally and significantly lower in spring season (1250±220 cells L-1) than autumn (1950±390 cells L-1), winter (2180±370 cells L-1), and summer (2490±480 cells L-1) in red bloom fishponds. High nutrients might favor the growth of euglenophytes (Euglena sanguinea) causing red bloom fish ponds of Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperature treatments induce germ cell loss in gonads of vertebrate animals, including fish. It could be a reliable source for induction of sterility if the treatments led to a permanent loss of germ cells. Here we report that heat treatment at 37 °C for 45–60 days caused a complete loss of germ cells in female Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus , and that sterility was achieved in fish at all stages of their life cycle. Unlike previous observations, germ cells did not repopulate even after returning them to the water at control conditions suggesting permanent depletion of germ cells. Gonadal somatic cells immunopositive for 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) were clustered at one end of the germ cell depleted gonads close to the blood vessel. Serum level of testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, and 17β-estradiol was significantly decreased in sterile fish compared to control. Body weight of sterile fish was higher than control fish at the end of experiment. Our observations of increased growth and permanent sterilization in the high temperature-treated fish suggest that this method could be an appropriate and eco-friendly tool for inducing sterility in fish with a higher thermal tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cage-pond integration system is a new model for enhancing productivity of pond aquaculture system. A field trial was conducted using African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus) and Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) in cages and carps in earthen ponds. There were four treatments replicated five times: (1) carps in ponds without cage, (2) tilapia at 30 fish m−3 in cage and carps in open pond, (3) catfish at 100 fish m−3 in cage and carps in open pond, (4) tilapia and catfish at 30 and 100 fish m−3, respectively, in separate cages and carps in open pond. The carps were stocked at 1 fish m−2. The cage occupied about 3% of the pond area. The caged tilapia and catfish were fed and the control ponds were fertilized. Results showed that the combined extrapolated net yield was significantly higher ( P < 0.05) in the catfish, tilapia and carps integration system (9.4 ± 1.6 t ha−1 year−1) than in the carp polyculture (3.3 ± 0.7 t ha−1 year−1). The net return from the tilapia and carps (6860 US$ ha−1 year−1) and catfish, tilapia and carps integration systems (6668 US$ ha−1 year−1) was significantly higher than in the carp polyculture (1709 US$ ha−1 year−1) ( P < 0.05). This experiment demonstrated that the cage-pond integration of African catfish and Nile tilapia with carps is the best technology to increase production; whereas integration of tilapia and carp for profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early pathological classification of retroperitoneal masses is important for pin-point diagnosis and timely management. Aims: This study was done to evaluate the usefulness and drawbacks of guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of retroperitoneal masses covering a period of two years with an intention to distinguish between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions and to correlate with histologic findings. Materials and Methods: FNAC was done under radiological guidance in all cases using long needle fitted with disposable syringe. Appropriate staining was done and cytology was correlated with histology which was taken as the gold standard for comparison. Results: Fifty-one patients who presented with retroperitoneal masses were studied. Forty-four lesions were malignant cytologically and 7 were inflammatory (tuberculous). According to radiological and cytologic findings, we classified our cases into four groups: renal tumors, retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, germ cell tumors, soft tissue tumors. Except for cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and metastatic lesions, we had sensitivity and specificity of 100%. In NHL the sensitivity and specificity were both 50%. In cases of metastatic adenocarcinoma, the sensitivity and specificity were 84.6% and 81.8%, respectively. Conclusions: Ignoring the pitfalls, guided FNAC is still an inexpensive and reliable method of early diagnosis of retroperitoneal lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In a cranium of a male cadaver styloid processes have been found to be unusually long with different lengths. Elongation of styloid process involvethe entire 'Stylohyoid complex/chain', though not rare as reported in earlier literatures, but the osseomorphological and radiological analysis of present case brings out a unique variety as its described in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We provide evidence for the anorectic actions of PYY in grass carp. [•] gcPYY is expressed abantantly in the central nervous system of grass carp. [•] Meal is a major stimulus for gcPYY release. [•] PYY could have an important role on energy regulation in the early life history of grass carp. [•] gcPYY(1-36) peptide could be a pharmacological tool to control food intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is rare in children. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) is the most common cause of SVCS in children. This report an adolescent male who presented with SVCS due to mixed germ cell tumor (GCT) of the anterior mediastinum with predominant yolk cell component. Such etiology of SVCS is rarely reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microglia are recognized as the main cells in the central nervous system responsible for phagocytosis. The current study demonstrated that in prion disease, microglia effectively phagocytose prions or PrPSc during early preclinical stages. However, a critical shift occured in microglial activity during the late preclinical stage, transitioning from PrPSc uptake to establishing extensive neuron-microglia body-to-body cell contacts. This change was followed by a rapid accumulation of PrPSc in the brain. Microglia that enveloped neurons exhibited hypertrophic, cathepsin D-positive lysosomal compartments. However, most neurons undergoing envelopment were only partially encircled by microglia. Despite up to 40% of cortical neurons being partially enveloped at clinical stages, only a small percentage of envelopment proceeded to full engulfment. Partially enveloped neurons lacked apoptotic markers but showed signs of functional decline. Neuronal envelopment was independent of the CD11b pathway, previously associated with phagocytosis of newborn neurons during neurodevelopment. This phenomenon of partial envelopment was consistently observed across multiple prion-affected brain regions, various mouse-adapted strains, and different subtypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) in humans. The current work describes a new phenomenon of partial envelopment of neurons by reactive microglia in the context of an actual neurodegenerative disease, not a disease model.

Objective: Hemophilia is a common X-linked recessive coagulopathy causing recurrent bleeding into the synovial joints and results in articular and periarticular abnormalities. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study aimed at studying the clinico-radiological joint score evaluation in hemophilic arthropathy in children from a developing country and its possible impact on the quality of life., Methods: In this hospital-based, prospective, descriptive study, all children presenting to the pediatric rheumatology clinic were studied. The joint physical examination was scored using the Hemophilia Joint Health Score 2.1 (HJHS 2.1). The patients were then subjected to imaging of the most affected joint using ultrasonography (USG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Detailed USG and MRI radiological evaluation was recorded in the predesigned proforma using the Hemophilia Early Arthropathy Detection with Ultra Sound (HEAD-US) score and MRI DENVER score. The physical quality of life as per Functional Independence Score in Hemophilia (FISH) was noted. The clinical, radiological, and functional scores were analyzed with an appropriate statistical measure., Results: The mean age at presentation was 7.4 years (interquartile range 4.9-10), with the knee being the most common joint involved. All of the USG score, MRI score, and FISH score have a significant correlation (p<0.05), with the HJHS 2.1 score with correlation coefficients of 0.7086, -0.8916, and 0.8607, respectively. USG and MRI had a correlation coefficient of -0.7145 and -0.8326 with FISH, respectively., Conclusion: The degree of association between HJHS 2.1 score was found to be maximum with HEAD-US score, whereas a negative correlation was seen evaluating FISH score with both HEAD-US and MRI DENVER scores. Use of these scores, specifically HEAD-US score, will result in consistent assessment of hemophilic joints, optimizing the management of the destructive changes.