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The present work aims to calibrate the production of oil palm with interspecific hybrid (Elaeis guineensis Jacq and Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortés) in the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) ECOSMOS model. The model was calibrated using sensitivity analysis techniques to identify the most sensitive parameters to oil palm production with interspecific hybrids. The calibration was validated using climate data observed in a commercial plantation, through a micrometeorological tower installed and operated by Embrapa. The climate data observed through the tower was also used as input into the model from 2014 to 2018, filled with data from era5 and nasa power. The current model predicts well the sensible heat flux (H), the radiation balance (Rn) and the exchange of CO2 with the ecosystem (NEE), however, it overestimates the latent heat flux (LE). After calibration, the model was able to better represent the observed production data with oil palm with interspecific hybrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown how the concept of social inclusion is used as a normative discourse projecting a desired situation, predominantly in terms of income, for groups considered excluded and need to rise above poverty, despite their options and motivations. Considering this observation, the objective of this article is to analyze a public policy that sought social inclusion through oil palm production via contracts between a group of family farmers and agribusinesses in Northeastern Pará, beginning in the 2010s. More specifically, we compare the ideas outlined in the policy to the situation as perceived by family farmers. The initiative was derived from the National Biodiesel Production and Use Program (PNPB) and the Sustainable Oil Palm Production Program (PPSOP). The study was carried out in the municipalities of Irituia, Garrafão do Norte and Moju and incorporates information from observations and surveys of secondary and primary data. Interviews with farmers, union leaders, union and company employees, and researchers occurred between 2016 and 2019. The findings show agreement between the purpose of the policy and interviewees' testimonies in terms of employment and income Results further show contrasts between expectations and improvements especially in infrastructure and services and low political organization and power for negotiation by farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo Nos últimos anos tem-se verificado um contínuo avanço da fronteira agrícola da palma de óleo na região amazônica, o que provoca alterações na cobertura do solo nessa região. Diante da necessidade de se compreender a influência deste cultivo no albedo de superfície, o presente estudo visa comparar as flutuações do albedo de superfície em área de cultura de palma de óleo com os de pastagem, floresta e de vegetação secundária. Para fazer esta comparação foi utilizado dados orbitais, com base no produto MCD43A3 do satélite Terra/MODIS para os anos de 2015 e 2016. As amostras selecionadas para área de estudo mostrou que a palma de óleo obteve pouca variação, estimando valores médios α = 0.14, sendo estatisticamente distinto dos outros usos e coberturas, com o albedo: Pastagem > Palma de óleo > Vegetação Secundária > Floresta. Demonstrando que possíveis conversões de uma cobertura para outra podem influenciar no balanço de radiação na superfície, ou seja, caso o cultivo da palma de óleo continue avançando sobre as áreas de pastagem, isto diminuiria o albedo de superfície e consequentemente teria mudanças no microclima, todavia, se a expansão ocorrer sobre áreas de Vegetação Secundária ou Floresta ocorrerá uma inversão, e poderá contribuir para alterações climáticas.

The objective of this article is to analyze how the residents of the rural quilombola community of Castanhalzinho, in Concórdia do Pará, develop everyday forms of resistance to the oil palm industry. The methodology consisted of a case study with participant observation and semi-structured and open interviews with members of all local families. We conclude that the main forms of resistance were the denial of sale of land to the agroindustry, which included an open manifestation of quilombola associations, the rejection of the rules of wages in plantations, the discourse on the effects of palm oil cultivation and the persistence of access to resources in the reserve of the company, previously public. The everyday resistance is based on the cohesion of the group supported by reciprocity, religiosity, kinship and autonomy at work and aims at the persistence in the territory without submission to the effects of the palm oil cultivation and the mechanisms of domination by more powerful groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esta pesquisa apresenta um panorama da sustentabilidade em sete municípios paraenses, que fazem parte do polo de produção do dendê (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) na Amazônia oriental. Trata-se de uma área com aproximadamente 46.000 km² que apresenta diferentes padrões de usos da terra, considerada prioritária para a implementação da política nacional dos biocombustíveis por apresentar grandes extensões de terras em condições edafoclimáticas favoráveis. A pesquisa, utilizando o Barômetro da Sustentabilidade ”“ BS, faz uma avaliação ex ante do nível de desenvolvimento dos municípios, analisando dados quantitativos e qualitativos de diferentes fontes a partir de 2010. Foram empregados dezesseis indicadores para o bem-estar humano (social) e nove para o bem-estar ecológico (ambiental), ajustados à escala do Barômetro. Os resultados do BS mostraram que os municípios ocupam posições intermediárias e potencialmente insustentáveis, o que reflete a fragilidade socioeconômica e ambiental da região estudada.

The production of activated carbon from residual biomass generated in the production o f oil palm, fiber (F) and shell (C) was studied. The chemical activation was done using ZnCl2 and the adsorption capacity of methylene blue (AM) at different concentrations (50, 100, and 150 mg/L) was evaluated. Results showed a good development of pore with surface areas of 835.3 m 2/g for activated fiber (FA) and 575.1 m2/g for activated shell (CA). A good fit of the experimental data with the pseudo second order kinetic model and with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models was found. In addition, maximum adsorption capacities of 763.4 and 724.6 mg/g for FA and CA were found, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The oil palm (E. guineensis ) is the African origin and the world's leading source of vegetable oil. The interspecific hybridization of the African oil palm (E. guineensis) with American oil palm (E. oleifera) aims to improve resistance to diseases, to improve oil quality and lower plant height. EMBRAPA (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Brazilian Corporation of Agricultural Research) has developed the first Brazilian interspecific hybrid cultivar (HIE) between American oil palm and African oil palm. The procedures adopted for commercial seed germination assessment have shown an average germination rate of 32%. The objective of this work was to assess the effect of the period of heat treatment and seed water content that are ideal for breaking dormancy and obtaining maximum germination. A completely randomized design was adopted, in a 4 x 3 factorial design, with four ranges of moisture contents: 18-19; 19-20; 20-21 and 21-22%, and three periods of heat treatment: 55, 75 and 100 days, with three replicates of 500 seeds. The percentage of germination, the first count and the germination speed index were assessed. To break dormancy and germination, the hybrids seeds of HIE, oleifera versus guineensis, should have their water content adjusted to values between 19 and 22%, and be subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of 39 ± + 1 ºC and relative humidity of approximately 75% for 75 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under natural conditions the germination of oil palm seeds may take years, and it is usually uneven and has a very low rate. To increase the germination rate it is necessary to break the dormancy, through heat-treatment (HT). In the germination of oil palm seeds produced by Embrapa Western Amazon the HT used is at 40 °C during 80 days. The objective of this study was to evaluate the periods of 40, 50, 60 and 80 days of HT at 40 °C on seeds germination of six oil palm cultivars BRS C2001, BRS C2328, BRS C2501, BRS C2528, BRS C3701 and BRS C7201. The statistical design was randomized block, 6 x 4 factorial, with four replications of 500 seeds each. The minimum HT period for maximum germination ranged from 45 days for BRS C2328 (70%) to 80 days for BRS C2528 (84%). For BRS C7201 was not observed significant effect of the HT period for seed germination, estimated as 82%. The maximum germination of oil palm seeds varies with the duration of heat treatment. With the exception of cultivar BRS C2528, heat treatment may be less than 80 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under natural conditions the germination of oil palm seeds may take years, and it is usually uneven and has a very low rate. To increase the germination rate it is necessary to break the dormancy, through heat-treatment (HT). In the germination of oil palm seeds produced by Embrapa Western Amazon the HT used is at 40 °C during 80 days. The objective of this study was to evaluate the periods of 40, 50, 60 and 80 days of HT at 40 °C on seeds germination of six oil palm cultivars BRS C2001, BRS C2328, BRS C2501, BRS C2528, BRS C3701 and BRS C7201. The statistical design was randomized block, 6 x 4 factorial, with four replications of 500 seeds each. The minimum HT period for maximum germination ranged from 45 days for BRS C2328 (70%) to 80 days for BRS C2528 (84%). For BRS C7201 was not observed significant effect of the HT period for seed germination, estimated as 82%. The maximum germination of oil palm seeds varies with the duration of heat treatment. With the exception of cultivar BRS C2528, heat treatment may be less than 80 days.

Resumo Os ecossistemas terrestres são importantes para compreender as trocas de CO2 entre superfície e atmosfera. Este trabalho apresenta as condições atmosféricas e medidas de CO2 em palma de óleo com híbrido interespecífico no leste da Amazônia, durante ano de El niño. O experimento foi realizado em Moju - Pará, onde foi instalada uma torre micrometeorológica para obtenção de dados meteorológicos e de CO2 durante o período de janeiro-dezembro de 2015. Os valores médios diurnos de absorção de CO2 atingiram o máximo por volta do meio dia, com 22,3 (± 0,98) μmol m-2 s-1 no período chuvoso e 21,0 (± 0,47) μmol m-2 s-1 no período menos chuvoso. Houve pouca variação noturna nos valores médios de emissão de CO2, 5 (± 0,20) μmol m-2 s-1, em ambos os períodos. Os valores médios diurnos da concentração de CO2 foram menores e os valores médios noturnos foram maiores. Em geral, o ciclo diário de troca de CO2 apresentou diferença entre o período chuvoso e menos chuvoso. Esses resultados contribuem para melhor compreensão da tendência temporal dos fluxos de CO2 em cultivo agrícola em ano de seca no leste da Amazônia, gerando informações novas sobre a interação entre palma de óleo e atmosfera.