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The dual-entry nature of occupational therapy has been a point of discussion for many years with explorations into the profession's support for the different degree programs and definitions of entry-level practice being the primary foci in the literature. There has been no comparison of the expectations of occupational therapy educators and practitioners of entry-level doctorate and master's students upon graduation despite differences in curricula and emphasis on advanced skills. This study utilized a descriptive quantitative survey to ask current educators and practitioners (n=124) to indicate their level of expectations of the two types of graduates for sixteen different clinical and professional skills and the level of expected mentorship upon graduation. Practitioners held the two groups of new graduates to the same expectations in all categories and anticipated they would need the same level of mentorship upon graduation. Despite equal expectations in all categories, there were six categories where at least 30% of participants indicated they held higher expectations of entry-level doctorate new graduates. These categories aligned with the doctoral capstone areas of foci. These results can set the foundation for further studies examining the congruence between expectations and new graduate readiness for the field and inform current curricula to prepare students to meet the professional expectations of their supervisors and colleagues.

The implementation of educating "Basic Life Support (BLS) competences" in German schools is particularly affected by the often reported "implementational gap" --limited transfer of empirical findings into practice. This Design-Based Research (DBR) study evaluates two different methodologies for BLS teaching, generating implications for transfer. Students (N = 136) of a secondary school (11-13 years) were assigned to different methodological approaches. A test group (TG) received intervention implemented into regular biology lessons (10 units; n = 48); the control group (CG) participated in a basic instruction (2 units; n = 68). Both large-scale methods -- subject-matter teaching (TG) and project activity (CG) -- were compared regarding current motivation, self-efficacy, constructivist instruction, cognitive load, and practical skills. Data from n = 125 students (TG=48; TG=68) could be included into analysis (Mage=11,16; SD=.45; 55.2% female). Probability of success and interest increased, anxiety perception decreased (no group-interaction effect), whereas challenge perception remained constantly. Self-efficacy overall improved from before to after intervention, with TG reporting higher social self-efficacy and less negative outcome expectancies. No differences were found for practical BLS performance. MANOVA (after intervention) showed higher values for anxiety in TG, and for self-efficacy, CG has higher values for negative outcome expectancies (post hoc analysis). For cognitive load and constructivist instruction, no differences between groups were found. In conclusion, both methodological approaches seem to have their own pedagogical justification. Schools' implementation processes may benefit from combining (subject-matter) curriculum content with BLS information or content to facilitate time and resource-saving realization.

Identifying and fostering gifted students is crucial in educational science and psychology. Giftedness diagnostics must be based on profound domain-specific concepts and acknowledge the variety of talents to enable a successful individual education. Growing challenges like digitalization, decarbonization, demographic changes, and pandemics increase the need for creative and productive professionals in STEM fields. Educational practitioners are expected to identify and foster these talents, confronted with the discourse between academic science and psychology about giftedness. Due to the lack of domain-specific diagnostic instruments, the individual expression of giftedness is often neglected during diagnostic procedures in educational practice and general intelligence tests are used instead. To address this problem, this paper presents the development process of a domain-specific diagnostic instrument for scientific giftedness. To bridge the gap between theory and practice and incorporate knowledge from various fields, the development process is integrated into Design-Based Research (DBR). Therefore, we theoretically examine how the principles of DBR and test development can be connected. We present our research approach and check how the planned development process can lead to a test instrument suitable for practice and further knowledge about giftedness diagnostics. The project demonstrates that DBR is suitable for developing didactic interventions but can also lead to innovations in psychometrics and improve giftedness diagnostics in practice through additional quality criteria.

Over the past decades, the demand for scientific research to link theory and practice so that innovative solutions can be developed through research has steadily increased (Klees & Tillmann, 2015; Sandoval & Bell, 2004). In this context, the design-based research (DBR) approach was developed, which examines the research object and the research setting from multiple perspectives through a cyclical-iterative process (Shavelson et al., 2003; Reinmann, 2005). The connection between research and practice is not only relevant for school contexts, but also for early childhood education (Schäfers & Wegner, 2021a). Therefore, the project "Kleine BegInNa" utilizes the DBR approach. A preliminary examination revealed that early promotion has a great influence on the children's later school performance, yet that there is not any test to survey their competences. However, this is essential in order to be able to offer appropriate support. In the prototyping phase, a scientific talent test for pre-school aged children was developed. This test was validated in several cycles in the assessment phase (Schäfers & Wegner, 2022a). The last validity test for the elicitation of the internal structure by an exploratory factor analysis shows that both the loadings and the screeplot, output one factor. This one factor solution explains 43.56% of the variance. This may be the "scientific talent" factor, which needs to be verified in further studies and by confirmatory factor analysis. While Reinmann (2022) has established comprehensive standards for science and methodology in DBR, we also focus on what extent conventional quality criteria for qualitative and quantitative research can be applied to a DBR approach.

Due to its constructivist nature, interdisciplinary teaching appears ideal for increasing students' interests in subjects (Brassler, 2020; Kramer & Wegner, 2021). Although many argue in favor of a more comprehensive implementation of interdisciplinary teaching in schools, many practical barriers arise during the realization that need to be resolved following the design-based research approach (DBR) (Kramer & Wegner, 2022b). Especially at the upper secondary school level, implementation seems to be difficult. The question arises of how interdisciplinary instruction can be usefully implemented in the upper grades. As a first potential solution, interdisciplinary project days were developed in the subject combination of biology and physical education and evaluated with the help of an initial study. The prototypes developed increased both students' situational interests and their perceptions of the utility value of the subjects involved (Kramer & Wegner, 2021; 2022a). However, the implementation process could be optimized, as it currently depends on reducing other school subjects. Therefore, following the iterative cycle of DBR, a new prototype was developed involving interdisciplinary units within the regular subject lessons. The second prototype was empirically evaluated with a control-group design. In contrast to the first prototype, only descriptive trends were found, indicating that the interdisciplinary units trigger situational interest and stabilize individual interest. However, this cannot be supported statistically. Due to a high data dropout, the sample size should be increased, and the trends should be further investigated. In terms of practical feasibility, the second prototype has an advantage as it does not require any cancellation of subject lessons. However, implementing a second subject may reduce the time available for subject-specific content.

With SCAview, we present a prompt and comprehensive tool that enables scientists to browse large datasets of the most common spinocerebellar ataxias intuitively and without technical effort. Basic concept is a visualization of data, with a graphical handling and filtering to select and define subgroups and their comparison. Several plot types to visualize all data points resulting from the selected attributes are provided. The underlying synthetic cohort is based on clinical data from five different European and US longitudinal multicenter cohorts in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, 2, 3, and 6 (SCA1, 2, 3, and 6) comprising > 1400 patients with overall > 5500 visits. First, we developed a common data model to integrate the clinical, demographic, and characterizing data of each source cohort. Second, the available datasets from each cohort were mapped onto the data model. Third, we created a synthetic cohort based on the cleaned dataset. With SCAview, we demonstrate the feasibility of mapping cohort data from different sources onto a common data model. The resulting browser-based visualization tool with a thoroughly graphical handling of the data offers researchers the unique possibility to visualize relationships and distributions of clinical data, to define subgroups and to further investigate them without any technical effort. Access to SCAview can be requested via the Ataxia Global Initiative and is free of charge.

In April and May of 2020, a large phytoplankton bloom composed primarily of the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra reached historic levels in geographic expanse, duration, and density along the coast of southern California, United States, and Baja California Norte, Mexico. Here, we report the water quality parameters of dissolved oxygen and pH over the course of the red tide, as measured by multiple sensors deployed in various locations along San Diego County, and document the extent of mass organism mortality using field surveys and community science observations. We found that dissolved oxygen and pH corresponded with bloom dynamics, with extreme hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions occurring at multiple locations along the coast, most notably within select estuaries where dissolved oxygen reached 0 mg L−1 and hypoxia occurred for up to 254 consecutive hours, as well as along the inner shelf of the open coast where dissolved oxygen dropped as low as 0.05 mg L−1. Similarly, pH ranged widely (6.90–8.79) across the bloom over both space and time, largely corresponding with dissolved oxygen level. Extreme changes in dissolved oxygen and pH, in addition to changes to other water parameters that affect organismal health, ultimately led to documented mortalities of thousands of demersal and benthic fishes and invertebrates (primarily within estuarine and inner-shelf environments), and long-term surveys within one lagoon showed protracted changes to benthic infaunal density and species composition. In addition to field observations, we also quantified water quality parameters and organism mortalities from four local aquarium facilities, with varying levels of filtration and artificial oxygenation, and documented the morphological changes in the gills of captive-held Pacific sardine in response to the red tide. We show that multiple factors contributed to organismal stress, with hypoxia likely being the most widespread, but not the only, cause of mortality.

Abstract Tetrapyrroles such as heme, chlorophyll, and vitamin B12 are essential for various metabolic pathways. They derive from 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), which can be synthesized by a single enzyme (5-ALA synthase or AlaS, Shemin pathway) or by a two-enzyme pathway. The genomes of some bacteriophages from aquatic environments carry various tetrapyrrole biosynthesis genes. Here, we analyze available metagenomic datasets and identify alaS homologs (viral alaS, or valaS) in sequences corresponding to marine and freshwater phages. The genes are found individually or as part of complete or truncated three-gene loci encoding heme-catabolizing enzymes. Amino-acid sequence alignments and three-dimensional structure prediction support that the valaS sequences likely encode functional enzymes. Indeed, we demonstrate that is the case for a freshwater phage valaS sequence, as it can complement an Escherichia coli 5-ALA auxotroph, and an E. coli strain overexpressing the gene converts the typical AlaS substrates glycine and succinyl-CoA into 5-ALA. Thus, our work identifies valaS as an auxiliary metabolic gene in phage sequences from aquatic environments, further supporting the importance of tetrapyrrole metabolism in bacteriophage biology.

Abstract Background Measuring the swallowing muscle mass with volume measurements is complex and time intensive; therefore, it is not used in clinical practice. However, it can be clinically relevant, for instance, in the case of sarcopenic dysphagia. The aim of the study was to develop a feasible and clinically applicable method to measure swallowing muscle mass. Methods Data from 10 head and neck cancer patients were collected from the Oncological Life Study data‐biobank of the University Medical Center Groningen. The pharyngeal constrictor, genioglossus, mylohyoid and geniohyoid complex muscles, as well as the tongue complex muscles, were delineated manually on routinely performed head and neck computed tomography scans. Axial and sagittal planes were used for volume and area measurements, respectively. Muscle density measurements were performed with and without Hounsfield unit thresholding. Correlations were assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients, and interobserver reliability was measured using intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results Significant differences were observed between sagittal area measurements with and without Hounsfield unit thresholds for pharyngeal constrictor, tongue complex and the sum of the swallowing muscles (t > 6; P‐value

Linda Veith Sanches,1,* Stephan Greten,1,* Johanna Doll-Lee,1 Sophia Marie Rogozinski,1 Johanne Heine,1 Lea Krey,1 Sarana Ulaganathan,1 Ida Jensen,1,2 Matthias Höllerhage,1 Sam Sadeghi Sani,1 Günter U Höglinger,1– 4 Florian Wegner,1 Martin Klietz1 1Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; 2Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany; 3Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, SyNergy, Munich, Germany; 4German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Munich, Germany*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Stephan Greten, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany, Tel +49 511 532-6462, Fax +49 511 532-6677, Email Greten.stephan@mh-hannover.deIntroduction: Neuropsychiatric symptoms in particular impair health-related quality of life (QoL) of patients with Parkinson’s disease and atypical Parkinsonian syndromes. For this reason, various scales have been developed for detection of neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as the Scale for evaluation of neuropsychiatric disorders in Parkinson’s disease (SEND-PD).Objective: First, the objective of this study was to explore the interrelation between the SEND-PD and clinical parameters in patients with Parkinson’s disease and thus confirm its validity. In addition, the applicability in a well-defined cohort of patients with atypical Parkinsonian syndromes was investigated for the very first time.Methods: A clinically well-defined cohort of 122 patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), 55 patients with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) and 33 patients with Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) were analyzed. First, the SEND-PD was correlated with established disease-specific scores in patients with PD. Next, the results of the SEND-PD were compared between the different Parkinsonian syndromes.Results: The SEND-PD showed a strong significant correlation with several scores, especially the UPDRS I (Rho = 0.655) and GDS-15 (Rho = 0.645). Depressive burden was significantly higher in MSA patients in comparison to the PD patient cohort (PD, 3.8 ± 3.3; MSA, 5.45 ± 3.87), while PSP patients showed significantly less psychotic (PD 1.6 ± 2.1; PSP 0.6 ± 0.9) and impulse control disorders (PD 0.3 ± 1.0; PSP 0.02 ± 0.1).Conclusion: The SEND-PD is a useful, brief and highly applicable screening tool for neuropsychiatric symptoms in PD, but not in atypical Parkinsonism, as their unique neuropsychiatric symptom composition is not fully captured.Keywords: neuropsychiatric symptoms, SEND-PD, Parkinsonian syndromes

Jak brzmi lato? to podsumowanie projektu wzmacniającego kompetencje międzykulturowe dzięki samodzielnej pracy z tekstami kultury popularnej. Przebieg projektu można określić następująco: faza wstępna – próba analizy i interpretacji tekstów literackich i fragmentów polskich piosenek, faza właściwa (autonomiczna) – od poszukiwania polskich utworów o wskazanych kryteriach i dobierania na podstawie własnych skojarzeń podobnych tekstów chińskiej kultury popularnej, po realizację zadań translatorskich – przekład chińskich tekstów na język polski. Ważną częścią projektu była współpraca z rówieśnikami, tzw. student buddies na etapie selekcji utworów. Dzięki realizacji niniejszego projektu studenci mogli rozwijać kompetencje w zakresie pisania, interpretowania tekstów kultury popularnej oraz porównywania kultur. Prześledzenie działań krok po kroku ma służyć krytycznej autorefleksji co do efektywności tego typu działania i wyciągnięciu wniosków na przyszłość, umożliwiających wprowadzenie usprawnień.

RESUMO A amizade no trabalho tem se revelado um importante recurso social, representando um papel central na vida dos trabalhadores e que contribui para a promoção de ambientes laborais mais saudáveis. Com isso, uma lacuna referente à delimitação do escopo de pesquisa da amizade ainda está aberta. Assim, o objetivo do estudo consiste em identificar os benefícios e desafios da amizade no ambiente de trabalho com base na produção científica internacional, apresentando um panorama atual de pesquisas. Por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, foi realizado um levantamento na base Web of Science, a qual retornou 36 artigos que compõem o corpus textual desta revisão. Os resultados revelaram como a temática evoluiu no decorrer dos últimos cinco anos, possibilitando identificar os principais benefícios e desafios da amizade para as organizações. Esta revisão apresenta um esforço seminal ao analisar o campo de estudos da amizade, em que identifica itinerários, benefícios e desafios, assim como faz um mapeamento do campo que impulsionou a construção de uma agenda por meio das lacunas encontradas. Espera-se, ainda, que os resultados aqui coligidos sirvam como um diagnóstico para que seja promovida uma gestão mais humanizada, pautada em laços de confiança e amizade.