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Pigs fitted with ileal T-cannula in the terminal ileum were used to study the effect of synthetic amino acids (AA) added to a nitrogen-free diet on endogenous losses. We compared the obtained data with data from other research centres in the world that are focusing on these problems. In the present experiment, we used three synthetic diets - a nitrogen-free (NF) diet, a diet with added essential AA (E), a diet with the same amounts of essential AA and a mixture of non-essential AA (E+N) added. The diets, apart from the amount of AA, had the same composition. Chromium oxide was used as an indigestible marker. The supplementation of the NF diet with sulphur AA, threonine and tryptophan resulted in a reduction of the endogenous flow of all AA except for cysteine. However, the difference between the NF and E diet was significant only in the case of proline. The effect of the non-essential AA addition to diet E was negligible, even though the endogenous flow of most AA tended to decrease. In comparison with NF diet, the endogenous flow of total N in diets E and E+N was reduced by about 30%. This reduction was mainly due to the decreased endogenous flow of proline, which accounted for 59% in diet E and 55% in diet E+N. Proline was the most abundant AA in all diets, followed by glycine and glutamic acid. The sum of proline and glycine in diets NF, E and E+N amounted to 59, 44, and 46% of total AA flow, respectively. In contrast, the proportion of the sum of essential AA of total AA flow in diets NF, E and E+N was 21, 28 and 27%, respectively. Our data on the endogenous AA and N flow are in the range of previously published values.

A digestibility experiment using six ileally cannulated growing gilts (initial BW 31.6 kg) was carried out to study the effect of microbial phytase and diet form on apparent ileal and total tract digestibilities of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and energy and on apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids. The basal P-deficient diet was fed either dry or mixed with water (feed:water ratio 1:2.5) and fermented in a laboratory setup. The enzyme was added to the dry diet at four levels (0, 1 000, 1 500 and 3 000 U/kg) and to the liquid fermented diet at two levels (0 and 1 000 U/kg) using a 6 × 6 Latin square design. The supplementation of microbial phytase to the basal diets significantly (P < 0.05) improved ileal and total tract digestibility of P and tended to improve the digestibility of Ca. Phytase supplementation at 3 000 U/kg to the dry diet improved ileal and total tract P digestibility by approximately 30 and 60%, respectively. A similar effect was found in the liquid fermented diet supplemented with phytase at 1 000 U/kg. As a result of improved P digestibility, faecal P excretion was reduced by 20-40%. There was no significant effect of phytase addition or diet fermentation on the digestibility of DM, N, energy or amino acids. The response in amino acid digestibility to phytase calculated with acid insoluble ash as a marker was slightly higher than that calculated with Cr2O3.

Six female pigs of approximately 50 kg BW, fitted with simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum, were used to study the effect of microbial phytase on apparent total tract digestibility and retention of P and N. Three P-adequate diets (digestible P concentration 2.3 g/kg) containing barley (B), soybean meal (S) or their mixture (BS) with or without phytase supplement (1 000 FTU/kg) were fed to pigs using a 6 × 6 Latin square design. The addition of phytase increased (P < 0.05) apparent total P digestibility of diets S and BS from 56.5 and 57.2% to 69.0 and 65.2%, respectively, and apparent plant P digestibility of the same diets from 41.3 and 50.0% to 60.5 and 60.0%, respectively. An insignificant improvement in total and plant P digestibilities was found in diet B. Phytase supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) P excretion in pigs fed diets S and BS by 25 and 14%, respectively. As compared with diets S and BS, urinary P excretion in pigs fed diet B was much higher, which suggests a lower requirement for available P due to the lower protein deposition and growth rate. Phytase supplementation had no effect on digestibility or retention of N. In all three diets, total tract P digestibility was lower (P < 0.05) than ileal digestibility thus indicating a net flux of P into the large intestine.

Different foods differ in their protein quality, which is characterized by the content and digestibility of individual amino acids. The Food and Agriculture Organisation has recommended replacing the method for protein quality evaluation of foods called protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) with the new method - digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS), in which the values of ileal amino acid digestibility obtained in pigs are used. However, the information about DIAAS values of foods are limited. Therefore, the study on growing pigs was conducted to determine true fecal protein digestibility and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of rice, rye and barley. Using these values, the PDCAAS and DIAAS were calculated and compared. A total of 18 gilts with a T-cannula inserted in the terminal ileum were allotted to 3 diets with six replicate pigs per diet. Three semi-purified diets were formulated to contain the tested cereal grains (rice, rye, barley) as the sole nitrogen source. Chromic oxide was used as indigestible marker. Each experimental period comprised of a 7-d adaptation period followed by 24 h collection of feces and ileal digesta. The content of nitrogen, dry matter and chromic oxide was analyzed in samples of diets, feces and ileal digesta. Moreover, in the samples of diets and ileal digesta the content of amino acids was determined. Calculated ratio of crude protein to lysine was greatest in rice (4.50) followed by rye (3.65) and the lowest one in barley (3.35). True fecal protein digestibility was greater when compared with ileal amino acid digestibility for all tested samples, thus suggesting an overestimation of protein quality determined by PDCAAS. Calculated PDCAAS values for rice, rye and barley (81, 65 and 61%) were generally greater than the DIAAS values (79, 56 and 55%), especially for the poorer quality protein sources such as rye and barley in comparison with rice. The lysine was the first limiting amino acid in all tested cereal grains. Based on the DIAAS evaluation, rice is better protein source in human nutrition in comparison with rye or barley.

A total of 7 gilts (initial BW 50.5 ± 1.7 kg) fitted with a simple T-cannula in terminal part of ileum were used for the determination the effect of high ambient temperature on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) and nitrogen (N) and on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of N and dry matter (DM). After the 5 d adaptation period two 14 d experimental periods followed. After the 1st 14 d period when the animals were housed at thermo-neutral (TN) temperature (20.6 ± 0.1 ºC), the 2nd 14 d period followed at high temperature (HT) (30.4 ± 0.4 ºC). On d 7 and 14 of each experimental period, two 24 h collections of ileal digesta and 2 collections of faeces were performed. The pigs were fed twice a day in two equal doses at a daily rate of 90 g*kg BW -0.75. The content of AA in samples of diets and ileal digesta was determined by an automatic amino acid analyzer (AAA 400, Ingos, Prague) after previous acid hydrolysis in 6M HCl with the exception of methionine and cysteine which were determined after oxidative hydrolysis. Water was offered ad libitum. The ATTD of N and DM at TN was 84.9 and 85.3%, respectively and the ATTD at HT was 84.7% and 86.5% for N and DM, respectively. Apparent ileal digestibility of AA and N were similar at both TN and HT ambient conditions. High ambient temperature had no adverse effect on ATTD of N and DM nor on the AID of N and AA in pigs.

The seeds of most plants are rich in various nutrients and can provide a lot of useful health benefits. The objective of this study was to determine and compare differences in fat, fatty acids, crude protein and amino acids concentrations for chia and flax seeds. Study was carried out using brown and gold seeds of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and Chia (Salvia hispanica L.). The mean protein content in tested seeds ranged from 211.8 to 252.5 g/kg dry matter and in chia seed was about 13.10% higher than the average value of crude protein content in brown and gold flax seed (223.25 g/kg dry matter). Differences in the content of individual amino acids among the seeds were not statistically significant (P

ABSTRACT: In the present study it was evaluated the effect of the addition of linseed oil, inulin and horse chestnut added to a high fat (HF) diet on the content of fatty acids (FAs) in musculuss longissimus dorsi (MLD) of pigs. A 5d with adaptation period was followed by a 70 d experimental period, during which the pigs were fed with a HF basal diet. The HF basal diet which served as a control (group CG) was supplemented either with linseed oil (group LG) or with inulin and horse chestnut (group IG). All of the pigs were slaughtered at the end of the experiment and samples of MLD were taken for FA analysis. The concentration of α-linolenic acid in MLD of the LG group was 58 % and 61 % higher (P˂0.05) compared to CG and IG groups, respectively. The content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was 0.03 and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 0.07 in LG treatment. These FAs were not detected in CG and IG. The ratio of MUFA and PUFA n-6/n-3 in the MLD was the lowest (P˂0.05) in the LG (8.84) compared to CG (14.07) or IG (14.74) groups, representing a difference of 31.2%. The n-3/saturated FA ratio was highest (P˂0.05) in LG group (0.04) when compared to CG and IG groups (0.02). The supplementation of linseed oil, into the HF diet resulted in a higher concentration of α-linolenic acid, EPA, DHA and lower ratio of n-6/n-3 FA in MLD. Inulin and horse chestnut had no effect on FA profile of MLD.

Flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) (FS) and chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) (ChS) contain fatty acids (FA) with beneficial health effect for the human body. Some people often use them as part of boiled or baked dishes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to observe the effect of FS and ChS heat treatments at 40 °C and 150 °C for 20 min on the content of fat, FA, atherogenicity index (AI) and thrombogenicity index (TI), and total antioxidant activity (TAA) in comparison with heat treatments at 20 °C. The content of fat in FS was higher in comparison with ChS (P

The Pragma-Stylistic Profile and the Purpose of Headlines in Alternative Internet Journalism Regardless of the type of carrier, the headline – a signal device and a gateway to a journalistic piece of communication – meets four corresponding criteria. The usual mission of the visually noticeable frame component is to attract the recipients’ attention, to encourage their readiness to respond to the actual piece of communication, to mediate leitmotifs, and to define an acceptable genre affiliation of a journalistic product. Current internet journalism is characterized by significant colloquialization. This manifests itself by blurring the borders between oralness and writtenness (printedness) in communication, in the style and in the ambiguity of the stylistic procedure, as well as by hybrid structures that are constantly being generated. Along with the primary functions of communication – stimulating, informative and persuasive function – genre volatility allows the application of other pre-determinations and functions in internet journalism: instructional, expressive, appellative, aesthetic, referential (descriptive), contact and meta-language. These can also be noticed in the pragma-stylistic profile and purpose of headlines. In the paper, the aforementioned processes, trends and consequences are explored using a databank of headlines from alternative internet journalism. Profil pragmastylistyczny i funkcje nagłówków w alternatywnym dziennikarstwie internetowym Niezależnie od rodzaju nośnika, nagłówek – zapowiedź i wstęp do dziennikarskiego przekazu – spełnia cztery odpowiadające sobie kryteria. Standardowym zadaniem widocznego wizualnie elementu ramy tekstowej jest przyciągnięcie uwagi odbiorców, zachęcenie ich do gotowości reakcji na dany fragment komunikacji, zapośredniczenie motywów przewodnich oraz określenie możliwej do zaakceptowania dla nich przynależności gatunkowej produktu dziennikarskiego. Współczesne dziennikarstwo internetowe cechuje się wysokim poziomem potoczności. Przejawia się to zacieraniem granic między charakterem oralnym a pisanym (drukowanym) komunikacji, stylem i niejednoznacznością środków stylistycznych, a także nieustannym generowaniem struktur hybrydycznych. Wraz z podstawowymi funkcjami komunikacji, stymulującej, informacyjnej i perswazyjnej – zmienność gatunkowa pozwala na odwołanie się w dziennikarstwie internetowym do innych predeterminacji i funkcji: instruktażowej, ekspresyjnej, konatywnej, estetycznej, referencyjnej (opisowej), kontaktowej i metajęzykowej. Potwierdzenie tych zjawisk można również zauważyć w profilu pragmastylistycznym i w roli nagłówków. W artykule wspomniane procesy zostały poddane analizie na materiale z korpusu nagłówków z alternatywnego dziennikarstwa internetowego.

The common usage of protein-free diets to estimate unspecific AA losses has been criticised as unphysiological and incorrect. Therefore, in this study different diets were tested for the determination of endogenous losses (EL) of amino acids (AA) and nitrogen (N) assuming a complete absorption in the small intestine. Seven cannulated gilts received a protein-free diet (Diet PF) or diets with 3%, 6% or 10% crude protein (CP) from crystalline AA (Diets CA) or casein (Diets CAS) according to a 7 × 7 Latin square design. After 6 d adaptation to the diet, ileal digesta was collected for 24 h and thereafter analysed for AA, N and the digestibility markers Cr 2 O 3 and acid insoluble ash (AIA). Generally, among all AA, the highest amounts of EL were found for Pro, Glu and Gly, and the smallest for Met. Different levels of CP in Diets CA and CAS had no effect on EL. Significant differences between treatments were observed only for the EL of Glu, Ile, Ser (higher in Diets CA and PF), Pro and Tyr (higher in Diet PF) (p < 0.05). There were no differences in determined EL using Cr 2 O 3 or AIA as digestibility markers.

The results of three experiments, focused on the determination of endogenous ileal flow (EIF) of amino acids (AA) and nitrogen (N) (Exp. 1), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA and N (Exp. 2), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), N, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) (Exps. 2 and 3), were used to compare chromic oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ) and acid-insoluble ash (AIA) as digestibility markers. In Exps. 1 and 2, a total of six gilts fitted with T-cannula in terminal ileum, and in Exp. 3, a total of 24 pregnant sows were used. In Exps. 1 and 2, the pigs were assigned into four dietary treatments according to 4 × 6 crossover design (Exp. 1; diets with 0%, 4%, 8% and 12% of casein; Exp. 2 basal diet with different levels of phytase). In Exp. 3, the sows were assigned to four dietary treatments (basal diet with different levels of phytase) of six sows. In Exps. 1 and 2 ileal digesta and in Exps. 2 and 3 faeces were collected for the determination of EIF, AID and ATTD. Differences in EIF of AA determined by Cr 2 O 3 and AIA ranged (p ˃ 0.05) from -4.62 to 4.54%. The lowest EIF was for methionine and the greatest one for proline, determined by both markers. Apparent ileal digestibility determined by Cr 2 O 3 was slightly greater (p ˃ 0.05) in comparison with AIA. Differences ranged from 1.88% (Arg) to 7.08% (Gly). The greatest AID was for arginine and the lowest one for glycine, determined by both Cr 2 O 3 and AIA. Similarly for ATTD of DM, OM, N, Ca and P, there were no differences in digestibility determined by Cr 2 O 3 and AIA. Both, Cr 2 O 3 and AIA, are suitable and comparable markers for digestibility studies in pigs., (Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition © 2016 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)

A digestibility experiment was carried out on weanling piglets to study the effect of an enzyme complex with predominant xylanase activity on apparent ileal (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients and energy. The enzyme was supplemented at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) to a diet containing 96% rye. There were significant effects of the added enzyme on AID of dry matter, organic matter and crude fibre, and on apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and energy. However, the improvements in the digestibility were rather small. Except for galactose, there was a significant response in AID of all non-starch polysaccharide constituents to enzyme supplementation, the greatest effect being found at 100 mg/kg. The improvement in AID of arabinose + xylose (685%) was much higher than that of the remaining sugars (110%). AID of galactose was negative in all dietary treatments, presumably due to its high concentration in endogenous secretions. There was a significant response in AID of the sum of essential and total amino acids to the increased level of the enzyme. It is concluded that the enzyme complex is efficient in degrading dietary fibre components, thus improving the digestibility of organic matter, amino acids and energy.